700 Abstracts / European Journal of Integrative Medicine 6 (2014) 686–745

standards they claim. The adulteration of some of the most pop-ular botanical extracts, Ginkgo biloba, Lonicerae japonicae, andmore will be discussed.

Evidently, finding a consistent HPLC profile for the identifi-cation of raw herbs and botanical extracts is becoming widelycrucial. Many attempts have been made to construct a HPLCprofile that identifies the plant species and ensures the botanicalextract profile is comparable to the raw herb, but the key answerto successful testing lies in the quantity of raw materials. Largeamounts of authentic plant samples are required to set up a con-sistent HPLC profile, due to the complications in simultaneouslyanalyzing many different compounds from a formulated botan-ical product. Therefore, the interference between compoundsbrings great difficulty to the testing of formulated products usingthe already established analytical method designed for the singleherb.

To shorten the retention time and enable different com-pounds to be analyzed in a formulated product, the UHPLCor RRLC (Rapid Resolution Liquid Chromatography) methodwas introduced, providing a high-speed and high-resolutionalternative. For instance, using RRLC, the retention time forginsenoside evaluation in different Ginseng species can be sig-nificantly reduced to 3–10 min. This significant gain in speedcoupled with the ability to profile formulated herb productswith over four different authentic plant species makes the RRLCmethod one of the most sophisticated methods available for theidentification and evaluation of formulated herbal products.

As the result of extensive research and studies conductedon standardization and analytical methodology development forbotanical extracts, we believe the updated analytical techniquesare sufficient in the quality control of formulated products. Theabove-mentioned research and development of Rhodiola Rosea,Panaxnoto ginseng, and Ganoderma lucidum has been used inthe preparation of monographs and standard reference extractsfor United States Pharmacopoeia and these results have beenadopted as industry standards.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2014.09.035

Looks may be deceiving – Exposing taxonomicsimilarity through chemometric modeling ofanalytical data

Alvaro Viljoen ∗, Maxleene Sandasi, WeiyangChen, Ilze Vermaak, Nontobeko Mncwangi

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Tshwane University of Technology, Private BagX680, Pretoria 0001, South AfricaE-mail address: vilijoenam@tut.ac.za (A. Viljoen).

Medicinal plants used as ingredients in herbal formulationsare often harvested from the wild, especially in biodiverse devel-oping countries. Demand and preference for a specific speciesmay place pressure on natural populations causing producers toswitch to a close taxonomic ally. Species substitution may alsobe unintentional, but it may have deleterious consequences. Thetaxonomic distinction between closely related species may be

vague and go undetected by the untrained eye. Therefore, moresophisticated methods are required for species identification.

Using various analytical techniques such as vibrationalspectroscopy, NMR and LC–MS, our laboratory has devel-oped methods to distinguish between taxonomically congruentspecies. Several examples (e.g. Harpagophytum, Pelargonium,Echinacea and Illicium species etc.) will be discussed toillustrate the powerful combination of chemometrics and spec-troscopy and spectrometry data.

Species substitution may be encouraged to promote sustain-able harvesting of species which have a sensitive conservationstatus. However, caution should be exercised as botanical simi-larity does not imply chemical homology and pharmacologicalequivalence.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2014.09.036

Multiple mass spectrometry-based glycomicapproach and its application

Jing-Rong Wang, Weina Gao, Lee Fong Yau,Liang Liu, Zhi-Hong Jiang ∗

State Key Laboratory of Quality Research inChinese Medicine, Macau Institute for AppliedResearch in Medicine and Health, MacauUniversity of Science and Technology, ChinaE-mail address: zhjiang@must.edu.mo (Z.-H. Jiang).

The covalent addition of glycan to proteins represents themost abundant and diverse post-translational modification. Gly-cans in glycoproteins are directly involved in almost everybiological process and certainly play a crucial role in nearlyevery human disease. Hence, “glycomics”, which refers to thestudies to define and quantify the glycome of cells, tissue ororganism, would contribute potentially to the discovery of diag-nostic biomarkers, exploration of molecular pathogenesis ofdiseases and evaluation of therapeutic effects of the drugs.

For immunoglobulin G (IgG), the glycans attached to the Asp297 residue in the constant region (Fc) are essential for main-taining a functional Fc structure, which is a determinant forantibody-mediated effector functions. By employing IgG as amodel glycoprotein, glycomic platform based on multiple massspectrometries was well established in our lab. Firstly, we devel-oped a fast and sensitive method for glycan profiling based on2D-nano-LC-chip couple with Q-TOF MS technique. An Opti-mized protocol for glycan release, high-efficient separation onmicrofluidic chip, together with the ultra-high accurate mass,allows unambiguous identification of more than 100 glycans byusing this method. We then developed an approach for the quan-titative analysis of subclass-specific IgG glycosylation by usingQQQ-MSin multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Thisquantitative approach exhibited sensitivity comparable to thatof MALDI-TOF MS, but with superiority in isomer separation.In addition, we established a method for specific analysis of sia-lylatedglycans which allowed more than 60 sialylatedglycansbeing analyzed in a single LC–MS run.