looking out/looking in thirteenth edition 6 nonverbal communication: messages beyond words chapter...

Looking Out/Looking InLooking Out/Looking InThirteenth EditionThirteenth Edition

66NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION:NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION:MESSAGES BEYOND WORDSMESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

CHAPTER TOPICSCHAPTER TOPICS

• Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication• Influences on Nonverbal Communication• Types of Nonverbal Communication

22NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDSNONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Characteristics of Nonverbal Characteristics of Nonverbal CommunicationCommunication

• Nonverbal Communication• Messages expressed by nonlinguistic terms• This rules out the written word and sign

language• Includes all vocal means that do not involve

language• Sighs, laughs, etc.• Nonlinguistic dimensions

• Volume, rate, pitch



• Nonverbal Skills are Vital• Nonverbal encoding and decoding skills are

strong predictor of• Popularity• Attractiveness • Socioeconomic status

• Nonverbal skills are vital to emotional intelligence

• All behavior has communicative value



• Nonverbal Communication is Relational

• Identity Management• Defines the kinds of relationships we want to

have with others• When you’re at a party how do you act?

• Which emotions are you displaying?• Friendly, attractive, easygoing



• Nonverbal Communication is Relational• Nonverbal communication is better suited

towards conveying emotion • How do you express the following nonverbally

• You’re tired• You’re in favor of capital punishment• You’re attracted to another person in the group• You think prayer in schools should be allowed• You’re angry at someone in the room



• Nonverbal Communication Serves Many Functions• Repeating

• When someone asks for directions, you often repeat your answer with a gesture

• Complementing• Expressions that match thoughts and emotions

• Substituting• When someone asks, “What’s up?” You may just

shrug your shoulders



• Nonverbal Communication Serves Many Functions• Accenting

• Nonverbal devices in oral messages• “It was your idea!”

• Regulating• Influencing the flow of verbal communication

• Contradicting • Sending mixed messages

• “Angry? I’m not angry!”



• Nonverbal Communicators Offer Deception Clues• Leakage

• Nonverbal cues that send signals a person is deceiving you

• When someone is bluffing a hand of poker, a player may nervously tap their finger or fidget in their chair

• The voice also offers leakage clues



• Nonverbal Communicators Offer Deceptions Clues• Three findings:

• We are accurate in detecting deception only slightly more than half the time

• We overestimate our ability to detect others’ lies• We have a strong tendency to judge others’

messages as truthful



• Nonverbal Communication is Ambiguous• What does a kiss mean?

• In some situations it can be a way of saying hello• In another situation is could be the first step to a

more romantic relationship

• When your significant other pulls away• Is this a sign of trouble• Or a suggestion to pursue


Characteristic of Nonverbal Characteristic of Nonverbal CommunicationCommunication

• Nonverbal Communication is Ambiguous• Service with a Smile

• Twelve Safeway Employees filed grievances over the smile-and-make-eye-contact policy

• The clerks claimed shoppers thought their smiles and eye-contact was flirting

• Nonverbal Leaning Disorder (NVLD)• Reading facial expressions, tone of voice and

other cues is dramatically more difficult


Influences on Nonverbal Influences on Nonverbal CommunicationCommunication

• Gender• Research shows that, compared to men,

women:• Smile more• Use more facial expression• Use more head, hand and arm gestures• Touch others more• Stand closer to others• Make more eye contact



• Culture• Nonverbal behaviors can have different

meanings depending on the culture• The “OK” gesture:

• A cheery affirmation in American culture• Means you’re worth zero in France and Belgium• Is a vulgar sexual invitation in Greece and Turkey

• Americans are comfortable conducting business at a distance of four feet

• Middle Easterner’s stand much closer



• Culture

• The use of time depends greatly on culture• Monochronic

• Emphasizing punctuality, schedules and completing one task at a time

• Polychronic• Flexible schedule in which multiple tasks are

pursued at the same time


Types of Nonverbal Types of Nonverbal CommunicationCommunication

• Body Movement• Body Orientation

• The degree to which we face toward or away from someone with our body, feet and head

• Posture• By paying attention to the postures around your

own, you’ll find another channel of communication

• Gestures• Movements of the hands and arms



• Body Movement• Gestures

• Illustrators• Movements that accompany speech but do not stand on

their own

• Emblems• Deliberate nonverbal communication that has precise

meaning

• Adaptors• Unconscious body movements in response to the

environment



• Body Movement• Face and Eyes

• At least eight distinguishable positions of the eyebrows and forehead

• Eight of the eyes and lids• Ten for the lower face

• Multiplied together you can understand why it is nearly impossible to compile a dictionary of facial expressions



• Body Movement• Face and Eyes

• Microexpressions• Expressions that happen quickly and are difficult to

detect• Can be very effective in identifying emotion

• Eyes• Communicate positive or negative attitude• Pupils grow larger based on the interest in the object



• Voice• Paralanguage

• Describes nonverbal, vocal messages• Note how many meanings come from a single

sentence, just by shifting the emphasis• “This is a fantastic communication book.”• “This is a fantastic communication book.”• “This is a fantastic communication book.”

• Unintentional Pause• Vocalized Pause


Types of Nonverbal Types of Nonverbal Communication Communication

• Touch• Haptics

• Touch can communicate many messages• What makes a given touch more or less intense?• Several Factors:

• Which part of the body does the touching• Which part of the body is touched• How long does the touch last• How much pressure is used• The situation in which the touch occurred



• Appearance• Physical Attractiveness

• Men and women whom others perceive as attractive are rated as:

• Being more sensitive• Kind• Strong • Sociable • Interesting

• Physically attractive professors receive higher evaluations from their students



• Appearance• Clothing

• One writer suggests that clothing can covey at least ten types of messages to others:

Economic background Level of success

Economic level Moral character

Educational level Social background

Educational background Social position

Level of sophistication Trustworthiness



• Physical Space• Proxemics

• The study of the way people and animals use space.

• We each carry an invisible bubble of personal space wherever we go

• We feel uncomfortable with this bubble is violated• Different cultures develop different bubbles• It is important to choose distances based on the

receiver of your message



• Proxemics• Hall’s Four Spatial Zones

• Intimate distance• Ranges out about eighteen inches

• Personal distance• Ranges from eighteen inches to four feet

• Social distance• Four feet to twelve feet

• Public distance• Distances beyond twelve feet



• Time• Chronemics

• The study of how humans structure time• In a culture that values time highly, waiting can be

an indicator of status• Time can be a marker of relationships• The amount of time spent with a relational partner

sends important messages about value• Time is also valued in mediated communication

• Email


Chapter ReviewChapter Review

• Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

• Influences on Nonverbal Communication

• Types of Nonverbal Communication

looking out/looking in thirteenth edition 6 nonverbal communication: messages beyond words chapter...

Documents

nonverbal devices

vital nonverbal encoding

oral messages

mixed messages angry

pitch slide

easygoing slide

truthful slide

shoulders slide