Live in blood and tissues for the human and animals ,The

trypanosoma four shape :-

1.(Amastigote) Leishmania form

Rounded shape , absence of free flagellum , kinetoplast is small

arise from inside short flagellum .

Kinetoplast Nucleus

2.(Promastigote )Leptomondia form

Long body ,emerge of forefront body free flagellum arise of

blepharoplast , has no undulating membrane ,central nucleus ,

kinetoplast in anterior end .

Flagella

Kinetoplast

Blepharoplast

Nucleus

3.(Epimastigote) crithidial form:-Longer than previous, central

nucleus in front of kinetoplast ,short undulating membrane .

Flagella

Undulating membrane

Kinetoplast Nucleus

Blepharoplast

4. (trypomastigote ) trypanosomal form:Spindle shape, central

nucleus , kinetoplast behind nucleus , undulating membrane is

extend on long the body ,emerge like free flagellum in anterior

end

There are three Types of Trypanosoma

Genus and species Vector disease

1.Trypanosoma gambiense

2. Trypanosoma

rhodesiense

3. Trypanosoma cruzi.

Tsetse flies from

genus Glossina palpalis

Glossina morsitans

Reduviid bug

Gambian trypanosomiasis or centeral African sleeping sickness

Rhodesiantrypanosomiasis or East African sleeping sickness

Chaga's disease

Trypanosoma gambienseor

Trypanosoma rhodesiense

Hosts :-

1.Human is final host but Tsetse fly is reservoir

host in Trypanosoma gambiense and

Trypanosoma rhodesiense .

2. In Trypanosoma cruzi pigs is final host but

Cats ,dogs and reduviid bug are reservoir host .

tse tse flyReduviid bug

Location in Definitive host :-

1.Trypanosoma gambiense and Trypanosoma

rhodesiense in human blood , lymph nodes, central

nervous system and spinal fluid.

2.In Trypanosoma cruzi in human blood and spleen.

Infective Stage:-Trypomastigote shape

Mode of transmission-:

The disease is mostly transmitted through the bite of

an infected tsetse fly in Trypanosoma gambiense and

Trypanosoma rhodesiense , reduviid in Trypanosoma

cruzi

Mother-to-child infection: the trypanosome can cross

the placenta and infect the fetus.

Accidental infections have occurred in laboratories due

to pricks from contaminated needles.

Laboratory Diagnosis

Direct microscopy

1. Identify Trypomastigote shape in blood smear , Lymph

nodes ,bone marrow and spinal fluid in Trypanosoma

gambiense and Trypanosoma rhodesiense

2 .Identify Trypomastigote shape in blood smear or biopsy of

spleen in Trypanosoma cruzi .

Serological test .

Leishmania

Leishmania has two shapes

1.Amastigote (Leishmania) form :- found in final host

infect the Liver ,Spleen ,bone marrow ,lymph nodes and

Macrophage.

Amastigote from biopsy of

macrophages(Leishman stain)

2.Leptomonad(Promastigote ) form:- found in

mid gut and Salivary gland for the infective

Sand fly or in culture media.

Promastigote culture from

There are three types of Leishmania

Genus disease

1. Leishmania donovani

Visceral leishmaniasis or Kala-azar or Black fever

2. Leishmania tropica

Cutaneous leishmaniasis or oriental sor or Baghdad boil or Delhi boil

3. Leishmania braziliensis

Muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis or American leishmaniasis

Infective stage :- Promastigote shape

Hosts:-

human , dogs and rodents are final hosts .

female Sand fly genus phlebtomus papatsi

is intermediate host.

Sand fly

Laboratory diagnosis:-

1. Examination the samples of tissues on the margin of ulcer

for seeing the promastigote shape in Leishmania

tropica .

2.In Leishmania donovani doing the biopsy by the bone

marrow , liver , spleen and lymph nodes .

Immunological Diagnosis : ELISA & Polymerize

chain reaction (PCR)

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Visceral Leishmaniasis

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

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