long short flat irregular bones
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Classifications of Bones
• Long Bones
• Short Bones
• Flat Bones
• Irregular Bones
All bones can be separated into four different types based on the shape of each individual bone, NOT on its size. These groups are:
Long bones are bones involved with large movements. They are “elongated” (greater length than width) and cylindrical with enlarged, “knob-like” ends, called epiphyses (singular epiphysis) which are mostly spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone.
Long Bones
The long shaft between the epiphyses, called the diaphysis, is composed of mostly compact bone and is “hollow.”
The epiphyses are named according to their location. The epiphysis closest to the body’s center is the proximal epiphysis, while that located farthest away is the distal epiphysis.
The “hollow” center of the diaphysis, called the medullary cavity, is filled with a fatty substance called, yellow bone marrow, while the “hollow” spaces of the epiphyseal spongy bone are filled with blood making tissue called red bone marrow.
The epiphyses are covered by articular (hyaline) cartilage at the proximal and distal articulation points (joints).
Articular Cartilage
Articular Cartilage
The epiphyses are divided by templates of hyaline cartilage in the young called epiphyseal discs (growth plates) which are replaced by bone in adults.
Epiphyseal disc (growth plates-hyaline cartilage)
Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
Spongy bone
Red bone marrow (contained in spongy bone)
Compact bone
Medullary cavity
Yellow bone marrow(within medullary cavity -
made from mostly fat)
Periosteum (fibrous outer“skin” of bone)
Proximal Epiphysis
Diaphysis
DistalEpiphysyis
Long Bones of the Body
• Femur (2)
Femur
Anterior View Posterior View
• Tibia (2)
Long Bones of the Body
Tibia
Anterior View Posterior View
• Fibula (2)
Long Bones of the Body
Fibula
Anterior View Posterior View
Right Leg – Anterior View
Tibia
Fibula
Lateral Medial
Right Leg – Posterior View
Fibula
Tibia
LateralMedial
A Comparison of the Tibia to the Fibula
• Metatarsals (10)
Long Bones of the Body
Metatarsals
1
23
45
Metatarsals
Naming the Metatarsals
____________ metatarsal of the _________ foot(1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, or 5th) (Left or Right)
Medial
Lateral
• Phalanges of the Foot (28)
Long Bones of the Body
Phalanges
1
23
45
Proximal MiddleDistal
Phalanges
Naming the Phalanges_______________ phalanx of the ___________ digit
of the _________ foot.(1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, or 5th)
(Left or Right)
(proximal, middle, or distal)
Medial
Lateral
**Note: The 1st digit has only proximal & distal phalanges – no middle. All other digits have three phalanges – proximal, middle, and distal.
• Humerus (2)
Long Bones of the Body
Humerus
• Radius (2)
Long Bones of the Body
Radius
• Ulna (2)
Long Bones of the Body
Ulna
A Comparison of the Radius to the Ulna
always “palm up,” palmar or supinated perspective
“Thumb”
“Pinkie”
Radius(on thumb side)
Ulna(on pinkie side)
• Metacarpals (10)
Long Bones of the Body
Metacarpals1
2 345
1
23
45
Metacarpals
Naming the Metacarpals:
____________ metacarpal of the _________ hand.
(1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, or 5th)
(Left or Right)
**Note: Counting for the metacarpals 1st through 5th goes from “thumb” to “pinkie.”
• Phalanges of the Hand (28)
Long Bones of the Body
Phalanges
12
45
3
1
23
45
Naming the Phalanges:
_______________ phalanx of the ___________ digit of the
_________ hand.(1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, or 5th)
(Left or Right)
(proximal, middle, or distal)
Proximal
Middle
Distal
**Note: The 1st digit, or thumb, has only proximal & distal phalanges – no middle.
P
P
M
D
D
P
M
D
P
M
D
Phalanges
P
M
D
1
23
45
?
_______________ phalanx of the ___________ digit of the
_________ hand.3rd Right
Middle
_______________ phalanx of the ___________ digit of the
_________ hand.5th Right
Distal
_______________ phalanx of the ___________ digit of the
_________ hand.1st Right
Proximal
?
?
There is one more long bone name. What is it?
Clavicle (2) – the collar bone
Note the “S” or sigmoid curvature to this bone
• Femur (2)• Tibia (2)• Fibula (2)• Metatarsals (10)• Phalanges of the
Foot (28)
• Humerus (2)• Radius (2)• Ulna (2)• Metacarpals (10)• Phalanges of the
Hand (28)• Clavicles (2)
Long Bones of the Body
Clavicle
• Femur (2)• Tibia (2)• Fibula (2)• Metatarsals (10)• Phalanges of the
Foot (28)
• Humerus (2)• Radius (2)• Ulna (2)• Metacarpals (10)• Phalanges of the
Hand (28)• Clavicles (2)
Long Bones of the Body
Total long bones in the body: ??90 bones
Short bones are roughly cube-shaped, or “cuboid,” meaning length, width, and height are all closer to equal, and they are associated with smaller, more complex movements.
Note the “cuboid” shape
Short Bones
Short bones have only a thin layer of compact bone surrounding a spongy bone interior and are joined by multiple articulations. This allows for increased flexibility, decreased mass, but with no sacrifice in strength.
Note the multiple articulation surfaces
per bone
Short Bones of the Body• Carpals (16) – small
bones in the base of the hand
Carpals
5
1
23
4
43
2 1
56781 = Scaphoid
3 = Triangular
2 = Lunate
4 = Pisiform
5 = Trapezium6 = Trapezoid
7 = Capitate8 = Hamate
Proximal row of carpals
supinated (palmar) view;
laterally to medially; or from below
metacarpal 1 to metacarpal 5
Distal row of carpals
supinated (palmar) view;
laterally to medially; or from below metacarpal 1 to metacarpal 5
Short Bones of the Body• Tarsals (14) – small
bones in the posterior foot
Tarsals
1 2 3 45
7654
3
2
1
Medial Lateral
1 = Calcaneus (heel bone)
3 = Navicular2 = Talus (ankle bone)
4 = Medial Cuneiform5 = Intermediate Cuneiform6 = Lateral Cuneiform7 = Cuboid
Tarsals
Dorsal view (top of foot); Rt. foot
Short Bones of the Body• Tarsals (14)
Tarsals
• Carpals (16)
Total short bones in the body: ??30 bones
Flat bones – These bones are thin, generally curved, and as their name implies, “flat.” Their structure is formed from two parallel layers of compact bones sandwiching a layer of spongy bone. This creates large, broad, flat surfaces.
Flat Bones
This allows for a large surface area for tendon attachment as well as strong, protective structures, which is why these bones tend to protect the most important internal organs.
Flat Bones of the Body• Cranial bones (4)
Flat Bones of the BodyFrontal (1)
Flat Bones of the BodyParietal (2)**
**One on each side of the head
Flat Bones of the BodyOccipital (1)
Flat Bones of the Body• Thoracic Cage bones (25)
Flat Bones of the Body
Sternum (1)
Ribs (24)
Ribs
Flat Bones of the Body• Cranial bones (4) • Thoracic Cage bones (25)
Total flat bones in the body: ??29 bones
Irregular bones do not fit into the previous categories. They consist of a thin layer of compact bone surrounding a spongy bone interior. As implied by the name, their shapes are “irregular” and complicated. The bones of the vertebral column, pelvic girdle, face, and more are irregular bones.
Irregular Bones
• Vertebral Column (26)
Irregular Bones of the Body
7 Cervical Vertebra
12 Thoracic Vertebra
5 Lumbar Vertebra
1 Sacrum
1 Coccyx
Total Vertebra = 26 bones
Vertebral Column
• Skull bones (25)
Irregular Bones of the Body
Sphenoid (1)
Temporal (2)
Zygomatic (2)
Ethmoid (1)
Lacrimal (2)
Maxilla (2)
Mandible (1)
Nasal (2)
Cranial BonesFacial Bones
Palatine Bones (2)
Vomer (1)
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
Hyoid Bone (1)
Ossicles of the Ears (6)
• Other (6)
Irregular Bones of the Body
Coxal Bones or Os Coxae (2)
Scapula (2)
Posterior View
Patella (2)
Total irregular bones in the body: ??57 bones
• Vertebral Column (26)• Skull bones (25)• Other (6)
Irregular Bones of the Body
Total long bones in the body: ??90 bones
Total short bones in the body: ??30 bones
Total irregular bones in the body: ??57 bones
Total flat bones in the body: ??29 bones
Total bones in the body: ??206 bones
Total Bones in the Body
• Long Bones
• Short Bones
• Flat Bones
• Irregular Bones
• Sesamoid Bones
The additional group is:
Sometimes bones are be separated into five different types based on the shape of each individual bone. The first four have already been covered.
Sesamoid bones are bones embedded in tendons. Since they act to hold the tendon further away from the joint, the angle of the tendon is increased and thus the force of the muscle is increased. Examples of sesamoid bones are the patella and the pisiform.