liz alden wily nrm political economist
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Measuring Policy Commitment to Community Management of Protected Areas L ooking at East African Forests. Liz Alden Wily NRM Political Economist. The Background. Forests a critical landscape for more than trees Global wave of change in how forests protected and managed - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Measuring Policy Commitment to Community Management of
Protected AreasLooking at East African Forests
Liz Alden WilyNRM Political Economist
The Background
Forests a critical landscape for more than trees
Global wave of change in how forests protected and managed
Africa: 40+ of 56 states have new guiding forest policies &/or laws
Laws as Source for Assessment
Precise Binding Refine new policy development
But –No indicator of implementation
Supporting current legal change since 1990
Constitutions (c.20)
Land rights (c. 25)
Local government (c. 14)
Environmental management (c. 10)
The East African Case …
Large forest/woodland area (47 million ha)
Diverse forest types: mainly multi-functional woodland (50-96%)
Longstanding government protection strategies (15-48% as Reserves)
New National Forest Policies
Ethiopia - Tanzania - Kenya - Uganda -
1994 + draft 1998 2000 2001
New Forest Laws
Ethiopia
Tanzania
Uganda
Kenya
1994 + revisions
2002
2003
Bill 2003
CBFM &/Or PFM underway
Estimated Number of Communities Involved?
==========TZ. 2,000UG. 30+KE: 20+ETH: 200+
Estimated Number of Forests Involved?
============
TZ: 1,500+UG: c.10KE: c.10ETH: c.20
All four states claim they support community based forest management -
But do they?
Looking at the laws …
Indicator #1: Does law assure subsistence use of Govt. FR?
UGANDA: YES
TANZANIA: YES
KENYA: YES
ETHIOPIA: YES
Indicator #2: Does the law commit to benefit sharing of Govt. FR products/benefits?
UGANDA: YES
TANZANIA: YES
KENYA: YES
ETHIOPIA: YES
Indicator #3: Are natural trees on farm now the private property of farmer?
UGANDA: YES
TANZANIA: YES
KENYA: YES
ETHIOPIA: YES
Indicator #4: Is community participation promoted in the law?
UGANDA: YES
TANZANIA: YES
KENYA: YES
ETHIOPIA: YES
Indicator #5: Does law require that communities help write forest management plans?
UGANDA: CONSULTED ONLY
TANZANIA: OBLIGATORY & views to be accounted for
KENYA: CONSULTED ONLY
ETHIOPIA: NO
Indicator #6: If community asks, must Govt. permit community management/co-management?
UGANDA: NO
TANZANIA: YES
KENYA: NO
ETHIOPIA: NO
Indicator #7:Are all protected area classes open to community management?
UGANDA: NO
TANZANIA: YES
KENYA: NO
ETHIOPIA: NO
Indicator #8:May a community manage a national Forest Reserve?
UGANDA: Co-manager only
TANZANIA: YES: autonomously or as co-manager
KENYA: YES, by contract
ETHIOPIA: Co-manager only
Indicator #9: May communities create, own & manage their own protected forest areas?
UGANDA: YES
TANZANIA: YES
KENYA: NOT PROVIDED FOR
ETHIOPIA: NOT PROVIDED FOR
Indicator #10: Do community managers have the power to control who uses the Community Forest?
UGANDA: NO
TANZANIA: YES
KENYA: NOT PROVIDED
ETHIOPIA: NO
Indicator #11:Do community managers have right to issue licences & collect fees?
UGANDA: ONLY CF
TANZANIA: YES, using own bylaws
KENYA: NO
ETHIOPIA: NO
Indicator #12: Does the law enable a Government PA to be reclassified as a Community Forest?
UGANDA: NO
TANZANIA: YES
KENYA: NO
ETHIOPIA: NO
Indicator #13: Are all community members to be considered in management arrangements?
UGANDA: USER GROUPS only
TANZANIA: YES, legally obliged
KENYA: USER GROUPS only
ETHIOPIA: UNCLEAR
Indicator #14: Have limitations been placed upon the state taking more customary lands for Forest Reserves?
UGANDA: only under Land Act
TANZANIA: YES
KENYA: NO
ETHIOPIA: NO
Indicator #15: Are institutions for CBFM easily put in place?
UGANDA: NO (must form new legal
TANZANIA: YES (existing Village Councils)
KENYA: NO (must form legal body)
ETHIOPIA: YES (potentially)