long term & short term effects of climate 2
TRANSCRIPT
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Long and Short Term Changes in Climate
By: Sarah Ramanathan Keiren AlamChantal Liu
Manal Rahim
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• For the past millions of years, our climate has had many significant changes.
• Changes in Earth's climate are triggered by changes in Earth's energy balance.
Introduction
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• Long term changes:continental driftchanges in Earth's orbit
• Short term changes: Volcanic eruptions Air and Ocean Currents
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Long Term Changes in climate(millions of years - hundreds of
thousands of years)Chantal & Manal
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• Plate Tectonics = Theory of explaining slow movement of large plates of Earth's crust
• Continental Drift - Theory that Earth's continents used to be one supercontinent named Pangaea.
Changes Due to Continental Drift
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• 225 Million years ago: Pangaea (Permian period)
• 200 Million years ago: Laragia and Gondwanaland (Triassic period)
• 135 Million years ago: Jurassic period
• 65 Million years ago: Creations period.
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• Continents move = ocean currents and wind patterns change Affects heat transfer
• Affects distribution of land massNothern Hemisphere (includes Canada) has most
land mass.
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• Fewer large bodies of water = coldest winters & warmest summers
• More large bodies of water in Southern hemisphere = more moderate climate
• Temperatures weren't like this in Permian period
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• More mountains (caused by movement of Earth's plates) affects Local & regional climates
• Wearing of mountains over time can also cause regional climate changeThese changes have occurred in Canada because
we have new/old mountain regions (Rockies and Appalachians)
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• Scientists have found that over time the energy the Sun produces over time can also change
• Changes of area cause complications in production of CO2
• CO2 produced in volcanoes & mid-ocean trenches.Lost by slowly being absorbed into oceansAreas w/ high overall temperature most likely had
greenhouse warming due to volcanic CO2
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Long-Term Cycles in Climate
• 20 000 years ago, Earth had last ice age.
• Temp was 10 degrees lower than today
• Canada covered in ice sheet 3 km thick
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• Sea levels dropped as oceans froze overLand under oceans were exposed, revealing
hidden bridges to continentsAnimals crossed over to new habitats
• Major changes in temp happen in regular cycles
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Recurrence of Interglacial Periods and Ice Ages
• Every 100,000 years, interglacial periods and ice ages occur
• Ice age (glacial period): long term reduction of Earth’s temperature = glaciers and ice sheets covering Earth
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• Interglacial periods: period of warmer temperature that separates periods of time in an ice ageInterglacial periods involve movements of glaciers
• Causes temperatures to keep rising and falling depending on whether glaciers are advancing or retreating
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Why these Interglacial Periods &Ice Ages Keep Happening
• Engineer/astronomer Milutin Milankovitch developed theory on reason for these climate changes
• Earth’s orbit around sun changes on three main ways/cycles:Eccentricity (changing shape) of Earth’s orbitEarth’s TiltDirection (wobble) of tilt
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Eccentricity of the Earth’s orbit
• Shape of Earth’s orbit around sun changes • Goes from almost circular to more elliptical
(flattened circle/oval-like)
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• Caused by Jupiter and Saturn’s gravities• Occurs approximately every 100,000 years• Earth’s current cycle is more elliptical (oval-
like)
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Earth’s Tilt
• Earth’s current tilt = 23.5 degrees• Earth’s tilt is responsible for its changes in
seasons
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In a cycle close to 42,000 years, Earth tilts back and forth on its axis from 22.1 degrees to 24.5 degrees
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• Scientists believe that changes in Earth’s tilt are cause for glacial cycles occurring
• When Earth’s tilt is larger (closer to its 24.5 degrees max):– Glaciations end– Causes warmer summers
• Earth’s tilt currently decreasing
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Direction (wobble) of tilt (Axial Precession)
• In order to grasp the idea, think of a spinning top
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• As it spins, it wobbles around/changes direction while spinning on same point
• Earth’s tilt is similar• As Earth’s spins on its axis, it slowly wobbles• The angle of its tilt remains approximately the
same but its directions changes• Cycle of roughly 26,000 years
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Short Term Changes in Climate
(decades - thousands of years)Sarah & Keiren
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Volcanic Eruptions
• Volcanic eruptions can cause Earth’s climate to change temporarily
• rocks, dust, and gases are sent out high into atmosphere.
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• Suns energy reflects back out to space (from sulfur dioxide particles)
• Earth’s surface shaded.• Amount of cooling depends on amount of
dust put in air, and time of cooling-on size of particles.
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Changes in Sun’s Radiation
• suns radiation amount drops, Earth gets less energy
• (less heat =Earth cools down)• suns radiation higher=more energy• No scientific reason yet why radiation and over shorter time scales.
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• Uneven heating of Earth causes convection currents that create prevailing winds and ocean currents.
• Ocean currents have a strong effect on climates of nearby land
• Ocean currents can be caused by winds• Cold ocean currents cool air above • Warm ocean currents heat air above
Ocean Currents
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Ocean currents can have a major effect on the weather
The global conveyor belt begins around the North Pole and then works its way down, traveling through all of the
oceans before circling back
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• Air on Earth's surface is in constant motion called air currents
• Air currents affect air quality and ocean currents, and weather conditions
• Air currents caused by three main processes: temperature changeImpuritiespressure
Air Currents
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Thank You
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Bibliography• Nelson Science Perspectives 10Nelson Education Ltd.2010Pages 348-353<http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/NatSci102/NatSci102/lectures/
climate.htm>.• Windows to the Universe2010 National Earth Science Teachers Association 200-2011http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/climate/cli_seasons.html • Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionShelley DawickiMarch 28, 2005http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=9779&tid=282&cid=3638&ct=162• Long term climatehypertext G. H. Riekehttp://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/NatSci102/NatSci102/lectures/
climate.htm
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• Pictures:• Long term climatehypertext G. H. Riekehttp://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/NatSci102/NatSi102/lectures/
climate.htmhttp://www.phy6.org/stargcc/Sconcat2.htmhttp://room106vjh2.blogspot.com/2010_09_01_archive.html • Black, Ken. "How does Ocean Temperature affect Air
Temperature?" WiseGeek. Web. 10 Jan 2011. • Capital Regional District. "Global Ocean Currents.". Web. 10 Jan
2011. • Hayhoe, Christy, Douglas and Katharine. Energy Transfer within the
Climate System: Air and Ocean Circulation. Perspectives 10. Canada: Nelson Eduacation Ltd, 2010. 344-348. Print.
• Exploring the environmentWheeling Jesuit University/NASA-supported Classroom of the FutureSeptember 30, 2010http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/volcanoes/vclimate.html