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LONGLEY PARK SIXTH FORM TRANSITION PACK

BIOLOGY (A LEVEL AND APPLIED SCIENCE)

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Biology(ALevelandAppliedScience)

PreparationBooklet2020 Thisbookletcontainsaseriesofactivitiestohelpsupportyouwith

thetransitionfromGCSEtoSixthForm.

Thesekeytopicscoversomeofthefoundationsofbiologythatshouldbefamiliartoyouduringyourstudiessofar.Makesureyou

attemptallactivitiestothebestofyourability.

Thisbookletincludes: CellstructureMicroscopyOsmosis

StructureofDNACelldivision

HeartstructureRespiration

Photosynthesis

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Welcome to Science - Biology!

We offer a variety of courses that include Biology - A Level, Level 3 BTECs in Applied Science and Applied Biology and Level 2 BTEC in Applied Science. All of our courses are delivered by a dedicated team of teachers and technicians, including:

Caroline Henry – Teacher

Gary Mitchell – Teacher

Julie Cavell – Teacher

Karen Arthur – Teacher

Lee Davies – Teacher

Pat Morgan – Teacher

Mike Tinker – Technician

Rob Sanderson – Technician

What will you study?

Biology

Biology gets into many areas of our life including food safety, agriculture, medicine, sport and scientific research. You will learn about the nature of life from the molecules and chemicals that life is built upon to the way populations of the world’s living organisms develop and live together. Biology is a very hands-on subject and there will be regular practical work in class. Your study will involve some dissection of animal and plant material. Data analysis also forms an integral part of the course so you need to be confident using Maths. If you are not studying A Level Chemistry, you will need to work with your Biology teachers to cover the basic biochemistry needed for this course.

Applied Biology

Applied Biology allows you to learn how the human body works, in good and poor health and how human health can be affected by individual biology and genetic makeup to lifestyle decisions. You will gain understanding of how this knowledge can be applied in order to improve diagnostic and health outcomes as well as the effects of microorganisms on human health.

Applied Science

You will study all of the main sciences - Chemistry, Biology and Physics in detail. You will learn about how science knowledge and skills are used in a variety of scientific workplaces, analytical sciences and biomedical sciences.

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How will you be assessed?

In the A Level courses this will be a combination of examinations and practical endorsements

For the BTEC courses this will be a combination of examinations and internal assignments

What can you do next?

You can go onto Higher Education, further employment or training. Some of the careers you could progress to include:

• Medicine • Dentistry • Physiotherapy • Veterinary Medicine • Forensic Science • Pharmacy • Biochemistry • Psychologist • Radiography • Orthoptics • Nursing

Biology is also a well respected A Level for a wide range of non-science related courses and careers because it helps you to develop analytical, practical and investigative skills.

Resources

There are so many wonderful resources you could look at before you start your course, here are just a few:

www.senecalearning.com

'Headstart' CPG revision guides

http://bozemanscience.com/

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1. Cell Structure

CellStructure

Therearetwotypesofcells,theycaneitherbeprokaryoticoreukaryotic.Eukaryotictendtobemorecomplexbutprokaryoticaresmallerandmuchsimpler

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

Hereisanexampleofaprokaryoticcell.Itisasinglecelledorganism

HereisanexampleofaEukaryoticcellwhichtendstobemorespecialisedandcontainmoreorganelles

Animalcells

Mostanimalcellshavevarioussubcellularorganelles

• Nucleus-ContainsDNAandcontrolsthecell• Cytoplasm-Wherechemicalreactionoccur.• CellMembrane-Holdthecelltogether• Mitochondria-Whereaerobicrespirationoccurs• Ribosomes-Proteinsynthesis

Plantcells

Plantcellshaveallthesamesubcellularstructureasananimalcellhoweverithasafewextra

• CellWall-Madeofcelluloseandsupportthecell

• PermanentVacuole-Containscellsap• Chloroplasts-Siteofphotosynthesis• Chlorophyll-Absorbslightandisfoundwithin

chloroplasts

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Inthetablesbelow:

1) Tickiftheorganelleispresent

2)Describethefunctionoftheorganelle

Organelle FunctionNucleus

Cytoplasm

CellMembrane

Ribosomes

Mitochondria

CellWall

Chloroplast

Organelle Eukaryotic Prokaryotic

Animal Plant Bacteria

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

CellMembrane

Ribosomes

Mitochondria

CellWall

Chloroplast

Permanentvacuole

Otherinformation

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Permanentvacuole

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Microscopy

Microscopesareinstrumentsthatallowscientiststoseethingsthataretoosmalltobeseenwiththenakedeye, suchas cells.Animal cells areusually around10–30μm long. In contrast, prokaryoticcells (bacteria) are 1 or 2 order ofmagnitudes smaller (10 or 100 times smaller)with a length ofapproximately0.2–2μm.

The light microscope was developed in themid 17th century and uses lenses and visible light tomagnify biological samples such as cells. You can see the structure of cells because a lightmicroscopecanmagnifyupto2,000timestherealsize.Thismeansthe imageyouseemakesthecell appear up to 2,000 times bigger. The image is also clear: the resolution is high enough todistinguishthenucleusfromthemitochondriaforexample.Theresolvingpowerofamicroscopeistheability to see two thingsas separate.Themostpowerful lightmicroscope’s resolvingpower is200nm,whichmeansyoucanclearlyseethedifferencebetweentwothingsthatare200nmapart.

Electronmicroscopeswere developed in the 1930s, and they use a beam of electrons instead oflight. They can magnify up to 2,000,000 times and have a resolving power of 0.2nm! Electronmicroscopeshelpedustoseesmallerorganellessuchasribosomes;somethingthelightmicroscopecannotshowus.Italsoshowsusthedetailsoforganelleslikemitochondria.Thishelpedfurtherourunderstandingofsub-cellularstructures.However,electronsmicroscopesaremuchmoreexpensivethanlightmicroscopes.

Task:Usetheinformationaboveandtheimagebelowtocomparethelight&electronmicroscopes:

Prefix Metre Metrespower

Equivalents

kilo- km 103 1km=1000m

- m 100 =1m

centi- cm 10-2 1m=100cm

milli- mm 10-3 1mm=1000μm

micro- μm 10-6 1cm=10mm

nano- nm 10-9 10μm=1000nm

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LightMicroscope ElectronMicroscope

ConvertingUnits

Anaverageeukaryoticcellis50μm.

1. Howmanymicrometresinonemillimetre?

2. Whatisthelengthoftwoeukaryoticcellsidebyside?

3. Howmanyeukaryoticcellsdoyouneedtoputsidebysidetomake1000μm?

4. Howmanyeukaryoticcellsdoyouneedtoputsidebysidetomake1mm?

5. Howmanymillimetresis50μm?(Thisquestionisaskingyoutoconvert50μmintomm).

Anaverageprokaryoticcellis5μm.

6. Howmanynanometresinonemicrometre?

7. Whatisthelengthoftwoprokaryoticcellssidebyside?

8. Howmanyprokaryoticcellsdoyouneedtoputsidebysidetomake1000μm?

9. Howmanyprokaryoticcellsdoyouneedtoputsidebysidetomake1mm?

10. Howmanymillimetresis5μm?(Thisquestionisaskingyoutoconvert5μmintomm).

Amysterycellis7500nanometres.

11. Howbigisthisinmicrometres?

12. Doyouthinkthiscellisaeukaryoticoraprokaryoticcell?Explainyouranswer.

13. Anothermysterycellis0.3cm.Howmanymicrometres?Howmanynanometres?

Mysterycell?

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AtAlevelyouneedtoknowthejobsofmoreorganelles.Dosomeresearchandwritethejobsoftheorganellesbelownexttothearrows:

2) Osmosis

OsmosisisakeyprinciplewhichyouwillneedtounderstandandapplyinbothASandAlevelbiology.Itisneededtoexplainformationofurineinthekidney;transportinplants;homeostasisandmanyothertopics.

Watchthevideobelowandanswerthequestionsonthenextpage.

Amoebasistersvideoonosmosis:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L-osEc07vMs

AnimalCell

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Answerthefollowingquestionsasyoulistentotheosmosisvideo;

1. Whatisosmosis?

2. Whattypeoftransportisosmosis?

3. Whataresolutes?

4. Ifyouhavepurewateronbothsidesofasemi-permeablemembrane,inwhichdirectionwouldthewatermove?

5. Whatdoeshypertonicmean?

6. Inosmosis,watermovesfromtheh………………………………..sidetotheh……………………………..side.

7. IfyouranpurewaterinanIVdripwhatwouldhappen?

8. Whatisthewordthatmeansequalconcentrationsofsoluteoneachside?

9. Howdoeswatergetintoplantroots?

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3) Cell Division – Mitosis & Meiosis

MITOSIS

Use the following key words to complete the following paragraph describing mitosis:

chromosome, genes, daughter, nucleus, clone, DNA, genetic, growth,

migrates, replicates, two

Inside the ___________ of all cells are a set of chromosomes made of _________ which

carries the _________. Each _______________ makes a copy of itself. This is to ensure

that each new cell has identical ______________material. Each copy of a chromosome

______________ to the opposite end of the cell. The cytoplasm also _______________.

This ensures each new cell has all the materials it needs in order to carry out its reactions.

The cell divides into _______. Each cell has the same number of chromosomes as the

original cell and is an exact genetic copy or _____________. These are

_____________cells. They are exact copies so they can carry out the same work as the

original cell. Mitosis is used for ________ and repair.

1. Interphase a) The r_________

p_______. The number of sub-cellular structures, e.g. mitochondria and ribosomes i___________.

b) The DNA r__________ to form t_____ copies of each c______________.

c) Further growth occurs and the DNA is checked for any m____________ made.

CellCycle

2. Mitosis The c_________ move apart and n_____ m________ form.

3. Cytokinesis The c___________ s__________ into two and the new d______ c____________ separate to give two new g_________ i__________cells

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The table below shows the life spans of different cells.

Draw a graph of the data in the table below, choosing a suitable scale.

1) Which cells have the shortest life span?

Name of human cell Life span (days)

Red blood cell 120

Cells of stomach lining 5

Cells on surface of skin 14

Liver cells 300

Sperm cell 5

Egg cell 1

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2) Which cells have the longest life span?

3) Is there any connection between cell type and lifespan?

MEIOSIS

Putthefollowingstatementsinthecorrectordersothattheydescribetheprocessofmeiosis.

Completethefollowingtable:

Meiosis Mitosis

Whatisitusedfor?

Typeofreproduction

Numberofchromosomesaftercelldivision

Numberofdaughtercellsproduced

A Each of the four daughter cells (egg or sperm) has half the number of chromosomes

B Each chromosome copies its DNA, this new strand of DNA remains attached to the first

C Parent cell in testes or ovary undergo interphase

D Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart and the cell divides once

E The sister chromatids are pulled apart and the cell divides a second time.

F The two attached strands of DNA are known as sister chromatids

Answer:

________________________________

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Numberofcelldivisions

Causesvariation?

4) Structure of DNA

StructureofDNA–cutandstickactivity

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1. Cut out each of the nucleotides and arrange them on the grid. Remember the Base-Pair Rule (A-T, G-C). (You will have one set left over). Separate paper may also be used.

2. To match the pairs, one of the nucleotides must be arranged upside down. The sides of the DNA double helix are arranged in an anti-parallel fashion. Think of them like lanes on a highway going different directions.

3. Colour each of the nucleotides:

Thymine = orange, Adenine = green, Guanine = purple,

Cytosine = yellow, Deoxyribose sugar = blue, Phosphate = pink

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1. Label the diagrams.

The basic units of DNA are called _______________,

DNA Structure Name: Answers

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Structure of DNA

________ has a structure like a twisted ladder. The structure is called ______________________.

DNA has ___________________. Each strand is made of units called ___________________ joined together.

Each unit contains three parts: ___________________________________________.

There are _______ different bases each represented by the letters ___________________.

The two strands are complementary with ____ linked ____ and _____ linked to ______.

As there are many units, the whole structure is called a _______________.

A sequence of three bases is the genetic code for a particular ______________.

The order of bases controls the order in which ______________ are assembled to produce a particular ____________.

When the _________ chain is complete it folds up to form a _________________.

________________ occur continuously.

A few ______________ code for an altered ______________ with a different ____________.

protein, bases, four, amino acids, C, unique shape, two strands, mutations, protein, sugar molecule, DNA, mutations, GACT, A, protein, phosphate group, shape, double helix, T, polymer, G, amino acid, nucleotides.

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5) Heart Structure https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/class-clips-video/science-biology-ks3-

ks4-gcse-the-human-heart/zr47nrd

1. Colourthebicuspidvalvesyellow.

2. Colourtherightatriumlightblue.

3. Colourtheinteriorsurfaceoftheleftventriclered.

4. Colourthesemilunarvalveslightgreen.

5. Colourtheexterioroftheinferiorvenacavadarkgreen.

6. Colourtheexterioroftheaortabrown.

7. Drawablackarrowtoshowthepathofbloodinviathevenacavaandoutviathepulmonaryartery.

8. Colourtheseptumorange.

9. Drawdarkbluearrowstoshowthedirectionofbloodflowinthe4pulmonaryveins.

10. Drawapurplearrowtorepresentbloodflowtotheleftlung.

Nowlisttheorderoftheparts(chambersoftheheartandbloodvessels)thatbloodflowsthroughinonecirculationofthebodystartingatthevenacava:

Venacava_______________________Lungs_________________________Bodycells

Colouringactivity–followtheinstructionsbelowtoshowthedifferentpartsoftheheartusingdifferentcolours.

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StructureandfunctionoftheheartandcirculationGotothefollowingwebsite.

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/meet-the-heart

Watch“Meettheheart”,“Flowthroughtheheart”andthefirst5minsand30secondsof“LayersoftheHeart”.

Youmightalsofindtheinformationpage“Theheartisadoublepump”useful.

Meettheheart

1. Describethelocationoftheheart.

2. Explainwhyeverycellinthebodyneedstobenearabloodvessel.

3. Namethetwoveinsthattransportbloodbacktotheheart.

4. Namethemainarterytransportingbloodawayfromtheheart.

5. Describewhatismeantbypulmonarybloodflow.

6. Describetheroleofthecoronaryvessels.

https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/class-clips-video/science-biology-ks3-ks4-human-circulation/zfbd6v4

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6) Respiration Respirationisnotbreathing….sowhatisit?https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/class-clips-video/biology-ks3-gcse-aerobic-respiration/zmncqp3

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

Describe anaerobic respiration using a word equation.

The substance produced during anaerobic respiration is:

A glucose B lactic acid C oxygen D water

Complete the word equation for anaerobic respiration:

.................. ..................... + ........................

State the purpose of respiration and describe it using the word equation for aerobic respiration.

Complete the word equation for aerobic respiration:

.................. + ..................... ..................... + .................... + ................

Wheredoesrespirationoccurinorganisms?Explainwhythisisimportant.

................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................

The graph above shows the effect of exercise intensity on the volume of blood leaving the heart per beat. The difference between the volume of blood leaving the heart at rest and the volume of blood leaving the heart at maximum exercise intensity is:

A 70 cm3 B 80 cm3 C 90 cm3 D 150 cm3

Using information in the graph, describe the effect of different levels of exercise intensity on the volume of blood leaving the heart. .....................................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................................

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RESPIRATIONANDGASEXCHANGE

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Across

1.Gasneededforaerobicrespiration.5.Oxygenmovesfromthelungsintocapillariesbythisprocess.6.Algaeusedinbread-making.7.Anothernameforthevoicebox.8.Anaerobicrespirationinmusclesproducesthisacid.11.Smallsac-likestructureswheregasexchangeoccurs.12.Tubewhichconnectsthemouthandnosetothelungs.14.Thetracheabreaksupintothesesmallertubestoentertherightandleftlungs.16.Trapsdustandmicrobesthatenterstheairways.17.Respirationinthepresenceofoxygen.18.Gasproducedinbothaerobic&anaerobicrespiration(twowords).19.Withinthelungsthebronchisplitintotheseevensmallertubeswhichattachtothealveoli.

Down2.Thealcoholproducedduringanaerobicrespirationofyeast.3.Chemicalusedtotestforcarbondioxide.4.Tinyhairsonthecellsthatlinethetrachea-sweepanyunwantedmicrobesorparticlesoutofourlungsandairways.9.Apoisonousgasfoundintobaccosmokewhichcombineswithhaemoglobininredbloodcells(twowords).10.Addictivechemicalfoundintobaccosmoke.11.Respirationintheabsenceofoxygen.13.Makesup79%ofinspiredair.15.Achemicalreactionthatbreaksdownnutrientmoleculesinlivingcellstoreleaseenergy.

Choosefrom:Respiration,Aerobic,Anaerobic,Carbondioxide,Oxygen,Lactic,Ethanol,Yeast,Larynx,Trachea,Alveoli,Bronchi,Bronchioles,Limewater,Nitrogen,Diffusion,Carbonmonoxide,Nicotine,Mucus,Cilia

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Describe photosynthesis using a word equation.

................... + ..................... ........................ + ......................

This graph suggests that the level of oxygen in the atmosphere was important for the evolution of many living organisms.

7) Photosynthesis

How much oxygen was needed in the atmosphere for the evolution of land animals?

A 0.009% B 0.09% C 0.9% D 9.0%

Suggest how photosynthesis could have changed the gas content of the atmosphere. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................

Explain how the structure of a leaf is adapted for photosynthesis including ideas about large surface area, chlorophyll in chloroplasts and stomata for gas exchange.

The diagram shows a section through a leaf. Fill in the boxes to identify cell types A-D and the gases moving into and out of the leaf.

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Describe the functions of each cell type and explain how each cell type is adapted to performing their function.

Cell A

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Cell B

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Cell C

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Cell D

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

And to finish a photosynthesis rap…..!

https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/class-clips-video/biology-ks3-gcse-photosynthesis-rap/zm638xs

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8) Enzymes Enzymesarebiologicalcatalysts.Thismeansthattheyspeedupreactionsinlivingorganismsbymakingthemeasiertohappen.Everyreactioninyourbodyiscontrolledbyanenzyme,thisiswhytheyaresoimportant.

https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/class-clips-video/biology-ks3-gcse-enzymes-and-active-sites/zd2f47h

Task1:WordMatch

Matchthefollowingwordstotheirdefinition:

1.Product A.Theamountofenergyrequiredforachemicalreactiontooccur

2.ActiveSite B.Substancesthatbringachemicalreactionwithoutbeingchangedthemselves

3.Enzymes C.Substancethatanenzymeactsupon

4.Catalyst D.Regionsonthesurfaceofanenzymethatfitsthesubstrate

5.Substrate E.Substanceformedfromthesubstrateattheendofachemicalreactionwithanenzyme

6.ActivationEnergy F.Proteinsthatspeedupthechemicalreaction

Task2–labelthediagramusingtermsfromtask1

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In your own words explain how the enzyme breaks the bond of the substrate in the above process.

1.

2.

3.

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And finally

https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/76917ca0-ac10-43c9-8742-

e49b861417b2/section/e338b8d5-76ab-4a62-a9f3-a680c8441d9a/session

Hereisaninteractivewebsitewhichgivesfeedbackandallowsyoutodevelopunderstanding.

ThislinkshouldtakeyoutoapagewithaGCSErefreshertaskandanAlevelpreparationsession.

Goodluck!

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