liver cancer: diagnosis and treatment options · •liver cancer is fastest growing cancer in...

20
Liver Cancer:  Diagnosis and Treatment Options Fred Poordad, MD Chief, Hepatology University Transplant Center Professor of Medicine UT Health, San Antonio VP, Academic and Clinical Affairs, Texas Liver Institute

Upload: others

Post on 15-Jul-2020

2 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Liver Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Options · •Liver cancer is fastest growing cancer in America •Highest prevalence in South Texas Hispanics •Survival depends on early diagnosis

Liver Cancer:  Diagnosis and Treatment Options

Fred Poordad, MDChief, Hepatology

University Transplant CenterProfessor of MedicineUT Health, San Antonio

VP, Academic and Clinical Affairs,Texas Liver Institute

Page 2: Liver Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Options · •Liver cancer is fastest growing cancer in America •Highest prevalence in South Texas Hispanics •Survival depends on early diagnosis

• Largest internal organ• Located in the upper right 

side of your abdomen behind the rib cage

• Divided into right and left lobes

• Holds 13% of body’s blood supply

• Only organ that can regenerate

• You cannot live without a liver

Your Liver

Page 3: Liver Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Options · •Liver cancer is fastest growing cancer in America •Highest prevalence in South Texas Hispanics •Survival depends on early diagnosis

What Does Your Liver Do?

Removes potentially toxic by‐products of certain 

medications

Removes potentially toxic by‐products of certain 

medications

Breaks down nutrients from food to produce 

energy

Breaks down nutrients from food to produce 

energy

Helps your body fight infection by removing bacteria from the blood

Helps your body fight infection by removing bacteria from the blood

Makes bile which is a fluid that helps you 

digest food

Makes bile which is a fluid that helps you 

digest food

Prevents shortages of nutrients by storing 

vitamins, minerals and sugar

Prevents shortages of nutrients by storing 

vitamins, minerals and sugar

Makes proteins that help stop bleeding from cuts 

and wounds

Makes proteins that help stop bleeding from cuts 

and wounds

Page 4: Liver Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Options · •Liver cancer is fastest growing cancer in America •Highest prevalence in South Texas Hispanics •Survival depends on early diagnosis

Stages of Liver Damage

Page 5: Liver Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Options · •Liver cancer is fastest growing cancer in America •Highest prevalence in South Texas Hispanics •Survival depends on early diagnosis

• More common to develop liver cancer that has spread from somewhere else in the body (liver metastases)

• Primary liver cancer begins in the liver itself• 16,000‐20,000 Americans are diagnosed each year• Numbers are growing• Most common primary liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

• Very aggressive tumor• Typically diagnosed late in its course• Median survival following diagnosis is 6‐20 months

Primary Liver Cancer

Page 6: Liver Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Options · •Liver cancer is fastest growing cancer in America •Highest prevalence in South Texas Hispanics •Survival depends on early diagnosis

HCC Risk Factors

• Presence of cirrhosis• Can be due to

• Chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis C viral infection• Excessive alcohol use• Fatty liver disease (linked to diabetes and obesity) • Genetic liver disease (A1 antitrypsin deficiency, iron overload)• Autoimmune liver disease (autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis)

• Environmental toxins

Page 7: Liver Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Options · •Liver cancer is fastest growing cancer in America •Highest prevalence in South Texas Hispanics •Survival depends on early diagnosis

HCC Rates in the United States

Hispanic

White

Black

API

AI/AN

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Age

-Adj

uste

d R

ate

per 1

00,0

00

Year2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

El Serag. Gastro. 2017.

Page 8: Liver Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Options · •Liver cancer is fastest growing cancer in America •Highest prevalence in South Texas Hispanics •Survival depends on early diagnosis

HCC Rates in Texas by Race/Ethnicity

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Asian/PacificIslander^

AfricanAmerican/Black

Hispanic White

Age‐ad

justed

 rate per 100

,000

Race/Ethnicity

California (~38.0 mil)

Texas (~26.0 mil)

New York (~19.6 mil)

Florida (~19.3 mil)

Illinois (~12.9 mil)

Supplementary Figure 3. Age‐adjusted rates for HCC by race/ethnicity in the 5 mostpopulous US states in 2012.

Page 9: Liver Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Options · •Liver cancer is fastest growing cancer in America •Highest prevalence in South Texas Hispanics •Survival depends on early diagnosis

• Blood tests• Abdominal ultrasound• MRI scan• CT scan• Liver biopsy

Diagnosing Liver Cancer

Page 10: Liver Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Options · •Liver cancer is fastest growing cancer in America •Highest prevalence in South Texas Hispanics •Survival depends on early diagnosis

Diagnosing Based on Scans‐we rarely biopsy 

Management of HCC: An Update.  Hepatology, Vol. 53, 2011

Page 11: Liver Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Options · •Liver cancer is fastest growing cancer in America •Highest prevalence in South Texas Hispanics •Survival depends on early diagnosis

HCC Treatment

• Depends on the size, number and location of tumor(s)• Options

• Ablation techniques• Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)• Percutaneous alcohol injection (PEI)• Cryoablation• Microwave ablation

• Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE)• Liver resection• Oral medication• Liver transplantation

Page 12: Liver Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Options · •Liver cancer is fastest growing cancer in America •Highest prevalence in South Texas Hispanics •Survival depends on early diagnosis

Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)

Generator

Liver withHCC

UltrasoundLocalizationIndications:

‐Unresectable/bridge‐Confined‐Child’s A or B

Page 13: Liver Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Options · •Liver cancer is fastest growing cancer in America •Highest prevalence in South Texas Hispanics •Survival depends on early diagnosis

Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)

• Achieves complete necrosis of up to 4 cm diameter• RCTs showing RFA > PEI for local control of HCC > 3cm in less sessions• CR in 55% (by explant) • Predictors of poor response:

• Size (< 5cm – CR 61%; > 5cm ‐ CR 24%)• Infiltrative/satellite lesions• Poor differentiation

• Recurrence @ 1, 3, 5 yrs = 26 – 32%, 51 – 81%, 60 – 83%• Severe complications (1 – 12%), mortality (0.1 – 0.5%), tumor

dissemination 0.6%

Page 14: Liver Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Options · •Liver cancer is fastest growing cancer in America •Highest prevalence in South Texas Hispanics •Survival depends on early diagnosis

Percutaneous Alcohol Injection (PEI)

• Long history• Alcohol (95%)• Hypertonic saline• NaOH (2N)• Acetic Acid*

May be preferable in high‐risk RFA

Liver withHCC

Page 15: Liver Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Options · •Liver cancer is fastest growing cancer in America •Highest prevalence in South Texas Hispanics •Survival depends on early diagnosis

Chemoembolization (TACE)

“Chemo‐”•Cisplatin•Mitomycin C•Adriamycin•Doxorubicin

“embolization”•Gel‐foam•Particles•Lipiodol

80‐100% bloodsupply to tumor is arterial so chemotherapy is targeted to the tumor

Liver withHCC

Hepatic artery

Page 16: Liver Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Options · •Liver cancer is fastest growing cancer in America •Highest prevalence in South Texas Hispanics •Survival depends on early diagnosis

Resection

Resection determinants:• Extent of liver disease• Anatomy vs tumor location

Like in real estate:LocationLocationLocation

Liver withHCC

Page 17: Liver Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Options · •Liver cancer is fastest growing cancer in America •Highest prevalence in South Texas Hispanics •Survival depends on early diagnosis

Drugs Approved to Treat HCC (Unresectable)

• Lenvatinib (LENVIMA)

• Nivolumab (OPDIVO)

• Pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA)

• Regorafenib (STIVARGA)

• Sorafenib (NEXAVAR)

Page 18: Liver Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Options · •Liver cancer is fastest growing cancer in America •Highest prevalence in South Texas Hispanics •Survival depends on early diagnosis

Liver Transplantation

• Liver transplant treats HCC and underlying liver disease• Proper patient selection yields 5 year overall survival ~75%• Treatment related mortality is 1‐5%• Best option; however, limited supply of deceased donor organs

• Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) is complex equation that predicts mortality from complications of cirrhosis

• Used to allocate deceased donor organs

Page 19: Liver Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Options · •Liver cancer is fastest growing cancer in America •Highest prevalence in South Texas Hispanics •Survival depends on early diagnosis

Multidisciplinary Care

Transplant

Oncology

Pathology

Radiology (Diag./Int.)

HepatobiliarySurgery

HepatobiliaryNeoplasia Team

Hepatology

RadiationOncology

Palliative Care

Dietician/Social Worker

Page 20: Liver Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Options · •Liver cancer is fastest growing cancer in America •Highest prevalence in South Texas Hispanics •Survival depends on early diagnosis

Summary

• Liver cancer is fastest growing cancer in America• Highest prevalence in South Texas Hispanics• Survival depends on early diagnosis• Treatment options continue to improve with excellent 

survival when found early• Requires multidisciplinary approach for ideal outcomes• UT Health and Mays Cancer Center very involved in HCC 

Research to promote discovery and advance care