lm class a foam edn1 june09 a4 0

S A F E T Y F I R S T

Learning Manual

Use of Class A Foam in Wildfi re Operations and Non Structural Applications

S A F E T Y F I R S TS A F E T Y F I R S T

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Use of Class A foam in Wildfi re Operations and

Non-structural Applications

Learning Manual

Edition 1June 2009

This learning manual has been published for use within CFA and is intended to be used in conjunction with a course of instruction. It supersedes and replaces Edition 1 of the

Class A foam learning manual dated May 1997.

Development has been undertaken having regard to relevant Chief Offi cers Standing Orders, Chief Offi cers Standard Operating Procedures, occupational health and safety legislation and

guidelines, impact on the environment and CFAs Safety First principles.

First published June 2009 in Australia by Learning Systems, Learning and Development, CFA Headquarters, 8 Lakeside Drive, Burwood East, Victoria 3151.

CFA 2009

Other than that permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without written permission from the Country Fire Authority Victoria. Enquiries should be addressed to the publisher. For any matters relating to this publication, contact: Manager Learning Systems, Learning and Development, CFA Headquarters, 8 Lakeside Drive, Burwood East, Victoria 3151.

CFA acknowledges the assistance and contributions of its members, volunteer and staff, in the development of this learning manual and related training resources.


Use of Class A foam in Wildfi re Operations and Non-structural Applications

Edn 1 June 2009 S A F E T Y F I R S T i

Use of Class A Foam in Wildfi re Operations and Non-structural Applications

Contents

Foreword ...................................................................................................................................1

Overview ...................................................................................................................................3

Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................3Relationship to Competency Standards ...................................................................................................3Pre-requisites ............................................................................................................................................3Co-requisites ............................................................................................................................................3Outcomes .................................................................................................................................................3Related Resources ...................................................................................................................................4How You Might Be Assessed ....................................................................................................................4

Chapter 1: Classes of Fire and Properties of Class A foam ..................................................5

Classes of Fire .........................................................................................................................................5Benefi ts and Considerations of Using Class A Foam .............................................................................6Properties of Class A Foam ......................................................................................................................6Summary .................................................................................................................................................17Self Assessment ......................................................................................................................................19

Chapter 2: Occupational Health and Safety, and Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment ........................................................................................................21

Health and Safety Precautions ...............................................................................................................21Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment ........................................................................................22Safe Work Practices ................................................................................................................................22Summary .................................................................................................................................................23Self Assessment ......................................................................................................................................25

Chapter 3: Class A foam and its Application .......................................................................27

Effects of Class A Foam on the Components of the Fire Triangle ..........................................................27Foam Types ............................................................................................................................................28Proportioning Rate Versus Foam Type Versus Drain Time .....................................................................28Foam Types and Their Use for Wildfi re Applications ..............................................................................29Foam Types for Non-structural Applications ..........................................................................................38Summary .................................................................................................................................................41Self Assessment ......................................................................................................................................43

ii S A F E T Y F I R S T Edn 1 June 2009


Contents

Chapter 4: Use of Class A Foam on Class B Hydrocarbon Fuels .......................................47

Important Note ........................................................................................................................................47Understanding the Use of Class A Foam on Class B Fuels ...................................................................48Foam Application Methods .....................................................................................................................49Summary .................................................................................................................................................51Self Assessment ......................................................................................................................................53

Chapter 5: Foam Concentrate Storage and Handling ..........................................................55

Storage ....................................................................................................................................................55Spills ........................................................................................................................................................56Compatibility ...........................................................................................................................................56Summary .................................................................................................................................................59Self Assessment ......................................................................................................................................61

Chapter 6: Environmental Impact and Precautions .............................................................63

The Use of Class A Foam........................................................................................................................63Potential Impacts of Class A Foam Use .................................................................................................64Precautions ............................................................................................................................................65Foam Storage, Mixing and Filling Sites ..................................................................................................66Equipment Cleaning ...............................................................................................................................66Summary .................................................................................................................................................67Self Assessment ......................................................................................................................................69

Chapter 7: Class A foam System Types and Their Operating Components ......................71

Low Energy Foam System .....................................................................................................................71High Energy Foam System ....................................................................................................................71Proportioning or Induction Methods .....................................................................................................72Summary .................................................................................................................................................77Self Assessment ......................................................................................................................................79

Self Assessment Answers .....................................................................................................81

Chapter 1: Classes of Fire and Properties of Class A Foam ..................................................................81Chapter 2: Occupational Health and Safety, and Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment ..........82Chapter 3: Class A Foam and its Application .........................................................................................83Chapter 4: Use of Class A Foam on Class B Hydrocarbon Fuels ..........................................................87Chapter 5: Foam Concentrate Storage and Handling ............................................................................88Chapter 6: Environmental Impact and Precautions ................................................................................89

Glossary .................................................................................................................................91

Edn 1 June 2009 S A F E T Y F I R S T 1


ForewordIn the absence of an Australian Standard, CFA only uses Class A foam concentrates that are approved by The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).

To gain approval under USDA Standards, a Class A foam (concentrate and solution) is tested to, and passed, specifi c minimum requirements with regard to:

acute oral toxicity; F

acute dermal toxicity; F

primary skin irritation; F

primary eye irritation; F

corrosion of metals; F

performance; and F

the environment. F

Notes

2 S A F E T Y F I R S T Edn 1 June 2009




Overview

IntroductionThe learning manual has been published to provide relevant information to assist personnel undertaking training in the safe effective and effi cient use of Class A foam in wildfi re operations and non-structural applications.

All personnel involved in handling foam concentrates and applying solutions should be competently trained and appropriately qualifi ed in proper procedures to protect both their own health and safety and that of others.

This latest edition of the learning manual includes a range of improvements in personal health and safety, environment protection considerations and in Class A foam performance, technology, equipment and application techniques since the release of the 1997 learning manual.

Topics covered in this learning manual include:

benefi ts and considerations when using FClass A foam;

properties; F

proportioning; F

foam types; F

occupational health and safety and FPersonal Protective Clothing and Equipment;

application methods; F

storage; F

environmental care; and F

proportioning and delivery systems and Fequipment.

Relationship to Competency Standards

This learning manual is based on a competency statement developed by CFA (CFA 001 and CFA 003 Class A foam User and Facilitator) as no suitable competency currently exists in the Public Safety Training Package.

For further information on the competency standards, refer to the Brigades Online website.

Pre-requisites

CFAQ002 Wildfi re Firefi ghter Qualifi cation. F

Co-requisites

Nil. F

Outcomes

On successful completion of CFAs Class A foam training and assessment program, you will be able to:

CFA 001.1 Identify the properties of FClass A foam;

CFA 001.2 Identify the health, safety and Fenvironmental impact of Class A foam;

CFA 001.3 Operate and maintain Class A Ffoam equipment; and

CFA 001.4 Apply Class A foam for fi re Fsituations.



Overview

Related Resources

The following are current at the time of publication:

Level 2 Class A foam System Information FPackage (Edition 1 2000);

Class A foam Users Guide (Wildfi re) F ;

Class A foam Users Guide (Specialist Use FApplications);

Class A foam, Wetting Agent and FAgricultural Land (2003);

Class A foam Wetting Agent and Your FProperty (2003);

Chief Offi cers Standing Order 9.07 Foams Fand Wetting Agents Firefi ghting (current version);

CFA learning lanual F Wildfi re Firefi ghter;

CFA Grassfi re Tanker Tactics Video/DVD FChapter 5. Use of Class A foam; and

Foam Handling Kit (provided on appliances Fequipped with Class A and or B foam).

How You Might Be Assessed

Below are some ideas of how a qualifi ed Workplace Assessor might assess your competence in this unit. You may be assessed by:

observation in a practical situation or Fsimulated exercise;

answering questions or demonstrating Fknowledge and skill in a given situation;

completing assignments; F

written report (Evidence book); or F

a combination of the above. F



Chapter 1Classes of Fire and Properties ofClass A foamThere are a number of benefi ts to using Class A foam and also a number of factors to consider. To use Class A foam effectively and correctly, you need to understand what these benefi ts and considerations are.

This chapter covers:

classes of fi re; F

benefi ts and considerations of using Class A foam; and F

properties of Class A foam including: F

concentrate;

solution;

expansion;

density;

surface tension; and

foam proportioning/induction rates.

Classes of Fire

Fires are classifi ed according to the type of fuel in which they are burning. This enables identifi cation of the most appropriate type of agent that should be used for extinguishment.

Classes of fi re include:

Class A F Flammable solids (e.g. forest and grassland fuels, wood, paper, plastics, and rubber).

Class B F Flammable liquids (e.g. petrol, diesel fuel, oils, acetone and ethanol). Class C F Flammable gasses (e.g. methane,

propane, butane and acetylene).

Figure 1 Class A foam is specifi cally formulated to extinguish Class A (carbonaceous solid) fi res



Chapter 1: Classes of Fire and Properties of Class A Foam

Class D F Flammable metals (e.g. magnesium such as magnesium wheels, aluminum, potassium and sodium).

Class E F Energized electrical equipment.

Class F F Cooking oils and fats.

Class A and Class B foams are different

It should be clearly understood from the different classes of fi re (listed above) that Class A and Class B foams would need to be quite different as each type has been especially formulated to best extinguish their intended class of fi re.

Where exceptions exist these have been clearly explained in chapter 4.

Further information regarding Class B foam may be found in CFAs Structural Firefi ghting learning manual.

Benefi ts and Considerations of Using Class A Foam

Benefi ts

There are a number of benefi ts, these include:

effective for use on all types of Class A fuel; F

increases the effectiveness of water; F

extends the useful life of water; F

reduces suppression and mop-up time; F

provides short-term fi re barrier; F

application visible from ground and air; F

easily proportioned; and F

simple application. F

Considerations

Competent training; F

Use of appropriate personal protective Fclothing and equipment (PPC/PPE);

Human health and safety impact and Fprecautions; and

Environmental impact and precautions. F

Risk assessment and the decision when to use Class A foam

Prior to implementing the use of Class A foam the Incident Controller needs to consider the following as part of their size up and risk assessment.

Can we control, extinguish and/or black out with water alone or would the use of Class foam increase our capacity to safely effectively and effi ciently improve achievement of the desired operational objective?

Properties of Class A Foam

Concentrate

Class A foam concentrate is a combination of:

surfactants (surface active agents that Freduce the surface tension of water);

detergent foaming agents; F

inhibitors (to minimise the effects of Fcorrosion on metals); and

preservatives (to prolong shelf life). F

Class A foam should not be confused with wetting agents whose only role is to reduce the surface tension of water.




Solution

Class A foam solution is a mixture of water and Class A foam concentrate.

Wetting properties

Class A foam versus water

Water has been used to extinguish fi re for thousands of years and still remains predominantly the fi rst choice for extinguishment of most Class A fi res.

Until recently water has been the cheapest and most plentiful Class A extinguishing agent.

Due to this no longer always being the case, i.e. in drought conditions, there is a need to improve the effi ciency of this valuable resource. Class A foam does this.

Adding Class A foam to water improves its wetting effectiveness

When added to water Class A foam improves its effectiveness by many times and works in the following ways by:

lowering surface tension; F

attracting carbonaceous materials (attracts Fcarbon); and

improving wetting with increase in Ftemperature.

Lowering surface tension

The fi gure below shows water beading on cardboard just like it does on glass or on the duco of your car. In fact, you add a detergent similar to Class A foam to prevent this from occurring when washing the car to lower the surface tension of the water allowing it to spread out and penetrate dirt, road grime and grease.

Note on the left how water beads due to its high surface tension and on the right how Class A foam solution spreads and penetrates.

Figure 2 difference of water beading on cardboard and Class A foam solution spreads and penetrates




Attracting carbonaceous materials (attracts carbon)

This chemistry is about the ability of hydrocarbon surfactants to attract and wet out Class A carbonaceous materials.

Increase in temperature = increase in performance

The wetting ability of Class A foam is improved by a factor of up to four times as the temperature of solution is increased from 20o C up to 60o C.

This increase in temperature will occur naturally when solution is applied to any hot Class A fuel such as hot beds of fuel including deep seated windrows and stumps, and ground fi res including coal and peat, and rubber products such as motor tyres.

The following three fi gures are comparative illustrations using pulverized (powdered) Gippsland brown coal. This is one of the purest forms of carbonaceous (Class A) material.

Class A foam performance with solution @ 20 degrees Celsius

Pulverized (powdered) brown coal on fi rst contact with solution.

Pulverized (powdered) brown coal 15 seconds after fi rst contact with solution.

Figure 4 Class A foam performance with solution at 20o C

Figure 3 see how Pulverized (powdered) brown coal fl oats on water due to its high surface tension. The coal

will remain fl oating on the water almost indefi nitely




Foam proportioning or induction rates (mix ratio)

Proportioning or induction relates to the process of adding foam concentrate to water to produce solution.

Proportioning or induction rate relates to the amount of concentrate that is added to water. This may be varied from 1% at the highest strength down to 0.1% at the lowest strength.

The fi gure on the right shows how a 1% solution (highest strength) is made up of 99 parts water and one part Class A foam concentrate.

Class A foam performance at an increased solution temperature @ 60 degrees Celsius

Pulverized (powdered) brown coal on fi rst contact with solution.

Pulverized (powdered) brown coal 15 seconds after fi rst contact with solution.

Figure 5 Class A foam performance with solution at 60o C

Figure 6 1% solution strength = 1 part of foam concentrate to 99 parts of water (i.e.1 litre of

concentrate to 99 litres of water)

1%




To reduce a 1% solution strength to lower solution strengths simply divide the 1% part into 10 to make up solution strengths from 1% down to 0.1% as per the table below.

The proportioning/induction rate needs to be selected to produce solution strength suitable for its intended application as non aspirated or aspirated foam and for the type of fuel to which it is to be applied.

Drain time

Drain time is about how long it takes for solution to drain from and breakdown or collapse the foam blanket.

By adjusting the proportioning/induction rate between 0.1 and 1% drain times may be varied to produce different foam types. foam types and their application is dealt with in Chapter 3 of this learning manual.

Foams with the lowest proportioning rates of between 0.1 to 0.5% as a rule, have relatively fast drain times which release solution for rapid wetting. Where wetter is better.

Foams with higher proportioning rates of between 0.6 to 1% have slower drain times and hold solution in an insulating foam blanket for relatively long periods to guard against radiant heat or fl ame contact and provide for slower wetting of fuels.

The use of cold water and/or higher proportioning rates also tends to slow the rate of drainage, while the use of hard, brackish or salt water alone or in conjunction with wetting agents produces much faster draining foam.

parts of concentrate

parts of water

= prop% rate

9 99.1 0.9%

8 99.2 0.8%

7 99.3 0.7%

6 99.4 0.6%

5 99.5 0.5%

4 99.6 0.4%

3 99.7 0.3%

2 99.8 0.2%

1 99.9 0.1%

1% as in fi gure 6 divided into ten parts= 0.1 1%




Figure 7 proportioning rate VS drain time

Time lapse for solution to drain from and breakdown or collapse the foam blanket

Pro

port

ioni

ng %

Higher proportioning rates0.6% 1%

For slower wetting of fuels

Lower proportioning rates0.1% 0.5%

Minimum drain time minutes

Maximum drain time minutes

Where wetter is better

Figure 9 time lapse (same area) fast drainage time (2 mins) proportioned at 0.2%

at time of application

2 minutes later

Figure 8 time lapse (same area) slow drainage time (20 mins) proportioned at 0.6%

at time of application

20 minutes later




Density

Is related to the amount of water held within the foam bubble mass. Non aspirated foam has the highest density as it is mostly water.

Foam expansion/aspiration

Why expand/aspirate foam solution? (Both terms have the same meaning.)

Aspirated foam provides options for application to different fuel types as follows:

by minimising the amount of Class A foam Fconcentrate mixed in water it releases the water quickly from the bubble to penetrate porous fuels at a fast rate; and

by adding more concentrate to the water Fit releases the water more slowly therefore holding water against a more dense fuel like logs for longer to cool and drains at a slower rate to be absorbed into the wood and not just run-off.

The purpose of adding air to solution is to create a bubble mass that carries and releases water into Class A fuels in a controlled way.

Consider each bubble as a bucket containing solution. If we pour this out of the bucket quickly onto dry grass it would be rapidly absorbed into this porous fuel type.

On the other hand, if we pour the same quantity of solution at the same rate onto logs which are less absorbent, most of it would run-off and have less of a penetrating effect.

If we now consider the effect of pouring the same solution over the logs more slowly. It would have more time to be absorbed into the wood therefore be more effi cient.

This is why in this case we would apply an aspirated foam blanket to the logs to control the release of solution from the bubbles at a slower rate for the logs to absorb it and not have it run-off.

Foam expansion ratio

Expansion is the increase in a given amount of solution by the volume of air added. This is known as the expansion ratio. Therefore, the more air that is added the higher the expansion ratio becomes.

A simple rule to apply is that larger diameter foam branchpipes produce higher foam expansion ratios than small diameter branchpipes even when using the same foam solution strength and fl ow rate.

Expansion is one of several characteristics that should be considered when tailoring foam for a specifi c task.

1 litre of foam solution

9 litres of air

= Expansion ratio of 10:1

+

Figure 10 expansion ratio




Expansion ratios are divided into four main classifi cations.

These are:

non aspirated, expansion ratio of 0 2:1; F

low expansion, expansion ratio of 2:1 20:1; F

medium expansion, expansion ratio of F20:1 200 :1; and

high expansion, expansion ratio of 200:1 F 1000:1 or above (not used by CFA for wildfi re applications).

Non aspirated foam

Is solution with an expansion ratio of 0 to 2:1 it is produced using low proportioning rates of between 0.01 0.02%.

Solution is delivered by conventional non-aspirating jet, spray or fog nozzles with similar discharge patterns and fl ow rates as water to rapidly penetrate and wet out class a fuels.

Non aspirated foam solution has:

the longest distance of throw; F

is least affected by wind; and F

most rapid wetting. F

When delivering non aspirated foam it is unavoidable for some aspiration to take place.

This occurs:

as solution undergoes turbulence when Fleaving the nozzle;

while in fl ight to the impact area, and F

on impact with the fuel. F

Figure 11 low expansion foam branchpipe

Figure 12 medium expansion foam branchpipe

Figure 13 expansion ratios

HIGHEXPANSION

MEDEXPANSION

LOWEXPANSION

NON ASPIRATED




Low expansion foam 2:1 to 20:1

Low expansion foam is generated using a low expansion foam branchpipe. It is characterised by the small amount of air drawn into the small diameter barrel to produce low expansion foam.

At increased proportioning rates of 0.3% and above solution is aspirated and applied via foam making branchpipes to cover the surface to cool, smother and penetrate porous Class A fuels.

Low expansion foam:

carries the most water within its foam Fbubbles;

produces a stable long lasting foam Fblanket; and

throws long distance (as it less affected by Fwind).

Medium expansion 21:1 to 200:1

Is generated using an air inducing medium expansion foam branchpipe, characterised by the increased amount of air drawn into a larger diameter barrel to produce medium expansion foam.

Figure 15 typical low expansion nozzle for application of low expansion foam

Figure 14 typical range of conventional nozzles for application of non aspirated foam




Medium expansion foam:

carries more air than water in its foam Fbubbles;

produces a foam blanket that carries less Fwater than low expansion foam; and

delivered over a shorter distance of throw F(may be affected by wind) .

Figure 17 high expansion foam and generator

High expansion 201:1 to 1000:1 (or above)

High expansion foam is not used by CFA for wildfi re applications but is used for non-structural applications. See Chapter 3 for uses.

High expansion foam is generated using a high expansion foam generator and is characterised by the large amount of air drawn/blown into a foam improver net or gauze to produce high expansion foam.

High expansion foam:

carries more air than water in its foam Fbubbles;

produces a dry foam blanket most likely to Fbe affected by wind and heat; and

delivered over the shortest distance. F

Figure 16 medium expansion foam and medium expansion foam branchpipe

Notes





Chapter 1 Summary

Fires are classifi ed according to the type of Ffuel in which they are burning.

Classes of fi re include Class A Class F. F

Class A foam is specifi cally formulated to Fextinguish Class A (carbonaceous solid) fi res. Exceptions to this rule are clarifi ed in chapter 4 of this learning manual.

Benefi ts of using Class A foam include: F

effective for use on all types of Class A fuel;

increases the effectiveness of water;

extends the useful life of water;

reduces suppression and mop-up time;

provides short-term fi re barrier;

application visible from ground and air;

easily proportioned; and

simple application.

Considerations for using Class A foam Finclude:

competent training;

use of appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment (PPC/PPE);

human health and safety impact and precautions; and

environmental impact and precautions.

Prior to implementing the use of Class A Ffoam the Incident Controller needs to carry out a risk assessment.

Class A foam concentrate is a combination Fof:

surfactants (surface active agents that reduce the surface tension of water);

detergent foaming agents;

inhibitors (to minimise the effects of corrosion on metals); and

preservatives (to prolong shelf life).

Class A foam should not be confused Fwith wetting agents whose only role is to reduce the surface tension of water.

Class A foam solution is a mixture of water Fand Class A foam concentrate.

When added to water Class A foam Fimproves its effectiveness by many times and works in the following ways by:

lowering surface tension;

attracting carbonaceous materials (attracts carbon); and

improving wetting with increase in temperature.




Proportioning or induction relates to the Fprocess of adding foam concentrate to water to produce solution.

Proportioning or induction rate relates to Fthe amount of concentrate that is added to water. This may be varied from 1% at the highest strength down to 0.1% at the lowest strength.

1% solution (highest strength) is made Fup of 99 parts water and one part Class A foam concentrate.

Drain time is the time it takes for solution Fto drain from and breakdown or collapse the foam blanket.

Expansion is the increase in a given Famount of solution by the volume of air added. This is known as the expansion ratio. Therefore the more air that is added the higher the expansion ratio becomes.

Expansion ratios are divided into four main Fclassifi cations. These are:

Non aspirated, expansion ratio of 0 2:1

Low expansion, expansion ratio of 2:1 20:1

Medium expansion, expansion ratio of 20:1 200 :1

High expansion, expansion ratio of 200:1 1000:1 or above

Non aspirated foam solution has: F

the longest distance of throw;

is least affected by wind; and

most rapid wetting.

Low expansion foam: F

carries the most water within its foam bubbles;

produces a stable long lasting foam blanket; and

throws long distance (as it less affected by wind).

Medium expansion foam: F

carries more air than water in its foam bubbles;

produces a foam blanket that carries less water than low expansion foam; and

delivered over a shorter distance of throw (may be affected by wind).

High expansion foam: F

carries more air than water in its foam bubble;

produces a dry foam blanket most likely to be affected by wind and heat; and

delivered over the shortest distance.



Chapter 1Self Assessment

True or False ( box)

1 Class A foam is suitable for use on all types of Class A fuels.

True False

2 Class A and Class B foams are identical.

True False

3 Class A foam increases the surface tension of water.

True False

4 An increase in temperature improves the effectiveness of Class A foam solution.

True False

Short Answer

1 List two ways that Class A foam improves the effectiveness of water.

i ...........................................................................................................................................

ii ...........................................................................................................................................

2 What is meant by proportioning or induction?

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

3 What is meant by the proportioning/induction rate?

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

If you have any problems understanding the material or supplying satisfactory answers, talk with your trainer or a more experienced team member for clarifi cation.

Notes





Chapter 2 Occupational Health and Safety, and Personal Protective Clothing and EquipmentAll personnel involved in handling foam concentrates and applying solutions should be competently trained and appropriately qualifi ed in proper procedures to protect both their own health and safety and that of others and the environment. Where applicable current OH&S work practices, CFAs Chief Offi cers Standing Orders and Chief Offi cers Standard Operating Procedures are to be followed.


health and safety precautions; F

personal protective clothing and equipment; and F

safe work practices. F

Health and Safety Precautions

Personnel handling and applying Class A foam on the fi reground are unlikely to suffer any adverse health effects if the recommended personal protective clothing and equipment (PPC/PPE) is used and procedures outlined throughout this learning manual and CFAs training materials are followed.

As with any chemical substances, a small percentage of the population may be allergic to, or have an unusual sensitivity to, a specifi c product. In this case they should seek medical advice prior to future use of the product.

Foam can have a drying effect with direct exposure to the skin; if prolonged this may cause a dermal rash or chapping. In most cases this may be avoided by the application of barrier cream to exposed areas of skin including face and hands prior to using Class A foam. (Barrier cream is provided on appliances equipped for use with Class A foam.)

If Concentrate or solution is accidentally splashed:

In to eyes F Immediately fl ush with saline or fresh water which is provided on appliances and seek medical advice.

On to skin F wash off with fresh water.

On to clothing F wash off and remove at earliest convenience and launder as normal.



Chapter 2: Occupational Health and Safety and Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment

Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment

Care should be taken to avoid contamination of personal protective clothing or equipment (PPC/PPE).

PPC/PPE includes the following.

For handling concentrate: F

wildfi re overalls or two piece wildfi re ensemble (for wildfi re) or structural ensemble as appropriate for specialist use applications;

nitrile or neoprene gloves;

rubber or leather boots;

safety goggles;

P2 nuisance level organic vapour respirator(non cartridge type); and

wildfi re or structural helmet.

For handling Solution (0.1% to 1%): F

wildfi re overalls or two piece wildfi re ensemble (for wildfi re) or structural ensemble as appropriate for specialist use applications;

barrier cream for hands;

leather gloves;

rubber or leather boots;

safety goggles or glasses; and

wildfi re or structural helmet.

Safe Work Practices

A risk assessment should be undertaken by the OIC as a fi rst step precaution prior to implementing the use of Class A foam to ensure personal health and safety is not compromised.

Concentrate and solution may contribute to creating slippery conditions on vehicle decks therefore this should be closely monitored and avoided.

ALL crews working in an area(s) where Class A foam is being used on the ground or being dropped from aircraft should be advised and appropriate action taken to avoid contamination.

Care should be taken not to walk or drive through areas covered with aspirated foam as the ground surface will be slippery and trip hazards, holes and hot ash beds can be concealed beneath the foam blanket.



Chapter 2 Summary

All personnel involved in handling foam Fconcentrates and applying solutions should be competently trained and appropriately qualifi ed.

Relevant current OH&S work practices, FSOs and SOPs are to be followed.

Personnel handling and applying Class FA foam are unlikely to suffer any adverse health effects if the recommended PPC/PPE is used.

If you have an allergic reaction when Fhandling or applying Class A foam, seek medical advice prior to future use of the product.

Foam can have a drying effect with direct Fexposure to the skin resulting in chapping, in most cases this may be avoided by the application of barrier cream to exposed areas of skin including face and hands prior to using Class A foam.

If Concentrate or solution is accidentally Fsplashed:

In to eyes Immediately fl ush with saline or fresh water and seek medical advice.

On to skin wash off with fresh water.

On to clothing wash off and remove at earliest convenience and launder as normal.

Care should be taken to avoid Fcontamination of PPC/PPE.

A risk assessment should be undertaken Fby the OIC as a fi rst step precaution prior to implementing the use of Class A foam to ensure personal health and safety is not compromised.

Concentrate and solution may contribute Fto creating slippery conditions on vehicle decks therefore this should be closely monitored and avoided.

ALL crews working in an area(s) where FClass A foam is being used on the ground or being dropped from aircraft should be advised and appropriate action taken to avoid contamination.

Care should be taken not to walk or drive Fthrough areas covered with aspirated foam as the ground surface will be slippery and trip hazards, holes and hot ash beds can be concealed beneath the foam blanket.

Notes






Short Answer

1 Describe what action you should take if Class A foam concentrate or solution is accidentally splashed into eyes.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

2 Describe what action you should take if Class A foam concentrate or solution is accidentally splashed onto skin.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

3 Describe what action you should take if Class A foam concentrate or solution is accidentally splashed onto clothing.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

4 List the items of PPC and PPE for handling Class A foam concentrate.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................



Chapter 2: Occupational Health and Safety and Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment

5 List the items of PPC and PPE for handling Class A foam solution (0.1% to 1%).

..................................................................................................................................................

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6 List three safe work practices for consideration when working with Class A foam.

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Chapter 3 Class A foam and its ApplicationClass A foam can be used in a number of wildfi re and non-structural scenarios using various application methods and foam types. You need to know about the different types of foam and their effect on the fi re triangle to enable you to apply Class A foam at a given scenario correctly, safely and effectively.


effects of Class A foam on the components of the fi re triangle; F

foam types; F

proportioning rate versus foam type versus drain time; F

foam types and their use for wildfi re applications; and F

foam types and their use for non-structural applications. F

Effects of Class A Foam on the Components of the Fire Triangle

The fi re triangle is made up of three components these are heat, oxygen and fuel, all need to be present for a fi re to ignite and continue to burn. Class A foam removes one or a number of these components in combination as follows.

Non aspirated the Class A foam solution:

Cools F with solution.

Isolates F by wetting out fuel.

Penetrates F by reducing the surface tension enabling foam solution to spread across and penetrate deep into fuels.

When aspirated the Class A foam blanket:

Cools F fuel with solution held in or as it drains from the foam blanket.

Isolates F fuel by placing a foam blanket between the fi re and fuel.

Insulates F fuel by placing a foam blanket between radiant heat source or direct fl ame contact.

Penetrates F fuel by reducing the surface tension of foam solution thus allowing it to spread across and penetrate deep into fuels as it drains from the foam blanket.

Smothers F fuel by cutting off the supply of oxygen needed for combustion.

(The acronym CIIPS may help you remember the above.)



Chapter 3: Class A Foam and its Application

Foam Types

There are four foam types, these are:

solution; F

wet; F

fl uid; and F

dry. F

Each foam type has a specifi c use and where appropriate may be applied to fuel as any one of the above types or in combination

with each other to best suit the control objective e.g. unaspirated foam solution may be applied as direct attack to a grass fuel edge for best fi re knock down effect.

For control line construction in grass fuel, unaspirated foam solution may be applied fi rst to wet out the fuel then covered up with fl uid medium expansion foam to seal in moisture. The clear advantage of Class A foam is its ability to continue wetting and cooling fuels long after its application.

Proportioning Rate Versus Foam Type Versus Drain Time

These include Proportioning rate, foam type and drain times and their effect on various types of fuel are some of the many considerations that come into play when using Class A foam for wildfi re applications. Information contained in the following table is further explained throughout this chapter along with detailed examples.

Proportioning/Induction Rate

Foam Type Drainage Time

0.1 0.2%

Foam SolutionMilky fl uid

Lacks any bubble structureMostly water

Not applicable, as it is not used as aspirated foam

0.1 0.3%

Wet Foam Watery foam blanket

Small to large bubbles Lacks any body

Fast

0.3 0.5%Fluid Foam

Medium/small bubbles Clings together in a tight free fl owing blanket

Moderate

0.6 1%

Dry Foam Dry shaving cream texture foam

Blanket Medium/small bubbles Mostly air (limited use)

Slow




Foam Types and Their Use for Wildfi re Applications

Non aspirated solution proportioned @ 0.1% 0.2%

Application method

Delivered by a conventional nozzle. F

Description

A clear to milky fl uid having similar nozzle Ffl ow and performance characteristics as water.

No bubble structure. F

Mostly water. F

Immediately runs off vertical surfaces. F

Typical use/application

Uses include:

The longest distance of throw on jet for Fmaintaining safe distances from fi re edge or for reaching up into tree tops.

Direct attack on grass fi re edges for initial Fknockdown and follow up on narrow spray.

Wetting down of control line edges. F

Direct application to ground, surface Fand elevated fuels requiring immediate penetration for knockdown, mop-up.

Provides improved personal protection Fover plain water against radiant heat on fog pattern.

Figure 19 application to stubble and grasses like phalaris

Figure 20 ensure all white ash is wet down

Figure 21 black out fi re edge and wet down

Figure 18 non aspirated application.




Wetting of deep seated fuel beds like Fsawdust, mulch, wind rowed timber piles, peat, pine needles (duff).

Grasses like phalaris, serrated tussock and Fgrass hay or stubble.

Wetting down stringy and other porous Fbarks.

When in doubt WETTER IS BETTER.

Wet foam proportioned @ 0.1% 0.3%

Note: To ensure best results when applying wet foam to vertical tree stands, commence at the base and paint foam on, working upwards. In this way foam will be twice as effective as gravity will again wet out as the foam solution drains back towards ground level.

Application method

Delivered by a low expansion foam Fbranchpipe.

Description

Watery aspirated foam. F

Runs off vertical surfaces. F

Bubble size varies from large to small. F

More solution than air. F

Lacks body. F

Fast draining. F

Figure 22 low expansion wet foam on tree stand and around the base

Figure 23 top: direct application of low expansion wet foam (note med expansion control line edge)

bottom: same area 5 minutes later





Direct application to ground, surface and elevated fuels requiring higher water content for rapid wetting for penetration and light foam cover to act as a lid to seal in moisture in hot, dry and windy weather conditions.

Wet foam has many uses in wildfi re. For protection and knock down/mop-up. These Include:

Thick/deep seated fuel beds like sawdust, Fmulch and wind rowed timber, peat, pine needles (duff).

Grasses like phalaris and serrated tussock For stubble.

Wetting down stringy and other porous Fbarks and fuel.

Establishing control line edges. F

Isolating pockets of protected species Fof fl ora or fauna, sites of historical signifi cance or other asset protection/isolation.

Aerial application, canopy penetration. F

May be used in combination with solution i.e. apply solution then cover up with wet foam.


Fluid foam proportioned @ 0.3% 0.5%

Note: To ensure best results when applying fl uid foam to vertical tree stands commence at the base and paint foam on working upwards. In this way foam will be twice as effective as gravity will again wet out as the foam solution drains back towards ground level.

Figure 24 top: low expansion fl uid foam on tree stand and around the base; bottom: applying medium

expansion fl uid foam from a tanker in control line construction




Application method

Delivered by low or medium expansion Ffoam branchpipes.

Description

More air than solution. F

Medium to small stable bubbles. F

Fluid free fl owing consistency. F

Flows readily along ground surfaces Fthrough grasses and around the base of vegetation or obstacles.

Clings to vertical surfaces. F

Moderate drainage rates. F


Direct application to ground, surface and elevated fuels requiring slower wetting for penetration and stable foam cover to act as a lid to seal in moisture in hot, dry and windy weather conditions.

Fluid foam has many uses in wildfi re for protection and knock down/mop-up.

Including:

Limited use in thick/deep seated fuel beds Flike sawdust, mulch and wind rowed timer piles, peat, pine needles (duff). Normally used to cover previously wetted areas to seal in moisture.

Grasses like phalaris and serrated tussock For stubble.

Standing timber. F

Wetting down stringy and other porous Fbarks and fuel.

Establishing control line edges. F

Isolating pockets of protected species Fof fl ora or fauna, sites of historical signifi cance or other asset protection/isolation.

May be used in combination with solution i.e. apply solution then cover up with wet or fl uid foam.


Dry foam proportioned @ 0.6% 1%

Application method

Delivered by low or medium foam Fbranchpipes.

Description

Shaving or whipped cream consistency. F

Mostly air. F

Small to medium bubbles. F

Dry and fl uffy. F

Clings to vertical surfaces. F

Slow drain times. F

Figure 25 low expansion dry foam on tree stand





Direct application to ground, surface fuels requiring slow wetting of solution for penetration or for an insulating protection barrier against the direct impact of radiant heat and stable foam cover to act as a lid to seal in moisture in hot, dry but not windy weather conditions.

Note: Dry foam has many uses in specialist applications but is limited for wildfi re suppression.

It is mainly used for:

isolating ground and ladder fuels; F

to create visible barriers for longer time Fperiods;

protection of structures and other vertical Fsurfaces. Isolation barriers around structures;

isolation of standing timber; F

protection of machinery; F

property protection; F

isolating pockets of protected species Fof fl ora or fauna, sites of historical signifi cance or other asset protection/isolation; and

limited control line construction. F

May be used in combination with solution, wet or fl uid foam i.e. apply solution, wet or fl uid foam then cover up with dry foam.

Note: Caution when using dry foam:Fire may burn under dry foam. FIts affected by wind. FNot suited for mopping up. FDoes not have long-term fi re Fresistance.Can seal in heat in deep seated fi res. F

Use of different foam types in combination

When combining the use of foam types use the wettest type fi rst. For example: when creating a fi re control line in deep fuel/duff layers i.e. pine plantations, stubble or grasses like phalaris or serrated tussock, use non-aspirated foam or wet foam fi rst followed by fl uid foam.

WHY?

Because the non-aspirated foam will penetrate and wet surface/ground fuels to the greatest depth increasing the moisture content. Fluid foam applied over non aspirated will insulate and isolate the control line.

A simple rule to remember, when in doubt WETTER IS BETTER.




Typical Class A foam uses for wildfi re

It should be clearly understood from the outset that this Class A foam learning manual will not have the answers to all situations as to where, when and how Class A foam is used, but if you follow some simple application guidelines as outlined, Class A foam will become another effective tool in fi refi ghting.

Typical uses in a wildfi re include:

direct attack application; F

control line construction; F

asset protection; and F

mop-up/blacking out. F

In some cases this will require different foam proportioning rates and foam types; these may need to be trialed to obtain the best results.

The following are some typical examples of how and when Class A foam may be considered for use.

Class A foam users guide (wildfi re)

Foam Type Recommended Nozzles

Mix Ratio %

Characteristics Application

Non aspirated Solution

Conventional nozzle: jet, spray or fog

0.1% to 0.2%

Milky fl uid Deep penetration of fuels including: porous bark, windrows, mulch, grasses, forest ground litter, ground fi res, hay, fence posts, general blacking out/mop-up.

Wet Low expansion nozzles

0.1% to 0.3%

Watery foam Rapid drainage penetrates and foam cover seals in moisture for protection of bark, isolation of tree stands elevated and surface fuels, grasses, forest ground litter and fence lines. Short-term control lines, fl ora, fauna and historical sites, and general blacking out/mop-up.

Fluid Low and medium expansion nozzles

0.3% to 0.5%

Fluid shaving cream

Slow drainage needs time to penetrate. Foam cover seals in moisture for protection of bark, isolation of tree stands elevated and surface fuels, grasses, forest ground litter, fence lines, and structures. Short term control lines, fl ora, fauna and historical sites, and general blacking out/mop-up.

Dry Low and medium expansion nozzles

0.5% to 1.0%

Shaving cream Asset protection i.e. structures, machinery, coating hay stacks, fl ora, fauna and historical sites. Caution: has limited wetting ability insulating is the main use. Not for use in mop-up.

A simple rule for application, WHEN IN DOUBT WETTER IS BETTER! Issued October 2006

Figure 26 CFAs Class A foam users guide (wildfi re)




Direct attack application

Class A foam is an effective tool for direct attack using conventional non aspirated or low expansion foam nozzles.

Where direct attack on a fi re edge is considered the best option the use of Class A foam will in most cases provide rapid knock down and minimize the chances of relights.

Control Line construction

Includes:

wetting of fuels to establish control lines Ffor;

fuel reduction burning; F

burning out; and F

back burning. F

Note: Caution Class A foam will have little or no effect if applied in a strip across the middle a grass paddock, down wind in the path of an approaching high intensity fi re or applied in areas of dense ground, surface or elevated fuels under the same conditions as above.

When using aspirated Class A foam for control line construction most secure results are obtained when using fl uid medium expansion foam to increase the width of the mineral earth control line.

Alternatively where fuel is present this may be burnt out between the lines of foam.

Most secure results of burning out or back burning are obtained when:

allowing time for the commencement of Fthe foam to drain and wet the fuel; and

lighting against the line of foam allowing Ffi re to burn away from the foam line.

Figure 27 use of non aspirated foam for direct attack

Figure 28 laying a fl uid medium expansion control line




Asset protection

Prior to the use of Class A foam on haystack fi res a risk assessment should be undertaken to ensure the property is not certifi ed organic or adjoining hay is not to be transported to a certifi ed organic property.

If it is, wherever practicable, alternatives to Class A foam should be used.

Figure 29 protect special areas of fl ora and fauna

Figure 30 sites of historical signifi cance

Figure 31 community asset protection

Figure 32 fencing

Figure 33 Class A foam improves wetting on haystack fi res




Mop-up/blacking out

Mop-up should begin at the earliest opportunity possible as this will reduce the time taken on the fi reground.

Shut-off nozzles should be used to further gain the most effi cient use of foam solution by regulating and controlling fl ow to suit the required application type and rate. If there is run-off you are wasting solution.

Class A foam will improve the effi ciency of water in all aspects of mop-up/blacking out operations. Refer to CFAs Wildfi re Firefi ghter learning manual for detail in the principles to be used when mopping up/blacking out.

Figure 34 rake out and break up hot fuel beds

Figure 35 use minimum solution (avoid run-off)




The following are examples of how Class A foam may be used for non-structural uses.

Foam Types for Non-structural Applications

Figure 36 CFAs Class A foam users guide (non-structural applications)

Figure 37 car fi re initial attack, non aspirated Figure 38 car fi lled with fl uid medium expansion foam

Class A foam users guide (non-structural)

Foam Type Recommended NozzlesMix

Ratio % Characteristics Application

Non aspirated Solution

Conventionalnozzle

0.1% to 0.2% Milky fl uid

Un-mined coal, open or enclosed coal storage bunkers, open or enclosed coal conveyor belts, motor vehicles, tyre dumps, mulch/wood chips, timber stacks, rubbish dumps.

Wet Low expansionnozzles0.1% to 0.3% Watery foam

Un-mined coal, open or enclosed coal storage bunkers, open or enclosed coal conveyor belts, motor vehicles and tyre dumps.

Fluid

Low and medium

expansionnozzles

0.3% to 0.5%

Fluid shaving cream

Open or enclosed coal storage bunkers, open or enclosed coal conveyor belts, ,tyre dumps. Asset protection i.e. external application to or around structures, machinery, fence posts, hay stacks, road and rail bridges, and sites of signifi cance. Flora and fauna habitats.

Dry

Low and medium

expansionnozzles

0.5% to 1.0% Shaving cream

Asset protection i.e. external application to or around structures, machinery, motor vehicle fuel spills, fence posts, hay stacks, road and rail bridges, and sites of signifi cance. Flora and fauna habitats.

A simple rule for application, WHEN IN DOUBT WETTER IS BETTER! Issued June 2009I

Note: Caution the use of the term non-structural application within this learning manual has been quite deliberate. Class A foam solution or aspirated foam is not be used at structural fi res for internal offensive or defensive attack or blacking out where the structure may need to be entered by fi refi ghters during salvage or overhaul operations.

The reason for restricting the use of Class A foam is to do with Plasterboard which is the main building material used for internal lining of rooms and compartments. Class A foam solution is rapidly absorbed into this material in turn causing it to soften and break away from its fi xings, causing ceilings and walls to collapse, in turn creating a severe threat to fi refi ghter safety.




Figure 39 small and shallow hydrocarbon fuel spills (i.e. motor vehicle fuel tanks) only low expansion @ 1%

High expansion foam is used for non-structural applications.

Including volume fi lling of:

power station cable ducts; F

coal conveyor belts; F

ships holds; and F

underground mining. F

Figure 40 coal fi res

Figure 41 machinery fi res

Figure 42 tyre dumps. Note how Class A removes carbon from the smoke




Figure 43 ships holds

Figure 44 high expansion foam



Chapter 3 Summary

Class A foam removes one or more of the Fcomponents of the fi re triangle.

Non aspirated the Class A foam solution: F

Cools with solution.

Isolates by wetting out fuel.

Penetrates by reducing the surface tension enabling foam solution to spread across and penetrate deep into fuels.

When aspirated, the Class A foam blanket: F

Cools fuel with solution held in or as it drains from the foam blanket.

Isolates fuel by placing a foam blanket between the fi re and fuel.

Insulates fuel by placing a foam blanket between radiant heat source or direct fl ame contact.

Penetrates fuel by reducing the surface tension of foam solution thus allowing it to spread across and penetrate deep into fuels as it drains form the foam blanket.

Smothers fuel by cutting off the supply of oxygen needed for combustion.

There are four foam types; solution, wet, Ffl uid, and dry.

Each foam type has a specifi c use and Fwhere appropriate may be applied to fuel as any one of the four types or in combination with each other to best suit the control objective.

When combining the use of foam types Fuse the wettest type fi rst.

Typical Class A foam uses for wildfi re: F

direct attack application;

control line construction;

asset protection; and

mop-up/blacking out.

Refer to CFAs F Class A foam users guide: Non-structural applications for details of foam types to be used for non-structural application.

Class A foam may be used for non- Fstructural application such as:

motor vehicles;

small and shallow hydrocarbon fuel spills i.e. motor vehicle fuel tanks (only low expansion @1%);

machinery fi res (dozers, graders etc.);

coal fi res; and

tyre dumps.

High expansion foam is used for non- Fstructural applications, including volume fi lling of:

power station cable ducts;

coal conveyor belts;

ships holds; and

underground mining.

Notes






True or False ( box)

1 Non aspirated Class A foam solution:Cools with solutionIsolates by wetting out fuelPenetrates: by reducing the surface tension enabling foam solution to spread across and penetrate deep into fuels.

True False

2 When aspirated, the Class A foam blanket:Cools fuel with solution held in or as it drains from the foam blanket.Isolates fuel by placing a foam blanket between the fi re and fuelInsulates fuel by placing a foam blanket between radiant heat source or direct fl ame contact.Penetrates fuel by reducing the surface tension of foam solution thus allowing it to spread across and penetrate deep into fuels as it drains form the foam blanket.Smothers fuel by cutting off the supply of oxygen needed for combustion

True False

3 There are four foam types solution, wet, fl uid and dry.

True False

4 When combining the use of foam types, you should use the wettest type fi rst.

True False

5 Prior to the use of Class A foam on haystack fi res, a risk assessment should be undertaken to ensure the property is not certifi ed organic or adjoining hay is not to be transported to a certifi ed organic property. If it is, wherever practicable, alternatives to Class A foam such as wetting agent should be used.

True False

6 Mop up should begin at the earliest opportunity as this will reduce the time taken on the fi reground. Shut-off nozzles should be used to further gain the most effi cient use of foam solution by regulating and controlling fl ow to suit the required application type and rate. If there is run-off you are wasting solution.

True False




Short Answer

1 Which foam type does the following describe?

Watery aspirated foam. F

For application to: F

thick/deep seated fuel beds like sawdust, mulch and wind rowed timber, peat, pine needles (duff);

grasses like phalaris and serrated tussock or stubble;

wetting down stringy and other porous barks and fuel;

establishing control line edges;

isolating pockets of protected species of fl ora or fauna, sites of historical signifi cance or other asset protection/isolation;

aerial application, canopy penetration; and

may be used in combination with solution (i.e. apply solution then cover up with foam).

= ...............................................................................................................................................


Non aspirated. F

Uses include: F

maintaining safe distances from fi re edge or for reaching up into tree tops due to long distance throw on jet;

direct attack on grass fi re edges;

direct application to ground, surface and elevated fuels requiring immediate penetration for knockdown and mop-up;

providing improved personal protection over plain water against radiant heat on fog pattern;

wetting of deep seated fuel beds like sawdust, mulch, wind rowed timber piles, peat, pine needles (duff);

on grasses like phalaris, serrated tussock and grass hay or stubble; and

wetting down stringy and other porous barks.

= ...............................................................................................................................................





Aspirated. F

Cautions for use: F

fi re may burn under foam;

affected by wind;

not suited for mopping up;

does not have long-term fi re resistance; and

can seal in heat in deep seated fi res.

= ...............................................................................................................................................


Aspirated. F

Typical use/application: F

direct application to ground, surface and elevated fuels requiring slower wetting for penetration and stable foam cover to act as a lid to seal in moisture in hot, dry and windy weather conditions;

limited use in thick/deep seated fuel beds like sawdust, mulch and wind rowed timer piles, peat, pine needles (duff) normally used to cover previously wetted areas to seal in moisture;

on grasses like phalaris and serrated tussock or stubble;

on standing timber;

wetting down stringy and other porous barks and fuel;

establishing control line edges;

isolating pockets of protected species of fl ora or fauna, sites of historical signifi cance or other asset protection/isolation; and

may be used in combination with solution (i.e. apply solution then cover up with foam).

= ...............................................................................................................................................




5 List three uses of Class A foam for asset protection.

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lm class a foam edn1 june09 a4 0

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