long term memory function = organizes and stores info. more passive form of storage than working...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Long Term Memory Function = organizes and stores info. More passive form of storage than working memory Capacity = unlimited. Average adult = 100 billion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649db15503460f94aa006f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Long Term Memory• Function = organizes and stores info. More passive form of storage than
working memory• Capacity = unlimited. Average adult = 100 billion neurons, each of which
can make perhaps 5,000 to 10,000 synaptic connections with other neurons five hundred trillion to a thousand trillion synapses
• Duration = thought be some to be permanent
Long-term memory
Working orShort-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory Memory
Attention Encoding
Retrieval
Maintenance Rehearsal
![Page 2: Long Term Memory Function = organizes and stores info. More passive form of storage than working memory Capacity = unlimited. Average adult = 100 billion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649db15503460f94aa006f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
History Channel: The Brain
• Start at scene 12 or 58:00 of DVD 71• What is the function of memory?• Describe Lashly’s rat maze experiment in the 1920s. What
did he discover?• What is the capacity of long-term memory? • Who is Stephen Wiltshire? What is unique about his
memory? How is his brain different from a “normal” brain?
• Who is Clive Wearing? What type of memory loss does he suffer from and why? How has he changed over time? Why?
![Page 3: Long Term Memory Function = organizes and stores info. More passive form of storage than working memory Capacity = unlimited. Average adult = 100 billion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649db15503460f94aa006f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
SemanticFacts/General
Knowledge
EpisodicExperienced
events
ProceduralSkills
Motor/Cognitive
Classical Conditioning
Explicit (Declarative)knowing you know something
conscious recall
Implicit (Non-declarative)knowing how to do something
(but not know you know)without conscious recall
Types of Long-Term Memory
Medial Temporal Lobe / Hippocampus / Frontal Lobe
Cerebellum
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/11/memory/brain-interactive
![Page 4: Long Term Memory Function = organizes and stores info. More passive form of storage than working memory Capacity = unlimited. Average adult = 100 billion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649db15503460f94aa006f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Memory Loss• Anterograde amnesia – means forward; can’t form new memories.
– Effects of the accident are working forward in time and patient is unable to remember things that have happened since the accident
• Retrograde amnesia – means backward; can’t remember old memories . • Hit by a car at noon on Tuesday. Patient regained consciousness
Tuesday night and it is now Wednesday. Patient can’t remember the accident or anything that happened Tuesday morning before the accident.
![Page 5: Long Term Memory Function = organizes and stores info. More passive form of storage than working memory Capacity = unlimited. Average adult = 100 billion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649db15503460f94aa006f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Famous Amnesic Patients• EP – herpes simplex virus chewed its way though his brain, destroying his medial temporal
lobe (which contains hippocampus and amygdala)• HM – surgery destroyed hippocampus to stop epileptic seizures
– Surgery was effective in reducing seizures BUT, had other side effects as well– Can remember explicit memories acquired before the surgery
• e.g., old addresses, normal vocabulary – Cannot form NEW explicit memories
• e.g., remembering the name of someone he met 30 minutes prior• cannot name new world leaders or performers• can recognize a picture of himself from before his surgery but not from after and
doesn’t recognize himself in a mirror• Clive Wearing - renowned European conductor; viral encephalitis (inflammation of the
brain tissue) destroyed his hippocampus. – While brain damage has totally obliterated Clive's explicit memory--his ability to
remember new facts or events--his implicit memory remains intact; he still has language and musical skills, although he is not consciously aware of his ability to play music.
• All suffer deficits in explicit, but not implicit memory• All suffer from anterograde and retrograde amnesia
![Page 6: Long Term Memory Function = organizes and stores info. More passive form of storage than working memory Capacity = unlimited. Average adult = 100 billion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649db15503460f94aa006f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Explicit Memory Memories are those of which
one is consciously aware. EX: I may have an explicit memory of playing a particular golf course
1. Episodic = memories are those for personally experienced events
2. Semantic = memories are for general factual knowledge
Medial Temporal Lobe Hippocampus (left – trouble
remembering verbal info / right – trouble recalling visual designs and locations)
Frontal Lobe
![Page 7: Long Term Memory Function = organizes and stores info. More passive form of storage than working memory Capacity = unlimited. Average adult = 100 billion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649db15503460f94aa006f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Implicit Memory
Memories are those of which one is not conscious. EX: one may have implicit memories of how to tie one’s shoe but not be able to describe to another how to do it1. Procedural = memories are those
that relate to skills or habits. Learn how to do something, often through classical conditioning, but cannot know or declare they know.
2. Classical Conditioning Cerebellum
![Page 8: Long Term Memory Function = organizes and stores info. More passive form of storage than working memory Capacity = unlimited. Average adult = 100 billion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649db15503460f94aa006f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Synaptic Changes
• Release more serotonin at certain synapses when learning occurs
• Glutamate enhances long-term potentiation = an increase in the release of neurotransmitters or increase in receptors sites on receiving neuron. Rapidly stimulating memory-circuit connections causes those synapses to become more efficient at transmitting signals; takes less of a signal to recall a memory.
![Page 9: Long Term Memory Function = organizes and stores info. More passive form of storage than working memory Capacity = unlimited. Average adult = 100 billion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649db15503460f94aa006f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Review! Pieces of Mind: Remembering What Matters
• What is the role of adrenaline in the formation of memory? How do we know? Describe the experiments with the rats and people.
• What is the role of the amygdala in the formation of memory?
![Page 10: Long Term Memory Function = organizes and stores info. More passive form of storage than working memory Capacity = unlimited. Average adult = 100 billion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649db15503460f94aa006f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Stress Hormones and Memory Formation• Prolonged stress
disrupts LTP • Moderate stress
enhances LTP• When subjects are given
a beta blocker to stall the activation of the SNS, the experimental group did not remember the livelier story any better than the controls remembered theirs. The drug disrupts stress-enhanced memory formation and the experimental subjects did not get a boost in memory for the emotional section.
• Flashbulb Memories - Where you when????
Emotion Charged Event
Sympathetic Nervous System releases epinephrine
(adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Amygdala
Hippocampus into a more alert, activated
state. Something important is happening…
Focus! Focus! Focus!
Memory Consolidation