looking at visual strategies in lab coursesgraphic design tools and features frankel & depace...
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Looking at visual strategies in lab courses
Kelly Norris Martin | Rochester Institute of Technology
Background
• Communication-In-the-Disciplines researcher at RIT specializing in visual communication
• Interdisciplinary PhD in communication and design from NCSU
• Study transfer of math, physics and communication skills from academia into the workforce
• Member of SMERC
M
Thoughts on visuals from natural science faculty
visual process
“When I make scientific figures I don’t actively think about the rules. I just start creating and then re-arrange based on trial and error of what looks good /clear”
Scientist reflection on impact of good aesthetics / design
“Many students gravitate to the formatting of one of the papers. Less cluttered, bigger font, more white space. It isn’t until they started to dissect the writing that they realize that the more visually appealing paper was weaker.”
1 2
Why visuals and “the rules”?
• Can clarify or strengthen argument
• Guides, draws viewers into process
• Allows researcher to discover patterns
A visual of a scientific concept is a re-presentation, not the thing itself – some interpretation or translation is always involved
~ Frankel & DePace
• Requires clarity in thinking
• Improves ability to communicate
• Process can lead to to new insights
• Must often account for basic assumptions
Advantage Agency Outcomes
Importance of graphic design in scientific communication
Until ~ 2010, training on
visual techniques
received little attention
What this talk will cover
1. How to approach your design challenge / questions to ask
2. Basic design tools and features
3. Examples
4. Suggestions for students
Essential elements
rich content
sophisticated execution
inviting visualization
Wong, 2010
How to approach your design | Part 1
brings meaning to a graphic
Interprets the content and highlights the
essence of the info brings content and graphics to life
Essential elements
rich content
sophisticated execution
inviting visualization
Wong, 2010
How to approach your design | Part 1
It is the CONTENT that makes graphics interesting
No enhancements to distract from clarity of info.
Questions
Frankel & DePace, 2012
How to approach your design | Part 1
1. Is the graphic explanatory or exploratory?
2. How will the graphic be used?
3. What is the first thing you want the viewer to see?
Explanatory or exploratory?
Frankel & DePace, 2012
How to approach your design | Part 1
EXPLAIN
• Communicate a point or call attention to patterns
• Evidence or proof
• Teaching tools
EXPLORE
• Invite the viewer to discover new information
• Make sense of data - organize and communicate main points
Still based on same set of principals
How will the graphic be used?
Frankel & DePace, 2012
How to approach your design | Part 1
What is the context?
• oral presentation
• lecture
• research article
• poster
• grant proposal
What are the demands of that context?
oral: graphic needs to make the point quickly and clearly (more so than research article) colleague different than a student
What is the first thing you want viewer to see?
Frankel & DePace, 2012
How to approach your design | Part 1
Unlikely 1st time viewer will see what you see
Guidance needed to identify important details
For exploratory – allow for additional component of discovery
inviting visualization
Interprets the content and highlights the
essence of the info
Graphic design tools and features
Frankel & DePace (2012); Williams (2004)
Design tools & features | Part 2
TOOLS
Compose (arrange)
Abstract (form)
Color
Layer (space)
Refine (simplify)
(depth, space, typography, graphics)
FEATURES
Contrast
Repetition
Alignment
Proximity
Tools: COMPOSE
Frankel & DePace (2012)
Design tools & features | Part 2
Organize elements and establish relationships
Where to start and go
Visual hierarchy
Spatial organization of signaling proteins. Nature, 2005. Single-molecule tracking reveals that spatial organization of signaling proteins in the cell membrane, often ascribed to lipid-based “rafts,” is probably a consequence of protein-protein interactions.
Frankel & DePace, 2012
Tools: ABSTRACT
Frankel & DePace (2012)
Design tools & features | Part 2
Graph? Cartoon? Accurate model?
Represent essential qualities and/or meaning of material
Exclude unnecessary info.
Make use of preexisting knowledge
History of a bee swarm decision-making process.Behav Ecol Sociobiol, 1999
Frankel & DePace, 2012
Tools: COLOR
Frankel & DePace, 2012
Design tools & features | Part 2
Draw attention
Label
Show relationships (compare and contrast)
Indicate a visual scale of measure
Separate roles for color in 1 graphic
Electromagnetic spectrum with light highlighted. Wikipedia
Tools: LAYER
Frankel & DePace (2012)
Design tools & features | Part 2
“Add layers to overlap multiple variables to create a direct relationship in physical space”
Perseus. Online resource, 2011. Multiple views of the Perseus molecular cloud complex, overlaid to demonstrate the locations of different physical environments and the spatial relationship between them.
Frankel & DePace, 2012
Eagle nebula. Astronomy, from the Earth to the Universe 2002.
A comparison between the Hubble Space Telescope visible light image of the Eagle Nebula (called M16) and the same area of space imaged with a ground-based telescope reading the new-infrared part of the spectrum.
Frankel & DePace, 2012
Tools: REFINE
Frankel & DePace (2012)
Design tools & features | Part 2
Step back and look with fresh eyes
Anything that could be removed?
Anything distracting?
Anything more clear?
Check “features”
A microfabricated multiphase packed-bed reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res, 2001. A microchemical device built in silicon and glass by using microfabrication meth-ods including deep-reactive-ion etch technology, photolithography, and multiple water bonding.
Frankel & DePace, 2012
Features: CONTRAST
Williams (2004)
Design tools & features | Part 2
Avoid elements that are merely similar. If the elements (type, color, size, line thick-ness, shape, space, etc.) are not the same, then make them VERY DIFFERENT. Don’t be a wimp
Features: CONTRAST
Williams (2004)
Design tools & features | Part 2
Features: REPETITION
Williams (2004)
Design tools & features | Part 2
Repeat visual elements throughout the piece
Could be line thickness, color, shapes, spatial relationships, etc.
Strengthens unity and develops organization
Features: ALIGNMENT
Williams (2004)
Design tools & features | Part 2
Nothing should be placed arbitrarily
Every element should have a connection with something else on the page
Creates clean, sophisticated look
Features: ALIGNMENT
Martin Krzywinski
Design tools & features | Part 2
Features: ALIGNMENT
Williams (2004)
Design tools & features | Part 2
Features: ALIGNMENT
Williams (2004)
Design tools & features | Part 2
Features: PROXIMITY
Williams (2004)
Design tools & features | Part 2
Items relating to each other should be placed close together
Become one visual unit
Reduces clutter, provides structure
Williams (2004) Williams (2004)
Avoid
Martin Krzywinski
Design tools & features | Part 2
Tight packing and asymmetries
Tense Calm
Avoid Design tools & features | Part 2
Inconsistency in labeling complex steps
Outlines or bubbles for emphasis – use space
Use of identical arrows for different reaction vs. callout
Presenting too much detailed info. at once - use overlay
Martin Krzywinski
B. Wong
Design tools & features | Part 2
Baak, 2010
Helping students with visuals Design tools & features | Part 2
Provide visual restrictions and guidance for poster, slides, report, etc.
Make resources on improving visual techniques accessible and encourage use
Provide examples of good visuals or point out flaws in poor
Helping students with visuals Design tools & features | Part 2
Emphasize that correct use of visual tools /features /principals will be used to evaluate
Ask students directly why they made certain decisions in representations
Critique student visuals on content and design
Personal mindset Design tools & features | Part 2
Consider design not as only supplementary or a superficial component to communication
Try not to assume a well-designed or “slick” presentation is always an effort to cover up poor content
REFERENCES Cairo, A. (2012). The Functional Art: An introduction to information graphics and visualization. New Riders. Few, S. (2009). Now You See It: Simple Visualization Techniques for Quantitative Analysis. Analytics Press. Chapter 5: Analytical Techniques and Practices. Frankel, F. & DePace, A. H. (2012). Visual strategies: A practical guide to graphics for scientists and engineers. Yale University Press. Krzywinski, M. (2013). Elements of visual style. Nat. Methods 10, 371. Tufte, E. (1997). Visual Explanations. Chapter 2: Visual and Statistical Thinking: Displays of Evidence for Making Decisions. Williams, R. (2008). The Non-Designer’s Design Book. Berkeley, CA: Peach Pit Press. Wong, D. (2013). The Wall Street Journal Guide to Information Graphics. Norton & Company. Layout. Wong, B. (2011). Layout. Nat. Methods 8, 783.