Long-term ozone observation in Indonesia

Ninong KomalaIndonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space

(LAPAN)

Long-term ozone observation in Indonesia

Ninong KomalaIndonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space

(LAPAN)

President of the

Republic of Indonesia

National Aeronautics and Space Council of the Republic of Indonesia (DEPANRI)

Organization of DEPANRIChairman: President of Republic of IndonesiaVice-Chairman: Minister of Research and

TechnologySecretary: Chairman of LAPANMembers: Minister of Foreign Affairs

Minister of DefenseMinister of Industry and TradeMinister of National EducationMinister of Culture and TourismMinister of CommunicationMinister of National Development

PlanningChief of Staff of Indonesian Air

Force

Minister of Research and Technology

Other Ministries

Chairman ofNational Institute of Aeronautics and Space

(LAPAN)

ORGANIZATION

Policy and program coordination;

Technical coordination;

Organizational hierarchy...... internal organization of LAPAN

National Institute of Aeronautics and Space

Primary Secretary

Deputy Chairman of

Remote Sensing

Deputy Chairman ofAerospace Technology

Deputy Chairman of Aerospace Science,

Assessment& Information

Cooperation & Public Relation

Bureau

General AffairsBureau

Remote Sensing Data Center

Remote SensingApplication &

Technology Center

Aerospace Vehicle Technology Center

Aerospace Electronics

Technology Center

Applied Aerospace Technology Center

Space Science Application Center

Atmosphere & Climate Science Application

Center

Planning andOrganization

Bureau

Inspector

Aerospace Policy Assessment and

Information Center

Chairman ofNational Institute of Aeronautics and

Space (LAPAN)

LAPAN’S INTERNAL ORGANIZATION

Primary Secretary

Deputy Chairman of

Remote Sensing

Deputy Chairman ofAerospace Technology

Deputy Chairman of Aerospace Science,

Assessment& Information

Cooperation & Public Relation

Bureau

General AffairsBureau

Remote Sensing Data Center

Remote SensingApplication &

Technology Center

Aerospace Vehicle Technology Center

Aerospace Electronics

Technology Center

Applied Aerospace Technology Center

Space Science Application Center

Atmosphere & Climate Science

Application Center

Planning andOrganization

Bureau

Inspector

Aerospace Policy Assessment and

Information Center

Chairman ofNational Institute of Aeronautics and

Space (LAPAN)

LAPAN’S INTERNAL ORGANIZATION

and I am here .........research facilities are here .......

THE MAIN ACTIVITIES OF

ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE AND CLIMATE APPLICATION CENTER

LAPAN

• TO DEVELOP THE CLIMATE MODEL FOR INDONESIAN REGION

• RESEARCH ON ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENON INCLUDING DYNAMICS

AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS

• STUDY OF OZONE MODEL FOR INDONESIA, AIR POLLUTION DISPERTION,

ACID RAIN AND GREEN HOUSE GASES

• STUDY OF TROPOSPHERE AND STRATOSPHERE OF AEROSOL AND CIRRUS

CLOUD BY USING LIDAR

• APPLICATION OF CLIMATE INFORMATION TO SECTORS BASED ON CLIMATE MODEL

Scientific Consideration• Atmospheric structure of Indonesia is expected very complicated because

of it's dynamical effect.

• Strong convection significantly influences the composition of the

atmosphere. This phenomenon is mainly driven by solar insolation.

• Minor constituents that affect the atmospheric dynamics and thermal

distributions are found in abundance. Particularly Indonesian Maritime

Continent is the region where trace gas distributions in the troposphere is

strongly influenced by deep convection, frequent lightning and biomass

burning.

• Quantitative studies of these processes have been very limited so far in

this region because of the lack of simultaneous measurements of key species.

There are inadequate data to determine whether consistent global changes in

climate variability or weather extremes have occurred over 20th century.

Research and assessment of ozone, greenhouse gases, air pollution and air pollution dispersion in Indonesia.

• Increases of the greenhouse gases and other trace gases affect the physical aspects of the climate system and also change the chemical composition, radiation, and dynamics in the atmosphere and even the biotic system by modulations of the solar UV-B radiation.

• Air pollution near the surface has its direct impact to the human life, especially to their health. On the other hand, the rising of the pollutant gases in the atmosphere acts as greenhouse gas that will increase the earth temperature.

• LAPAN monitors pollutant gases in big cities within or withoutcollaboration with the other institute. The aim is mainly for supporting Blue Sky Program of the local government. Pollutant gases measured are greenhouse gases such are CO2, CH4, O3, NOx and aerosol (N2O, CFC in the future).

MANADOMANADO

BIAKBIAK

KUPANGKUPANG

WATUKOSEKWATUKOSEK

BANDUNGBANDUNG

KOTOTABANGKOTOTABANG

PONTIANAKPONTIANAK

LAPAN’S RESEARCH FACILITIES IN INDONESIALAPANLAPAN’’S RESEARCH FACILITIES IN INDONESIAS RESEARCH FACILITIES IN INDONESIA

.... the mechanisms which cause these atmospheric changes are considered to

have a hierarchical structure or multiple structure, which requires to observe the

atmosphere with different horizontal scales ....

MILESTONE OF THE ACTIVITIESMILESTONE OF THE ACTIVITIES

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06

SUR

FAC

E OZO

NE

SUR

FAC

E OZO

NE

VERTIC

AL PR

OFILE

VERTIC

AL PR

OFILE

SHA

DO

ZSH

AD

OZ

BandungWatukosek

BandungWatukosek

WatukosekTokyo UniversityNASDA

WatukosekTokyo UniversityNASDA

WatukosekTokyo UniversityNASDANASA

WatukosekTokyo UniversityNASDANASA

SOW

ERSO

WER

WatukosekBiakKoto TabangRISH, NOAA, NASA

WatukosekBiakKoto TabangRISH, NOAA, NASA

TOMS & TTO validationTOMS & TTO validation OzoneAerosol

Lower Stratospheric water vapor

OzoneAerosol

Lower Stratospheric water vapor

PontianakYEAR

Biak

SOW

ERSO

WER

. . . . .

BIB

LEB

IBLE

Surface Ozone Measurement

• Watukosek (7.5oS, 112.6oE), 50 m (1986~)

• Bandung (6.9oS, 107.5oE), 740 m (1986~)

• Biak (1oS,136oE), 50 m (2003~)

• Pontianak (0° 2.4863’ N ,109° 20.2027 ‘ E) (2005~)

Compilation of the surface ozone concentration at Watukosek in 2005

Diurnal variation pattern + stdev of Watukosek surface ozone (1986-2001) Diurnal variation pattern of Watukosek surface

ozone 2005 (Feb-Oct). Monthly average pattern show higher

Suburban area ~mid 1990s Recently became urban condition

B andung 1987-2005

Year1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Ozo

ne m

axim

um (p

pbv)

20

40

60

80

100

Compilation of the surface ozone concentration at Bandung

Diurnal pattern of surface ozone (data 1986-2001)

2005

Daily Maximum

Urban condition; polluted

Compilation of the surface ozone concentration at Biak in 2003-2005

Diurnal pattern of surface ozone Biak 2003-2004

Diurnal pattern of surface ozone Biak 2005

Oceanic condition Few source of pollution Humidity is high (~80%) throughout the year Ozone is generally low

Sample of the surface ozone concentration at Pontianak( 0° 2.4863’ N ,109° 20.2027 ‘ E )

“Equatorial region”Observation office hour only due to electricity problem

Sometimes affected by forest fires (not yet)

VERTICAL PROFILE OF OZONE CONCENTRATION

IN INDONESIA

Special Note :In equatorial region, data compilation from Watukosek

is the longest period after Natal (Brazil).

Typical profiles of ozone concentration observed at Watukosek

( Komala, N. et al, 1996)

Seasonal variation of tropospheric ozone concentration observed in Watukosek. In wet season, the tropospheric ozone concentration exhibits constant mixing ratio. However, in the wet season, enhancement in the upper troposphere was found ocasionally. While in the transition from the dry season to the wet season, enhancement in the lower troposphere usually could be detected easily.

Data compilation of vertical profiles at Watukosek (1993 – 2001)

Rainy season : November to March Transition : April to JuneDry season : July to October

MOZART output for Watukosek (G. Brasseur)

The time series of tropospheric column ozone shows an interesting peak in late 2002. The peak value is comparable to those of the 1994 and 1997 events.

Considering at the Indian Ocean Dipole Mode Index, it is suggested that a weak El Nino condition may be relevant to the peak. Dr. Saji Hameed

Long term tropospheric ozone........ what happened in 2002 ?

Mixing ratio of ozone at Watukosek at three layers also shows peak at 2002

........ what happened in 2002 ? (cont’d)

Water vapor column above Indonesia in 2002 (MODIS) which is show lower compared to the 2000, 2001 and 2003-2005 related to the tropospheric total ozone at Watukosek

........ what happened in 2002 ? (cont’d)

Water vapor column above Indonesia in 2002 (MODIS) is lower compared to the 2000, 2001 and 2003-2005. This is related to the peak of tropospheric column of ozone and ozone mixing ratio at Watukosek.

Ozonesonde launching also conducted occasionally in :- Bandung (6.9oS, 107.5oE), 740 m - 2000, 2003, 2004- Biak (1oS,136oE), 50 m - 2003, 2004, 2006- Pontianak (0° 2.4863’ N ,109° 20.2027 ‘ E) - 1998- Koto Tabang (0.2oS, 100.32oE), 890 m - 1999, 2000, 2001, 2006

payload preparation

... due to the short of the span time of observation, no specific long term characteristic could be analyzed.

Example of tropospheric ozone profile

Thank You

MILESTONE OF THE ACTIVITIESSurface Ozone MeasurementLong term tropospheric ozone� ........ what happened in 2002 ?Ozonesonde launching also conducted occasionally in :�- Bandung (6.9oS, 107.5oE), 740 m - 200Thank You