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LIFE and LIVING

We are aliveAre you alive? Of course you are, otherwise you wouldn’t bereading this book! But what other things can you do that showpeople you are alive?

Like all living things, you can move. You can walk, run, jump, and climb. Even when y ou are asleep you move a little bit. Likeall animals, you can move from place to place. Although not allanimals can move as much as you do, others can walk, fly, orswim huge distances.

Eating and drinkingLike all animals, you need food to give you energy. You also needwater. Without food and water you would die. You have a mouth totake in food and water. Most other animals also have a mouth.

Growing and breathingYou know you are growing because you keep growing out of yourclothes. Only living things grow. You began life as a baby. Yourfood helped you to grow to the size you are now. You will stopgrowing when you are an adult, but you will still need food to help you move about and keep warm.

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Sort the objects below into‘Living’ and ‘Non-living’ things.Draw two large circles. Writethe names of the living thingsin one circle. Write the namesof the non-living things in theother circle.watch; book; mouse; pencil;cup; tree; man; cat; table;girl; stone; snail; dog;bicycle; pot-plant; car.

How do these animals move?Sparrow; crab; snake; horse;tiger; earthworm.

Copy out these sentences.Write TRUE or FALSE against each one.a) Living things grow.b) All living things canmove.

c) Animals do not breathe.d) Only living things have babies.

e) Some living things canswim or fly.

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How many humans, pets and plantsare there living in your home? Namethem, count them and draw them.

Watch a pet animal or a wild animalcarefully for a few minutes. What is it doing? Can you see it breathing?Is it eating? If so, what does it eat?How does it move around?

Try it out

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Having youngOnly living things can have babies. Someliving things have lots of babies. Othershave only one. Many animals lay eggs, andbabies hatch from the eggs. Human beingsand some other animals do not lay eggs.Instead, their young are born as tiny babies.Baby animals grow up to become adults.

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Living thingshave babies.

You also need air. The air you take into your body whenyou breathe helps to keep you alive. All animals breathe,although some, like fishes, get their air from the water inwhich they swim.

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LIFE and LIVING

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Looking after themselvesSome of the smaller animals donot look after their babies. Afterfrogs and butterflies have laidtheir eggs, they leave them. Thebaby frogs and butterflies haveto look after themselves. Manyof them die or are eaten by other animals.

Frogs lay their eggs and thenleave them to hatch. They donot look after their babies.

What do these baby animalsbecome when they grow up?

Animal babiesAnimals have to grow. Baby animals either hatch out of eggs orthey are born from their mother’s body. Some baby animals,such as horses and dogs, are the same shape as their parents.Others, such as frogs and butterflies, look very different at first.As they grow, the shape of their body gradually changes untilthey look like their parents.

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How do animals change asthey grow into adults? Thinkespecially about butterflies,frogs and birds. Use books to help you find out.

Which animals do not lookafter their eggs or babies? Usereference books to help youfind out. Make a list of theseanimals. Where do they live?

Copy out these sentences.Write TRUE or FALSE against each one.a) All animals grow.b) Animals need food and water.

c) Animals do not die.d) Some animals feed their babies on milk.

e) All animals look aftertheir babies.

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Ask around your class to find out what petsyour friends have. What do the pets eat? Do they have babies? If so, what are the babies like?

Collect pictures of animals. Paste them in ascrapbook. Below each picture write a) thename of the animal; b) where it lives (land,water or on trees); c) whether or not the animal lays eggs.

Go out into a garden or park or look carefully onyour way home from school. Make a list of allthe animals you see. If you are not sure of theirnames, ask an adult you know to help you.

Try it out

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Mother’s careMost of the larger animals look after theirbabies until they are big enough to lookafter themselves. A lamb stays really closeto its mother. She feeds it and looks after it.She tries to keep it safe from its enemies. A baby elephant also stays close to itsmother. She feeds it on her milk, but all theelephants in the family group help to lookafter it. They protect it from enemies suchas snakes and lions. They shade the babyelephant from the hot sun when it is resting.

Some baby animalsare looked after by

their mothers.

An adult guinea pig is about fivetimes heavier than its baby. Anadult elephant is about 40 timesheavier than a baby elephant.

Fact alert

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LIFE and LIVING

Human babiesZara (below) is a baby. She is only five months old. Zara’smother has to feed her every four hours. She changes Zara’snappy and bathes her. She dresses Zara. Zara sleeps a lotduring the day as well as during the night.

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Make a display of things (or pictures of thethings) you need to have in the house whenthere is a young baby.

Draw the clothes you wore when you were ababy. Draw the clothes you are wearing now.How are they different?

Try it out

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Looking after a babyHuman babies have to be lookedafter while they grow up. Babiesslowly learn to talk. Most smallchildren have begun to talk by thetime they are two or three yearsold. When they are very young,they can only tell other peoplewhat they want by crying. A cryingbaby needs something – perhapsmilk, perhaps to have its nappychanged, or maybe it just wants tobe cuddled.

You need adultsEven though you have startedschool, you still need adults toprepare your food and buy yourclothes. You need adults to lookafter you and keep you safe. It willbe many years before you can dothese things for yourself.


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Make a ‘Growing and Changing’chart to show how you havechanged. Draw or write in each box.

What things can a toddler do that ababy cannot do?

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Fact alert

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Me as ababy

Me as atoddler

Me now

Toys

Food

Shoes

Clothes

As we get older we change. Look at the picture of the baby on theopposite page. Draw picturesshowing what she might look likewhen she is 10 years old, 20 yearsold and 60 years old.

Find a picture of yourself when you were a baby. How have youchanged?

Which parts of your body growquickly? Which parts grow slowly?How can you tell?

Growing older, growing wiserFood, exercise and rest help us to grow. Aswe get older, we grow bigger. We also learnmore and more. We learn to read, write, domathematics, play games and do hundredsof other things. We do not grow any tallerafter we are about 18 years old, but allthrough life we learn more and more about ourselves and the world around us.

A baby can hear sounds beforeit is born.

We change aswe get older.


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LIFE and LIVING

Plants are alivePlants are alive. Like all living things, plants can move. You willnever see a plant walking from place to place, although sometiny plants that live in water can swim along. Plants move veryslowly while they are growing. A plant on a window sill slowlybends over as it grows towards the light.

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Food and waterLike all living things, plants must have food and water tohelp them grow. Most plants have roots to take in water,but they do not eat. Instead they make their own food.They use sunlight to help them do this.

Growing and breathingAs we have seen, plants also grow. Their food helps themto grow. Some plants stop growing after a time, but others,such as trees, go on growing bigger all their lives.

Like all other living things, plants also breathe. Thoseplants that live on land breathe air. Those that live in waterbreathe air that has dissolved in the water.

Plants are alive.


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A scientist discovered a newliving thing. How could she tellwhether it was a plant or ananimal?

Copy out these sentences.Write TRUE or FALSE againsteach one.a) All plants have flowers.b) A tree is a large woodyplant.

c) Plants need food andwater in order to grow.

d) Mosses and seaweedsproduce seeds.

e) Most leaves are green in colour.

Do you think that small seedsgrow into small plants andlarge seeds grow into largeplants? How could you findout?

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3Collect pictures of plants. Stick them in ascrapbook. Underneath each picture write a)the name of the plant; b) whether it is large orsmall; and c) where it usually grows.

Measure how high a plant growing in a pot is.Count how many leaves it has. Keep the soilin the pot moist and measure the plant andcount the leaves every week. Write down yourresults each week. (What changes do younotice?)

Look at a plastic plant carefully, and then lookat a real plant. How are they different?

Try it out

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The spores of this fern aremade in these little brownpatches under the leaf.

This plant feeds on insects.

Having youngMany plants produce young from seeds.Some produce new plants from tiny objectscalled spores. Mosses, ferns and seaweedsare plants. They do not have flowers. Insteadthey produce their young from spores.

A few unusual plants that growin marshy places eat insects and other small animals.

Fact alert


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LIFE and LIVING

Non-living thingsThere are all kinds of things in the world. Some of them areliving now.

We say these are alive. You are alive, your teacher and theother children in your class are alive. The birds and plantsyou can see outside your home or school are alive.

There are many things that are not alive. This book is not alive,nor is a table. Your shoes are not alive, nor are the stones inthe soil outside. There are very many things around you thatare not alive. We say these things are non-living.

Two kinds of non-living thingsThere are two kinds of non-living things. Some of them wereonce alive and have died. A table and this book were oncealive. The table is made from wood, which came from a tree.Your book is made from paper, which was made from woodfrom a tree. A pair of cotton socks is not alive, but the cottoncame from a living, growing cotton plant.

Which of these things are non-living?Which of them have never been alive?

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Look around your school. How many thingscan you see which are living? How many non-living things can you see? Copy thistable. Write or draw some of the things in thecorrect column.

Collect pictures of things that have neverbeen alive, such as toys, televisions, radios,tools, etc. How many ways can you find toarrange them in sets?

Make a collection of toys and other non-livingobjects that can move. Think about each oneand say why it is not a living thing.

Try it out

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Never aliveThere are many other things that havenever been alive. Bricks, stones, bottles,cars and bicycles are just a few of thethings that have never been alive.

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Living Non-living

These toys can moveabout, so are they alive?

List all the things that plantsand animals can do that non-living things like rocks andmetals cannot do.

Here is a list of objects. Sortthem into living, non-livingand never alive groups. Drawthree large circles. Draw theliving things in one circle.Draw the non-living things in the second circle and thenever alive things in the third circle.clock; book; fish; pencil;cup; tree; boy; cat;paperclip; chair; stone;earthworm; pot-plant.

Think carefully about a car. It needs food (petrol or dieselor gas) and air. It also movesalong. Why isn’t a car a livingthing?

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HEALTH and GROWTH

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All kinds of foodTo stay healthy you need toeat lots of different kinds offood. Some of our foodscome from animals, somecome from plants. Meat,milk, cheese, eggs and fish,come from animals.Potatoes, rice, lentils, peas,beans, cabbages andcarrots are just a few of thefoods that come from plants.

Which parts of the plantdo these vegetables

come from?

You need food to help you grow. What foodsdid you eat yesterday? Draw three largeplates. Draw or write on them what you had for breakfast, for lunch, and tea. Which is yourfavourite meal? Why?

Here is a list of foods and drinks:

Choose some of these foods to make yourfavourite meal. Say why you like it. Draw yourleast favourite dinner. Say why you do not like it.

Try it out

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2applebaked potatobananabiscuitcheesechickenfishsausages

carrotschipschocolatecream buncrispseggsyoghurtrice

fizzy drinkshamburgerice creammilkmilk shakepeaspizzaonion

We need food Eating is fun, especially when you are hungry. Enjoying eating is our body’s way of making sure that it gets the things it needsto work properly. All animals need food and water if they are tostay alive. Food gives us the energy to walk, talk, run and do allthe things we do. Food keeps us warm. It also helps us to growand to stay healthy.

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On average, a man eats 50 tonnes of food and drinks50,000 litres of liquid during his lifetime!

Fact alert

Make a list of all the thingsyou drink. Which do you likebest? Why?

Which fruits and vegetables doyou like to eat? Make a tablewith two columns. Saywhether each fruit orvegetable grows above orbelow the ground.

Can you name these?a) Ice cream and yoghurtare made from it………

b) Chapatis are made fromthe seeds of this plant…

c) It is made from milk andwe spread it on bread…

d) This is a machine forkeeping food and drinks cool………

e) Your blood is mademainly of this liquid……

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Water to drinkYou also need lots of water to drink aswell as solid foods. You could only stayalive for about three days without water.More than two-thirds of your body is madeof water. Your blood is mostly water.Water helps your body to use the foodsyou eat and to keep cool in hot weather.Nearly everything you eat contains water.Milk and other drinks are mostly water.

Above theground

Below theground

Some of our foodscome from animals.


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HEALTH and GROWTH

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These are some ofthe foods that giveus energy.

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These foodscontain a lot

of fat.

Foods for different purposesYou might think it would be nice to eat nothing but ice creamor cream cakes. If you ate just one kind of food all the time,you would soon become ill, and you certainly wouldn’t grow.Our bodies need different kinds of foods if we are to grow, to have lots of energy and to stay healthy.

Foods for energySome foods give us energyquickly. We use this energy tomove, to work, to play and eventalk. We also use some of thisenergy to keep our bodies warm.These energy foods includecereals, pasta, potatoes, bread,rice, honey, cakes and biscuits.

Fatty foodsFatty foods give us even moreenergy. Butter, margarine, andcooking oil are fats. There is fat in milk and cheese and in the fattyparts of meat. Fried foods containa lot of fat. Some fat is usefulbecause it helps to keep us warm.Our bodies can also store fat touse later.

Foods to make us growSome foods help our bodies to grow. Milk, meat, fish,cheese, beans, peas, lentils, nuts and eggs all helpus to grow and stay strong.


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There are more than 14,000different kinds of rice.

Fact alert

a) Why do we need food?b) What would happen to usif we did not eat or drink?

c) How do plants get their food?

d) Which foods contain a lotof fibre?

e) Why is fibre good for you?

Name two foods that:a) help the body to grow.b) give you quick energy.c) give you energy to store.d) help to keep you healthy.

Why are human babies fed onmilk? Why can a baby not eatmeals, such as those we eat,straightaway? How does a baby tell its mother it ishungry? What do otheranimals feed their babies on?

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Plan a healthy lunch box using some of thesefoods: bread, cheese, cake, apple, orange,banana, biscuits, fizzy drink, apple juice, milk, sweets.

Choose a special occasion. Draw and label all the foods you would prepare or buy for aspecial meal.

Carry out a survey amongst the members of your class. Find out their favourite foods.Make a tally chart and block graph to showyour results.

Try it out

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These are someof the foods thathelp us to grow.

Here are just a few of thefruits and vegetables thathelp to keep us healthy.

Foods to keep us healthyThere are some foods that help us to stay healthy. These include all sorts of green vegetables, carrots, and fruits such as oranges and lemons. Fruits andvegetables also have lots of fibre. Thishelps the food you eat to pass through yourbody more easily.To stay healthy you needto eat foods from all of these groups. Youalso need to drink plenty of water.


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Exercise and growingExercise is good for growing bodies.The best kind of exercise is onewhich makes your heart beat fasterand which makes you out of breathfor a little while. Look at the pictures(above). Which of these people doyou think are taking good forms ofexercise? Can you think of any otherways to get exercise?

HEALTH and GROWTH

Height chart.

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Exercise is fun!Your body needs exercise every day. Exercise is moving yourbody about in different ways. Running, dancing and swimmingare just three kinds of exercise. Exercise makes your musclesstrong and keeps your body fit. It helps your heart, lungs andmuscles to stay healthy. Exercise helps keep your whole bodyworking properly and it is lots of fun too.

Exercise, rest and sleep


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Try it out

In an average lifetime the heartwill beat over 2500 million times.

Fact alert

Keep an exercise diary for a week. Make anote each time you exercise. Say what youdid and how long it took.

Work with some friends. Ask each of themwhat their favourite kind of exercise is. Draw ablock graph to show your results.

Make a height chart and fix it to yourclassroom wall (see picture on left). Measureyourself against the chart. Ask your friends tomeasure themselves as well. Measureyourselves again at the end of the year. Howmuch have you grown? Who has grown themost?

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Your body rests and growswhen you are asleep.

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Rest and sleepAt the end of the day, a good night’s sleeplets your body recover from all the day’sthinking, working, eating and playing.When you are asleep, your body also has time to grow.

Think about how you keephealthy.a) You need to sleep. How many hours do you sleepeach night?

b) You need to eat. Whendo you eat each day?

c) You need to exercise.When do you exercise?

d) You need to wash andclean your teeth. Whendo you wash and cleanyour teeth?

e) You need to keep safe.When do you take extracare to keep safe?

Children often go to bedbefore grown-ups. Why isthis? Do you think you needmore or less sleep than agrown-up? What sort of thingsmake you tired?

Which of the following thingsgrow?a) a cup g) a leafb) a boy h) a pencilc) a tree i) a stoned) a car j) a girle) your teeth k) your f) a log fingernails

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HEALTH and GROWTH

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MedicinesHave you ever been ill? When you are ill the doctor may giveyou some medicine. A medicine may help you to get better when you are ill. It may help to stop you hurting. Somemedicines stop you becoming ill.

How we take medicinesWe can take medicines in several ways. Sometimes we swallowthem. It helps to take a drink of water afterwards to help this kindof medicine go down!

Sometimes we rub a medicine onto our skin. This kind ofmedicine is called an ointment or cream.

Some medicines are put under our skin. The doctor or nurse usesa special syringe with a sharp, hollow needle to do this. You mayhave had an injection like this to stop you catching measles.

We breathe in some medicines. Medicines to help our breathingare often taken like this.

breathed in

swallowed

under the skin

on the skin

swallowed

swallowed

swallowed


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Germs are the living things thatmake us ill. They are so smallthat you can see them only witha powerful microscope.

Fact alert

Have you ever been ill? Whatwas the matter with you? Writedown how you felt. Say howwe care for people who are ill.

a) Why do we take medicines? b) What are three ways in which we could take a medicine?

c) Why should an adult alwaysbe with you when you takesome medicine?

d) Why should you not takemedicines from someoneyou do not know?

e) Why should we keepmedicines out of reach of babies and toddlers?

Doctors, dentists and nursescan give you medicines. Whatwork do these people do?Write a sentence or two abouteach of them.

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Work with some friends. Make a collection ofclean and empty medicine bottles, packetsand containers. How many ways can you findof arranging them into sets?

Draw a poster to remind young children howto stay safe when using medicines.

Draw somewhere safe where you could keepmedicines. Why is it a good place?

Try it out

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Using medicines safelyYou should never take medicines byyourself or touch any medicines or syringesyou find. Some medicines look like sweets.It is important to know what is a sweet andwhat is a medicine. You should never takea medicine from someone you do not know.It might not be safe.

Sometimes the doctorputs a medicine underour skin.


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living - lms.fazaia.edu.pk › books › simply science book-1.pdf · nappy and bathes her. she...

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