Local Pulse Production Concerns

Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture, Saskatchewan Pulse Growers and You!

Today:

• Pulse Root Rots

• Pea Production

• Lentil Production

• Local Concerns

Pulse Diseases: Root Rot Pathogens

•Fusarium

•Pythium

•Rhizoctonia

•Aphanomyces

Photo courtesy of Dr. S. Chatterton, AAFC Lethbridge

Pulse Root Rots: Aphanomyces euteiches

•Reports on Aphanomyces spp. in Canada since 1938 (SK 2012)

•2014 widespread identification in soil and plant roots across SK

Data from CDC, Discovery Seed &

SK Agric. Crop Protection Labs

S. C

han

t , S

MA

Seed & Seedling Health: Pulses

WA

RM

Cochliobolus sativus

Fusarium spp.

Fusarium spp.

Cochiobolus Sativus

Rhizoctonia spp.

Aphanomyces eutiches

CO

LD

Rhizoctonia spp. Rhizoctonia spp.

Fusarium spp. Pythium spp.

DRY MOIST WET

Photo courtesy of C. Armstrong-Cho

Normal watering conditions

Varietal differences in resistance to Aphanomyces in Lentil

University of Saskatchewan data

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2

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3

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Pulse Root Rots: Fusarium spp.

Photo courtesy of Dr. B.

Gossen, AAFC Saskatoon

S. C

han

t , S

MA

Seed Treatments:

Pulse Root Rots

CROPS DISEASES

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Pea

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Agrox FL X X X X •*

Allegiance FL X X X X •

Apron Advance X X X X X • • • •

Apron Maxx RTA / Apron Maxx RFC X X X X X • • • •

Belmont 2.7 FS X X X X •

Crown X X •** •** •**

Cruiser 5FS Ɨ X X X X X

Cruiser Maxx Pulses Ɨ X X X • • • •

Cruiser Maxx Vibrance Beans Ɨ X • • •

EverGol Energy X X X X • • • •

Heads Up Plant Protectant X •

Insure Pulse - NEW X X X X X • • • •

Intego SOLO Fungicide – NEW use X X X X • •

Thiram 75WP X X •*

Trilex AL X X X X • • • •

Trilex EverGol X X X X • • • •

Vibrance 500FS - NEW X X X •

Vibrance Maxx RTA / Vibrance Maxx RFC X X X • • • •

Vitaflo 280 /Vitaflo SP / Vitaflo X X X •** • • •

Ɨ Available to commercial seed treaters only.

Refer to 2016 Guide to Crop Protection and labels for specific information on pathogens and insects listed as well as expectations for control vs suppression.

Seed Rot, Seedling Blight, Damping-off, and/or Root Rot can be caused by a complex of Botrytis, Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and/or Sclerotinia *some products do not specify pathogens; **some products lentil only

Pulse Disease (Pathogen) Threshold on Seed

Action if Over Threshold

Seed rot & damping off (Pythium and/or Phytophthora

spp.)

N/A (soil-

borne)

Use seed treatment IF: history of disease; cool-moist seeding conditions; kabuli

chickpeas, low-tannin lentils, damaged peas

Seed rot & seedling blight (Botrytis + Sclerotinia + Fusarium)

10% Use seed treatment

Ascochyta/Mycosphaerella complex (pea)

10% Use seed treatment

Ascochyta lentis (lentil) 5% - 10% Use seed treatment (>10% do not use)

Anthracnose (lentil)

N/A

Although seed-to-seedling transmission is low, do not use infected seed if planting in a field where lentil has never been grown.

Stemphylium Blight (lentil) Seed staining and infection can occur but seed-to-seedling transmission is unknown. Research is in progress.

Ascochyta rabiei (chickpea) 0.3% Do not use as seed

Pea

Fertility • Nutrient uptake per bushel:

– 3.1 lbs N

– 0.9 lbs P2O5 (important for nodule development and N fixation)

– 2.8 lbs K2O

– 0.3 lbs S

• Above 25-35 lbs/ac N from soil and fertilizer, nodule development may be delayed and reduced. Above 50 lbs/ac N nodulation may not occur.

• Below 10 lbs/ac N, some starter N may help the crop because nodule development takes 3 to 4 weeks.

In Crop Control of Cleavers in Peas

• Authority/Authority Charge and Edge granular (before cleaver emergence, suppression)

• Basagran/Basagran Forté

• Odyssey

• Odyssey Ultra

• Viper ADV (suppression)

Control of Group 2 Resistant Wild Mustard in Pea

Pre-seeding/emergence

• CleanStart, glyphosate, Aim, Authority Charge, Heat, MCPA amine

In Crop

• Basagran/Basagran Forté, MCPA sodium salt/amine, MCPB/MCPA, Metribuzin (Sencor Solupak 75 DF, Sencor 75 DF, TriCor 75 DF), Viper ADV

Group 2 and 9 Resistant Kochia in Pea

• Authority/Authority Charge, Edge Granular and Valtera will control kochia if application is made before kochia plants emerge

• MCPA in crop

• Pre-seeding Aim, Authority Charge, CleanStart, Heat, Gramoxone and MCPA amine

Residual Herbicides to Watch For

One season after application

• There are at least 16 products that have a one year re-cropping restriction for pea

• See Page 74 and 75 of the 2016 Guide to Crop Protection

2nd season after application (ie. 18 months re-cropping)

• Imazamethabenz in Brown and Dark Brown Soil zones (Assert 300SC, Avert)

• Muster

Pea Diseases

• Mycosphaerella blight is the most common disease on peas in SK.

• Ascochyta complex includes:

– Mycosphaerella blight

– Ascochyta leaf and pod spot

– Ascochyta foot rot

Ascochyta complex

• One in three year pea rotation where it is a problem

• Infected stubble is the most important source, followed by infected seed

• Scouting and fungicide application should begin at early bloom stage

Fungicide options for the Ascochyta complex

– Acapela (Group 11)

– Bravo 500 (Group M5)

– Delaro (Groups 3 & 11)

– Echo 720 (Group M5)

– Elatus (Groups 7 & 11)

– Headline EC (Group 11)

– Lance (Group 7)

– Lance AG (Groups 7 & 11)

– Priaxor (Groups 7 & 11)

– Quadris (Group 11)

– Quilt (Groups 3 and 11)

– Vertisan (Group 7)

Desiccant/Pre-Harvest Herbicide Timing

• Aim and CleanStart: less than 30% moisture

• Diquat (Reglone, Reglone Ion, Desica, Diquash,/Dessicash, Stage, Masterline Diquat): bottom pods are ripe and dry and the seeds are detached from the pods

• Glyphosate: 75-80% of the pods are brown

• Heat: 70 to 80% of the pods are brown

• Look into MRLs before application

Lentil

Seeding Rate

• Target 12 plants per square foot

– doubled for extra small red lentils

• Seeding rate should increase when there is high weed pressure

• Use thousand kernel weight to calculate seeding rate

Nutrient Uptake

• Nutrient uptake per bushel (per 1,400 lbs/ac crop):

– 3.1 lbs N (71)

– 0.8 lbs P2O5 - important for nodule development and N fixation (18)

– 2.8 lbs K2O (60)

– 0.3 lbs S (5)

Nitrogen Fertility

• >25-35 lbs/ac N, additional N will reduce nodulation and N fixation

• Above 50 lbs/ac available N, nodulation will be reduced or absent

• <15 lbs/ac available N, 18 lbs/ac N added as starter fertilizer may be beneficial

Phosphorus Fertility

• P is important for nodule development and nitrogen fixation

• If there is less than 20 lbs/ac available P, some should be added at seeding

Group 2 and 9 Resistant Kochia in Lentil

• Edge Granular applied in the fall will control kochia if application is made before kochia plants emerge

Pre-seeding

• Aim, CleanStart, Heat, Gramoxone and MCPA amine

Group 2 Resistant Wild Mustard in Lentil

Pre-seeding/emergence

• CleanStart, glyphosate, Aim, Heat, MCPA amine

In Crop

• Metribuzin (Sencor Solupak 75 DF, Sencor 75 DF, TriCor 75 DF)

Residual Herbicides to Watch For

One season after application

• There are at least 30 products that have a one year re-cropping restriction for lentil

• See Page 74 and 75 of the 2016 Guide to Crop Protection

Residual Herbicides to Watch For

2nd season after application (ie. 18 months recropping)

• Authority/Authority Charge

• Quinclorac (Clever, Masterline Quinclorac)

• Curtail M

• Prestige XC

• Infinity/Tundra/Velocity m3

• Muster

• Paradigm

• Pixxaro

• Triton C (may be longer in some environments)

Residual Herbicides to Watch For

3rd or 4th season after application

• Metsulfuron (Ally/Accurate)

• Re-cropping restriction varies based on soil type, pH and environmental conditions

Sclerotinia

• Other broadleaf crops are also susceptible

• Scouting for this and other diseases should begin at early flowering

31

Anthracnose

• There are many lentil varieties that are moderately resistant

• Favoured by warm moist weather

• Mainly stubble and dust borne

Ascochyta

• This disease is most damaging to maturing pods and seeds if prolonged wet weather occurs during July and August

• Most varieties have moderate resistance

• Seed and residue-borne

Approaches to Disease Management

Crop rotation

Disease tolerant cultivars

Prevention & sanitation

Seed health

Crop scouting & diagnostics

Disease forecasting

Foliar fungicides

Good record keeping & planning

Grasshoppers

• Feed on buds, flowers and developing pods

• At 2/m2 there is enough feeding pressure for an insecticide application to be worthwhile

Desiccant/Pre-Harvest Herbicide Timing

• Diquat (Reglone, Reglone Ion, Desica, Diquash,/Dessicash, Stage, Masterline Diquat): lowest pods are light brown and rattle when shaken

• Glyphosate: bottom 15% of pods are brown and rattle when shaken

• Good Harvest: 40–60% of the pods turn yellow or brown

• Heat (red lentil only): bottom 15% of pods are brown and rattle when shaken

• Look into MRLs before application