live attenuated malaria vaccine tzu-hao yen jeremy katusak blas quiroga
TRANSCRIPT
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Live Attenuated Malaria Vaccine
Tzu-Hao YenJeremy Katusak
Blas Quiroga
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What is a Live Attenuated Vaccine?
• A weakened living pathogen that retains all of its antigenic properties, but can no longer cause a pathological condition.
http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v25/n3/images/nbt0307-303-F1.gif
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Why Live Attenuated Vaccines?• Advantages:
– Mimic natural infection builds up immunity– In comparison to highly purified subunit vaccines,
they are relatively cheap to produce and less sophisticated downstream processes are required
– Most effective type of vaccine
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Vaccine ProductionViral Strain
Master Seed
Working Seed
Inoculation
Single Harvest
Purified/Concentrated/Inactivated
Final Bulk + Filling
Final Product
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Known Virus Vaccines
Measles Vaccine
Mumps Vaccine
Rubella Vaccine
Oral Polio Vaccine
Chicken Pox Vaccine
Smallpox Vaccine
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Article Background
• Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites immunogen (PfSPZ)
• New vaccine• Protected through
hepatic CD8+ cell immunity
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http://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/tropmed/txt/sporozoite-chengmai.jpg
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Article Overview
• Live attenuated malaria vaccine– Based on Pf sporozoites– Protected by hepatic CD8+
cells in the liver
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Human Study• 80 healthy participants ages 18–50
• Split into four groups• Exposed to several hundred
mosquitoes in a surface area of 56 cm2
• It is near impossible to replicate mosquito bite
http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/uploads/RTEmagicC_the-box.jpg.jpg
Note: SC stands for subcutaneously and ID stands for intradermally
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Human Study• Analysis: Blood smears and sera
analysis/assays performed two weeks after each dose to rule out breakthrough infection
• Follow up: Three weeks after final dose, volunteers from groups 1, 2, and 4, as well as 18 nonimmunized control volunteers were exposed to mosquitoes infected with PfSPZ
• Again, analysis was performed
http://img.westmedica.com/vision-at.com/new/big/Vision-Hema_big.png
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Primate Study• Rhesus macaques immunized in the
same manner as humans (SC vs IV)
• Exposure was performed through IV inoculation
• This was done to observe likely immune responses
• Assays were performed at 2 weeks and 3 to 4 months after immunizations
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Macaca_mulatta_in_Guiyang.jpg/220px-Macaca_mulatta_in_Guiyang.jpg
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Rabbit Study
• New Zealand white rabbits immunized four times at 2-week intervals
• PfSPZ administered in two injections at subscapular (below shoulder blade)region and via IV injection
• Sera analysis performed 2 weeks after the fourth dose
http://s2.hubimg.com/u/107945_f260.jpg
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Mouse Study• Performed to see if IV
administration of irradiated PySPZ could induce high-level protective immunity
• Is this higher than previously evaluated ID and SC administration???
• Exposure performed through IV inoculation and mosquito exposure
• Blood smears were made 7 and 14 days after second exposure (after immunization)
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MsQBoQY10HM/TujiOzo65lI/AAAAAAAASyA/0bDbOujh2mw/s1600/lab-mouse.jpg
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Results
• Volunteers were immunized by bite of irradiated, PfSPZ infected mosquitos
• Exposed to several hundred mosquitos• Each with <0.5 microliters in infected saliva• Surface area~56cm^2
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Results• Some volunteers developed
modest antibody responses to SPZ
• T cell responses were low so doses of asceptic PfSPZ were increased
• 100% in group 4, 9/9 developed T cell responses
• Vaccine was well tolerated and safe
• Determine if protection could be improved by altering route of immunization
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Results
• NHP and rabbit studies were conducted for studying further immune responses
• Results were graphed 2 weeks and 3-4 months after vaccination
• None of the animals had positive T cell responses• Revealed there was limited durability in immunity
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Results• A-PBMC’s were analyzed for PfSPZ-specific cytokine producing T cells• B-SPICE analysis was used to divide the T cell responses into 7 populations• C-cytokine T-cells individually• D-distribution of PfSPZ-specifics at peak response
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Results
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Future improvement
• Additional testing is necessary• Available for treating patients• Non-intravenous application of the vaccine• Additional research is also necessary
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References• Epstein, J. E., K. Tewari, and K. E. Lyke. "Live Attenuated Malaria Vaccine Designed
to Protect Through Hepatic CD8+ T Cell Immunity." Sciencemag.org. HighWire Press, 28 Oct. 2011. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://www.sciencemag.org.lib-ezproxy.tamu.edu:2048/content/334/6055/475.full.pdf>.
• Epstein, J. E., K. Tewari, and K. E. Lyke. "Supporting Online Material for:Live Attenuated Malaria Vaccine Designed to Protect Through Hepatic CD8+ T Cell Immunity." Sciencemag.org. HighWire Press, 28 Oct. 2011. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://www.sciencemag.org.lib-ezproxy.tamu.edu:2048/content/suppl/2011/09/07/science.1211548.DC1/Epstein.SOM.pdf>.
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