living things and the environment - augusta county · pdf fileyear round, and additional ......
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DEFINE HABITAT. INCLUDE THREE BASIC THINGS
ORGANISMS GET FROM THEIR HABITAT AND TELL
WHY THEY NEED THOSE THINGS.
Habitat: the environment (forest, grassland, desert, tundra, etc.) where living things obtain what they need to live, grow, and reproduce.
BASICS:
1. food to live & grow
2. water to live & grow
3. shelter to live and reproduce
DEFINE BIOTIC FACTORS AND DESCRIBE
THE BIOTIC FACTORS FOUND IN THE HABITAT OF
A PRAIRIE DOG.
The living parts of a habitat – the organisms,
populations, and communities.
In a prairie grassland, this includes grass
and other plants; seeds and berries; hawks,
ferrets, sage grouse, bison, rattlesnakes,
badgers, and eagles.
Worms, fungi, and bacteria are also biotic
factors found in the prairie dog habitat.
LIST AND DESCRIBE THE FIVE MAIN
ABIOTIC FACTORS OF AN ECOSYSTEM.
WATER makes up 65% of the bodies of most organisms and is needed to carry out life processes including photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
SUNLIGHT provides the energy for photosynthesis, and therefore helps begin most food chains
OXYGEN is required by most living things to carry out life processes. For land animals, it is obtained from the air which is about 20% O2. Aquatic organisms require dissolved oxygen.
TEMPERATURE has a major impact on ecosystems. The degree of heat or cold partly determines which plants and animals can survive in an area.
SOIL is a mixture of rock fragments, nutrients, air, water, and the decaying remains of living things- along with bacteria and fungi. The type of soil largely determines which plants can grow in an area.
SUMMARIZE THE TWO PARTS OF EVERY
ENVIRONMENT:
1. BIOTIC: all the LIVING factors in an
environment
2. ABIOTIC: all the NON-LIVING factors in an
environment (physical factors - such as water,
soil, light, and temperature that affect
organisms living in a particular area)
HOW IS AN ENVIRONMENT ORGANIZED?
WHAT ARE THE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION?
ORGANISMS- Individual living things
POPULATIONS – same species living together in the same place at the same time
COMMUNITY – all the Living populations in a region
ECOSYSTEM – living communities along with their non-living (abiotic) surroundings
BIOME – group of land ecosystems with similar climate and organisms. Ex.: Rainforest, Desert, Prairie, Deciduous Forest, Tundra. See p. 758.
BIOSPHERE - the global sum of all ecosystems.
It can also be called the ZONE of LIFE on EARTH
* 1-3 are strictly BIOTIC; Interactions between biotic and abiotic components occur at levels 4-6 of an environment
HOW ARE THE LEVELS OF THE ENVIRONMENT
CONNECTED?
As we move to higher levels of organization,
the levels include more and more living
things, types of habitats, and complexity.
DEFINE POPULATION:
A population is a group of individuals of the
same species that live together in the same
area at the same time.
Examples: a population of Great Horned Owls,
prairie dogs, sage grouse, bison, etc.
DEFINE COMMUNITY:
Consists of all the populations of different species (plants, animals, protists, bacteria, fungi) that live and interact in an area
DEFINE ECOLOGY:
the study of how living things interact with each
other and with their environment
ECOLOGY
LIST AND DESCRIBE FIVE METHODS OF
DETERMINING THE SIZE OF A POPULATION.
1. Direct Observation: Locate, count, and tally organisms you are studying
2. Indirect Observation: Calculate numbers by signs of organisms, such as nests, tracks, scat (droppings), or sounds (bird or whale vocalizations)
3. Sampling: Calculate an estimate based on a sample density of organisms in a small area (Ex: 1 m2), and multiply times the number of these units in the study area.
4. Mark-and-Recapture: Mathematical calculation of population size based on capturing, marking, and later re-capturing organisms
5. PHOTOGRAPHY: WEB CAMS, MOTION SENSOR REMOTE CAMERAS (trail cameras), STILL PHOTOS
CHANGES IN POPULATION SIZE
If birth rate › (is greater than) death rate,
population size increases.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
If death rate › (is greater than) birth rate,
population size decreases.
DEFINE IMMIGRATION:
Moving into a population
Some Canada geese which used to migrate north
for the summer now stay in locations farther south
year round,
And additional former migrants might immigrate to
join these local populations
DEFINE EMIGRATION:
Leaving a population
If food is scarce, members of an antelope herd
may wander off in search of better grassland
for grazing. If they are permanently separated
from the original herd, they will no longer be
members of that population. They will have
emigrated to a new territory.
DEFINE POPULATION DENSITY AND INCLUDE
THE EQUATION TO ILLUSTRATE.
Number of individuals of a species in a given area:
POPULATION = NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS
DENSITY UNIT AREA
Example: If you counted 20 monarch butterflies in a garden measuring 10 square meters, the population density would be 20 monarchs per 10 m2 ,
or 2 per sq. meter.
DEFINE LIMITING FACTORS AND DESCRIBE FIVE
EXAMPLES.
Definition: environmental factors that cause a population to decrease; any needed resources that can become scarce and result in competition
–OR- abiotic conditions that can influence the size of a population - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1. FOOD- Lack of food could mean starvation for some
2. WATER- Dehydration is deadly!
3. LIVING SPACE – Loss or reduction of space or territory makes it less likely that organisms
will reproduce
4. WEATHER – Extremes of temperatures can be deadly, and floods can wash away nests and burrows.
5. HUMANS often impact animal and plant populations. When humans develop land for houses and
buildings, they cut down trees and change animal and plant habitats. Some animals, like the raccoon
and the skunk, can adapt, but other animals can't adapt and their populations are affected.
6. COMPETITION for resources, PREDATION, or DISEASES
ANY CHARACTERISTIC
THAT MAKES AN
INDIVIDUAL BETTER
SUITED TO ITS
ENVIRONMENT MAY
EVENTUALLY BECOME
A COMMON TRAIT
THROUGH THIS
PROCESS.
NATURAL SELECTION
NICHE – is the role of an organism in its habitat, or how it makes its “living,”
– this includes the type of food it eats, how it obtains the food, and which other organisms use it as food- is its . . .
A niche is the role of a particular species --
what it does -- within its habitat. No two
species perform precisely the same role in a
particular habitat, at least not for long. If they
do, competition for food and a place to live
results, and one species eventually excludes
the other.
EXPLAIN HOW THREE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF WARBLERS CAN
HAVE 3 DIFFERENT NICHES ALL IN ONE TREE.
By feeding in different areas of a spruce tree,
the birds avoid competing for food.
The Cape May Warbler feeds at the top;
the Bay-Breasted Warbler feeds in the middle;
the Yellow-Rumped Warbler feeds in the lower part and the bases of the middle branches.
DEFINE COMPETITION. INCLUDE EXAMPLES OF COMPETITION FOR FOOD, WATER, SHELTER, SPACE, OR SUNLIGHT.
One of the three major types of interactions among living things,
competition is the struggle between organisms to survive as they attempt to use the same limited resource.
DEFINE PREDATION. INCLUDE “PREY” IN YOUR
EXPLANATION.
interaction in which one organism (the
predator) kills another for food (the prey)
HOW DOES PREDATION AFFECT POPULATION SIZES?
Populations of predators and prey rise and fall in
related cycles.
Too many predators = drop in prey populations.
Lack of food then causes predators to decline.
Too few predators = increase of prey populations.
LIST AND ILLUSTRATE EFFECTIVE ADAPTATIONS
USED BY PREDATORS AS STRATEGIES TO
LOCATE &/OR KILL PREY.
Speed – to out-run, out-swim, or out-fly prey
(cheetah)
Poison – to stun, immobilize, or kill prey
Sticky substances to snare insects
Light-sensitive eyes that see well in low light (owls)
Echolocation: Bats, whales, & dolphins use sound
waves to pinpoint location of prey
Camouflage to avoid being noticed by prey
Group cooperation for hunting
LIST AND ILLUSTRATE EFFECTIVE
ADAPTATIONS USED BY PREY ANIMALS AS
DEFENSE STRATEGIES.
Speed
Poisons (stinging tentacles of jellyfish)
Offensive smells (skunk spray)
Mimicry – caterpillar that looks like viper
False coloring – False eyespots on wings of moth
Protective covering – pangolins, armadillos
Camouflage – walking leaf insect
Warning coloration – the bright colors of certain insects, reptiles, and amphibians warn that they are poisonous
DEFINE SYMBIOSIS:
A very close long-term association between two or more species. Thousands of these relationships are found in nature and they are classified according to the impact the association has on the species involved.
DEFINE
MUTUALISM,
COMMENSALISM
& PARASITISM IN
THE SPACE
PROVIDED ON THE
CHART.
MARK A “+” “-“ OR “0”
IN EACH SPACE UNDER
THE HEADINGS FOR
SPECIES A AND
SPECIES B TO
INDICATE HOW EACH
IS AFFECTED.
NEXT, PROVIDE
CLEAR
EXAMPLES FOR
EACH OF THE THREE
TYPES OF
SYMBIOSIS.
RELATIONSHIP DEFINITION -
TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS SPECIES “A”
& EXAMPLES
SPECIES “B”
& EXAMPLES
Mutualism:
both species benefit
+
Saguaro
Cactus
gets pollinated
+
Long-eared bat
Gets food
Commensalism: one species benefits; the 2nd
species is neither helped nor
harmed
+ Red-tailed hawk
Gets good nest site
in region without
trees
0 Saguaro
Cactus
Not affected
Parasitism: the parasite benefits
and the host is
harmed
+
(parasite) Tapeworm or tick
Gets food
-
(host) Dog or human
Is weakened or
made sick
THREE TYPES OF SYMBIOSIS
DEFINE SUCCESSION: (NATURAL SUCCESSION)
the series of predictable changes in vegetation
that occur in a natural community over time
DEFINE PRIMARY SUCCESSION
Primary succession is the slow series of
changes in plant life that occurs in areas
where . . . no soil or organisms are present, such as a new island formed by the eruption of
an undersea volcano or an area of rock
uncovered by a melting sheet of ice (retreating
glacier).
WHAT ARE PIONEER SPECIES AND HOW
DO THEY ARRIVE AT THE LOCATIONS THEY
COLONIZE?
Pioneer species are the first organisms to
populate a bare area.
They are often carried by wind or water.
Lichens and mosses are often among the
first to colonize
WHAT ARE LICHENS ? AND HOW DO THEY MANAGE TO LIVE ON THE SURFACE OF
ROCKS?
Lichens are a combination of fungi and algae growing in a symbiotic partnership.
The fungal part dissolves the minerals on rocks to extract nutrients.
The algal part photosynthesizes to make food for the lichen.
Observe LICHENS at stereoscope and
make a detailed, colored drawing ABOVE
at 10x or 20x magnification.
EVENTUALLY, SUCCESSION MAY LEAD TO
A STABLE COMMUNITY THAT DOES NOT
CHANGE SIGNIFICANTLY UNLESS . . .
the ecosystem is disturbed
(by nature or by human actions)
WITH PRIMARY SUCCESSION, HOW LONG
MIGHT IT TAKE TO REACH A CLIMAX
COMMUNITY OF ORGANISMS GROWING IN
FERTILE SOIL WITH MATURE PLANTS?
It can take centuries to mature to this state—
often called a climax community!
DEFINE SECONDARY SUCCESSION:
The series of changes that occur in an area
after the ecosystem has been disturbed.
Unlike primary succession, secondary
succession occurs in a place where an
ecosystem currently exists.
DESCRIBE EXAMPLES OF NATURAL
EVENTS THAT MAY DISTURB AN
ESTABLISHED COMMUNITY AND LEAD
TO SECONDARY SUCCESSION.
Fires caused by lightning,
hurricanes,
tornadoes,
floods,
mudslides,
tsunamis,
earthquakes
WHAT KINDS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES CAN
DISTURB AND ALTER ECOSYSTEMS?
Human activities such as
farming,
housing development,
clear-cut logging,
strip-mining ,
mountain top removal mining–
or even abandoning fields that were once
cultivated –
can set the stage for secondary succession.