Alan Oehlert, Ben Ross and Steve Bell, Hi-Crush

M anaging costs and meeting the growing demands of hydraulic fracturing depends on a complex

proppant supply chain that reaches from the mine to the blender. By the time it is pumped downhole, frac sand has been selectively mined and processed, moved in massive volumes to the basin or mined there and ulti-mately delivered to the blender at the well site.

Directly managing the complexities and urgencies of wellsite operations presents a unique and demand-ing challenge. Time-critical, cost-sensitive and with a dynamic array of variables, last-mile sand logistics have evolved with a diverse and highly specialized system of equipment, software and expertise.

High-impact sand Proppant logistics must reliably and efficiently orches-trate many moving parts from the mine to the blender.

First is delivering huge volumes of frac sand to the well site. Growing activity and greater sand intensity have made this challenge increasingly acute. Frac designs have grown

to 500,000 lb of proppant per stage or more, and a single frac crew may pump more than 48 MMlb per month.

More than 50% of operators surveyed by Infill Thinking viewed trucking and logistics as the major chokepoint and cost driver in 2018. This year only 11% of respondents voiced that concern, indicating that new, innovative solutions from companies focused on last-mile technology and expertise have countered the current complexities of frac sand logistics.

But sand volume is only part of the proppant logis-tics challenge. Variables range widely from customer design modifications to the weather. Road and wellsite conditions must be known, and traffic congestion must be considered, all while managing demurrage costs and driver reliability issues. Safety concerns run the gamut from noise to regulated emission of silica sand dust.

Intensified challenge Last-mile proppant logistics begin at a transload facility or in-basin mine. In-basin mines improve local sand availability and eliminate rail transportation costs. The first in-basin mine in the Permian Basin, developed by Hi-Crush, began operations in July 2017 to provide a

Logistics management optimizes completion efficiencies

Frac sand logistics evolve to address growing operational and economic objectives.

Containers deliver proppant the last mile to a

Marcellus well site in Pennsylvania. (Source: Hi-Crush)

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close-proximity resource for rapidly growing activity and volume intensity in West Texas and New Mexico.

These advantages are quickly complicated by consid-erations that may affect decisions about how to optimize volumes and rates. Many in-basin mines are farther from the well site than strategically located transload facilities that would serve the same work. While the average one-way distance from a transload facility to the well site is roughly 96 km (60 miles), the mine may be closer to 145 km (90 miles).

Logistics are further complicated in managing effi-cient loading and timely dispatch of hundreds of sand trucks. Transport on highways and roads must deal with less than ideal infrastructure, road repairs, accidents, weather, tight turns and weight limits. Simple delays can have significant repercussions at the well site.

At the well site, proppant logistics face congestion caused by the many sand, chemical and water trucks entering and exiting the location. Entry, offloading and exit must be closely coordinated for optimum off-load speed and safety on an already busy and crowded well site, frequently with poor cellphone service ham-pering communication.

The complexities have spurred the development of a broad set of web-based and mobile app software

capabilities. Used by operators, service companies, sand suppliers and others, the advances include real-time technology that provides an important tool for vendor, product and driver management, with greater visibility for data including turn times, driver performance, ter-minal congestion and demurrage.

Software management capabilities range from equip-ment tracking and geo-fencing to inventory and load reconciliation. Sand stage and consumption reports also are being generated by proppant logistics software, and future capabilities may include wellsite management tools such as radio frequency identification container scanning, silo integration with trucking data, order automation and invoicing.

Silos and containersThe industry has largely adopted two multicomponent last-mile delivery methods centered on silo- and con-tainer-based systems. Vertical silos store large volumes of proppant with a minimal onsite footprint. They support multiwell and large-volume, high-rate frac treatments. Container systems transport and store sand on site in portable bins. They provide a highly flexible option for smaller frac jobs and where roads and wellsite size pres-ent constraints.

PROPPANT LOGISTICS

Customer dashboards allow users to connect, visualize and gain insight from their last mile data to improve efficiency and

economics in proppant logistics. (Source: Hi-Crush)

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However, determining the optimal last-mile solution is a more complex, nuanced logistical undertaking than the two options suggest. Often the decision depends on an expert process that weighs many factors. Hi-Crush’s PropStream service integrates these options to tailor proppant logistics services to specific wellsite logistical and operational conditions and objectives.

Sorting out the optionsSilo and container systems each present unique capabil-ities and advantages for proppant logistics. Key to their initial development was addressing the time and safety constraints of traditional pneumatic methods.

Comparatively, silos and containers unload sand much faster and reduce wellsite congestion with dramatic cuts in time spent on location. Container systems can deliver and stage full bins and pick up empty ones in less than 10 min-utes on site. Silo systems using hopper-bottom trucks and gravity-fed conveyor systems may require less than 15 min-utes for unloading and transiting the location. Pneumatic systems can take more than an hour to do the job.

Container systems, and silo systems with advanced top-fill technology, greatly mitigate silica dust emissions and per-

sonnel exposure by implementing engineering controls. Current Occupational Safety and Health Administration permissible exposure limits regulations restrict exposure to 50 micrograms of respirable crystalline silica per cubic meter of air, averaged over an eight-hour day.

Gravity-fed conveyor technology used by silo and con-tainer systems minimizes dust creation and exposure with covered conveyors and enclosed transfer points. These purpose-built systems are an advance over pneu-matic systems that blow sand with pressurized air, cut-ting silica emissions by more than 90%.

Silo and container systems each have unique logisti-cal advantages to consider and balance in selecting the optimal solution.

Silo systems provide a vertical storage solution for up to 280 tons of proppant per silo, making it the most efficient storage system relative to wellsite footprint. Individual silos are transported to the well site and safely raised to a vertical position using specialized erec-tor trailers. Setup time for some six-pack silo configura-tions can be as little as two hours.

Alternatively, container systems transport proppant in one or two containers per truck for loads up to 25 tons.

PROPPANT LOGISTICS

A top-fill conveyor system prepares to

load a six-pack silo system with more

than 3 MMlb of proppant.

(Source: Hi-Crush)

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Containers quickly are staged on site to store frac sand until needed. Up to five containers at a time can be loaded onto an enclosed blender conveyer sys-tem during a job.

However, what appears to be a relatively clear-cut logistics deci-sion is a bit more complicated. For example, containers require less time to offload and have a flexible, minimal footprint, while hopper-bottom trucks have larger loads but require more time to unload. In addition, the use of hopper-bottom trucks requires silos that can be top-loaded from enclosed conveyor systems. Because they eliminate pneumatics, these systems also significantly reduce silica dust emissions.

Truck weight, local road restrictions and time of year also figure in the equation.

In the Marcellus, containers systems are an advantage on the typically narrower, winding roads and smaller pads, compared to the Permian Basin where larger well

sites and longer, flatter roads often make silo systems more attractive. Load limits and frost regulations in the northern Bakken region may seasonally cut vehicle weight versus the Permian Basin, eliminating the potential advantage of silos and higher capacity hopper-bottom trucks.

The many variables of last-mile proppant logistics often make the relative advantages of silo and container systems a moving

target. The optimal solution requires a careful assess-ment considering specific wellsite and geographic con-ditions, safety requirements and operator objectives.

ConclusionThe evolution of last-mile proppant logistics has fielded an array of specialized equipment systems. Guided by expert logistics management and sophisticated software, silo and container technologies provide flexible, adapt-able tools for optimizing completion efficiency.

The evolution of last-mile proppant

logistics has fielded an array of specialized equipment systems.

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PROPPANT LOGISTICS