livelihood modes and sustainable forest...
TRANSCRIPT
Fujiwara Takahiro (Kyushu University)
San Afri Awang (Universitas Gadjah Mada)
Sato Noriko (Kyushu University)
Transforming People’s
Livelihood Modes and
Sustainable Forest Management:
Lesson from Gunung Kidul,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
At Asia Sustainable Local Resource Management Workshop
on March 6, 2012, Kyushu University, Japan
Introduction
3 Introduction
Forest ecosystem services:
contribute in not only human well-being but also the
existence of all species in the world
Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005)
4 Introduction
World Forest Area in 2005: 4,061M ha
80% of forest in 2005 = Publicly Owned (FAO 2010)
Decentralization of Forest Management
Across the world (e.g. Fisher 1999; Poteete 2004; Barr et al. 2006)
Expanding forest area designated for communities
and indigenous peoples, individuals, and firms (Sunderlin et al. 2008)
One of the most important forest governance trends
in the 21st century (Agrawal et al. 2008)
Forest Management with the Participation
of the Local People/Communities
Participatory forest management; Community forestry;
Social forestry; Partnership; Collaborative forest management
since 1970s
Indispensable concept in the push for sustainable
forest management and poverty alleviation
(Inoue 2000; Purnomo et al. 2005; Sunderlin et al. 2005)
5 Introduction
e.g. Pardo 1985; Pardo 1995; Inoue 1998; Inoue 2000; Lindayati 2000;
Inoue 2003; Thin and Gardingen 2004; Wiersum 2004;
Mcdermott and Schreckenberg 2009; Schreckenberg and Luttrell 2009
Indonesia
The 3rd largest tropical rain forest
Forest Area (Kawasan Hutan): 137 million ha
71.6% of national territory in Indonesia
designated by Ministry of Forestry (MoF)
1) production, 2) protection, 3) conservation forest
Under the jurisdiction of MoF
Management rights to the state forest companies
- Perhutani for forests in Java
- Inhutani for forests in the Outer Island
6 Introduction
Soeharto's regime from 1966 to 1998
Highly centralized forest management for revenue
by obtaining foreign currency
Forestry sector: second place in GNP
The Basic Forest Law 5/1967
All of forests in Indonesia under central government
authority
Enclosure with violence has caused widespread
conflict between state and people
Fay and Sirait 2002; Resosudarmo 2004; Rosyadi et al. 2005; Barr et al. 2006;
Wollenberg et al. 2006; Wollenberg et al. 2009; Peluso 2011
7 Introduction
Decentralization of FM (Reformasi)
Law No.22 on regional governance in 1999
Law No.25 on fiscal balancing in 1999
Law No.41 on forest in 1999 (NEW FOREST LAW)
Establishment of Customary Forest (Hutan Adat)
Clarification of Local People’s Rights
Ministerial Decision No.31 in 1999
Small-scale timber concession licenses
(Izin Pemungutan dan Pemanfaatan Kayu, or IPPK)
up to 100 ha to district government
8 Introduction
9
No. Types of
Management
Land tenure Target Area (ha)
Ownership Management
purposes 2011 2014
1 Community Forest
(HKm) State
Production
Conservation 400,000 2,000,000
2
Community
Plantation Forest
(HTR)
State Production 550,000
(450,000)
2,650,000
(2,250,000)
3 Village Forest
(HD) State
Production
Conservation 100,000 500,000
4
Company-
community
partnership
State,
managed by
State Forest
Company
Production
Conservation - -
5
Company-
community
partnership
State,
under
Private company
Production - -
6 Farm Forest Private Production 50,000 2,500,000
Source: Adopted from Rohadi et al. (2010), Obidzinski and Dermawan (2010), MoF (2010)
Introduction
People Participation Scheme on Small Timber-plantation
Agrarian Reform (Reforma Agraria)
The Basic Agrarian Law 5/1960 (BAL)
attempted to implement land distribution in a fairer way
Parliamentary Decree IX on Agrarian Reform and
Management of Natural Resources (Tap MPR IX/2001)
respect and protection of the rights of customary communities (Article 4)
restructuring of land tenure (so-called, “Land for the People”) (Article 5)
Forest management for pro-people, pro-poor and
pro-environment is necessary to implement forestry
land reform (Awang 2010)
10 Introduction
Research Question
the area of forest owned and managed by local
people and communities will increase in Indonesia
11 Introduction
Formal announcement by president in Sep. 2006 “8.15 million hectares of state land under the jurisdiction of
the Ministry of Forestry and the National Land Board slated
for redistribution” (Republika Online 28 September 2006) (Peluso et al. 2008)
Can people manage forest sustainably?
How people can manage forest sustainably?
Background of Study
and
Research Method
Privately Owned Forest (POF)
Hutan Rakyat (People’s Forest)
considered as final form of decentralization and
devolution of forest management
Definition of Privately Owned Forest (POF)
Hutan Hak (=Right Forest) (Forest Law 41 in 1999)
forest located on lands bearing ownership rights
Antonym (Hutan Negara= State Forest)
forest located on lands bearing no ownership rights
13 Privately Owned Forest
14
Hutan
Rakyat
Home Garden
(Pekarangan)
Dry Land (Tegalan) Forest (Alas)
Privately Owned Forest
15
Bali &
Nusa Tenggara
Sumatera
Java
Papua
Maluku
Sulawesi
Kalimantan
Privately Owned Forest Area (MoF 2004):
1,568,415.63 ha
14.1
12.2
9.4
13.3
49.6
0.5 0.9
Source: MoF (2004)
Privately Owned Forest
Growing importance of POFs
Along with the reduction of timber productivity in state forests…
The amount of POFs timber dramatically increased dramatically during last decade (Hinrichs et al. 2008)
Industry observers predicte that community and smallholders will produce more teak and mahogany timber than SFC (Perum Perhutani) in the future (Purnomo et al. 2009)
Increasingly important contributors to wood supply (Pramono et al. 2010)
16 Privately Owned Forest
Common Characteristics of POF
Limited labor power for management
managed by family members and/or communal farmer’s
group without integration at the individual level
Playing role as farmer’s saving, which can provide cash in
urgent situation and/or for special purpose
The harvesting is conducted according to personal
needs (Tebang Butuh). Trees are cut by farmers for their
needs even if trees are still immature
17
Awang 2005a; Awang 2005b; Ichwandi et al. 2005; Widayanti et al. 2005;
PKHR 2006; Awang et al. 2007; Ichiwandi et al. 2007; Hinrichs et al. 2008; Simon 2008
Privately Owned Forest
18
Gunung Kidul District
Area with many POFs
16,119ha (55% of total forest
in GK district) (BPKH:2006)
Produced 95,461 m3 logs
from POFs in 2009, teak log:
89% (DINAS Kehutanan Gunung Kidul:
2009)
GK district plays an important
role as wood supplier for teak
furniture industries
Gunung Kidul District
Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta
Threat to Sustainability
of POF
19
PKHR (2006)
• Not yet compiled management plan
• Not yet fixed boundary of
management unit
• Not yet figured out inventory of POF
Not yet designed forest zoning
• Insufficient capacity of human
resource in management
• Not yet solid and effective
group
Not yet established organization
of privately owned forest
management
Not yet paid attention to
management aspect in POF
management
Weak position of POF products
in market price mechanism
Non-existence of formal policy
recognition for POF management
Increasingly-
intense
pressure
from industry
In recent years
Change in
Traditional
Management
Problems in POF management
POF Management Unit (RB-UMHRL) (2004-) • By PKHR, 2 local NGOs
• From individual management to collective management
• Integrated state and POF management at watershed (DAS)
GK District Governor Decision (95/KPTS/2005) • Establishment of Working Group (POKJA-HRL)
• Forest certification as a tool for achieving SFM of POF
• Dengok, Girisekar, Kedung Keris located in different
topography area as pilot project (extension to 69 village)
Koperasi Wana Manunggal Lestari (KWML) • Cooperative Association in 2006
• PHBML forest certification by LEI
20 Establishment Process
Between January and March 2011
Collecting statistics, document and materials
related to POF management, cooperative activities,
forest certifications at offices of KWML, Village,
District forest agency
21 Research Method
Yogyakarta
Kedung Keris
Dengok
Girisekar
Google Map
Gugung Kidul District
Interview to 85HH
of KWML members
in Kedung Keris village
Findings
23
Co-op (KWML)
POF
FG
POF
FG KTHR
POF
FG
POF
FG
POF
FG
Block
Block Block
Farmers
Group
District Level Joint Business
Village Level
Sub-Village Level
Alliance (Paguyuban)
Alliance (Paguyuban)
Alliance (Paguyuban)
Findings
Forest Management
Forest Planning
24
Village Harvesting Reforestation
(per a logged tree)
Dengok
Teak: more than 15 years
Mahogany: more than 10 years
Others: more than 10 years
2 trees
Girisekar
More than 15 years
and
More than 15 cm (Diameter)
5 trees
Kedung Keris
Teak: more than 15 years
Mahogany: more than 15 years
Acacia: more than 10 years
10 trees
Bylaw on harvesting and reforestation
Source: Bylaw of each POF Famers group alliance
Findings
25
0
20
40
60
80
100
Experience of logging young trees for obtain money
Dengok Girisekar Kedung
Keris Total
(N=135)
(N=45)
(N=45)
(N=45)
46.7
80.0
(%)
15.6
44.4
Findings
0
20
40
60
80
100
26
Reason why respondents borrow money in KK village
Educa
tion
6.7 8.9
(%)
84.4
24.4
Hospital House
repairing
Family
affair
Farming Repaying
debit Liveli
hood
Self-
business
4.4 4.4 2.2 2.2
Expenditure of
Education for Children
Findings
27
Migration of Young Villagers
to City for Job
Labor power for
Forest Management
Yes
No
Yes, but a few
Still enough
Already few
Still enough, but has decreased
80%
20%
62%
37%
1%
Findings
Be inherited to equal
parts among family
members including
children who live in
other city
Whenever inheritance
is repeated, POF will
become smaller and
smaller inherently
28
Land Shrinkage by Inheritance
Findings
Discussion
and
Concluding Remarks
Size (girth and length) and quality are two major factors
affecting the price of teak logs (Ball et al. 1999)
A teak timber which has high percentage of heartwood is
more salable and preferred in market (Oteng-Amoako 2004)
Characteristics of SF and POF timber: widely different (Kawasaki 2012)
30 Discussion
Community and smallholders will produce more
teak timber than state forest in the future
HOWEVER,
Difficult to use POF timber as a substitute for
ordinary state forest timber for high-quality furniture
manufacturing industries.
Hardwoods including teak usually require relatively
long rotation periods (Keogh 2002:240)
31
How people can produce
high-quality teak logs??
Discussion
32
—
20
40
60
80
100
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
0
INDONESIA JAPAN
34.9
12.4
63.1 66.8
80.1 73.0
53.2
17.1
30.0
53.7
44.3
65.9
Percentage of population residing in urban areas
Source: UN(2011)
Discussion
(%)
(Year)
33
Kelly (2010)
JAPAN
ME & EU
USA
Singapore
Malaysia
AU & NZ
Discussion
Historically, livelihood modes have changed in
association with forest use (Sunderlin et al. 2005)
By increased migration for work since 1990s,
decreasing forest dependence, transforming
household livelihood portfolios, rapid declining
fertility (Peluso 2011)
34 Discussion
Japanese Past Experience
Population outflow from villages to cities,
inheritances left to children who live in cities, and
the buying and selling of forest land are the main
causes of land absentee problems
Land absentee problem not only has led to
decline the forest management level, but also
has influenced other POF management systems
35 Discussion
(Hirata 1996, Ryuko 2000, Sato 2003, Nakazato and Noguchi 2007).
Toward Sustainable POF Management
Local people have to negotiate both economic and
social challenges over a long period of time
People’s livelihood modes are transforming
dramatically in current globalization era
Not only decentralization of forest management,
Policymaker must take fully into account the
transforming people’s livelihood modes at the same
time for sustainable forest management over a long
period of time
36 Concluding Remarks
37
Thank You
Very Much
for
Your Attention