Lithium Ion Batteries Science of Energy Technologies

Utkarsh Gupta

Rajaswit Das October 08, 2015

OUTLINEBack

• Background -Why this is important• Electrochemistry/Battery Reactions • Design of the Cells/Structure• Manufacturing• Performance• New materials• round -Why this is important• Electrochemistry/Battery Reactions • Design of the Cells/Structure• Manufacturing• Performance

Why this is Important

Telecommunications/Personal Portable Electronics Energy/Transportation

Computers/Personal Networks

HISTORY1791 Galvani (Italy) Animal Electricity

     

1800 Alessandro Volta (Italy) Invention of Voltaic Cell (Cu/brine/Zn)     

1833 Micchael Faraday (UK) Faraday’s Law of Electrolysis     

1836 John Daniell (UK) Daniell Cell (Cu/CuSO4//ZnSO4/Zn)

1859 Gaston Plante (France) PbO2 (s) + Pb(s) + 2H2SO4 =2 PbSO4 (s) + 2 H2O

1868 Georges Leclanche (France) Zn(s) + 2 MnO2(s) + 2 NH4Cl(aq) → ZnCl2 + Mn2O3(s)

   + 2 NH3(aq) + H2O

1899 Waldemar Jugner (Sweden) Cd+2NiO(OH)+2H2O=Cd(OH)2+2Ni(OH)2

1901 Thomas Edison (USA) Fe+2NiO(OH)+2H2O=Fe(OH)2+2Ni(OH)2

Mid 1960 Union Carbide (USA) Zn (s) +2MnO2 (s) → ZnO (s) +Mn2O3 (s)

1970s Various Valve Regulated Lead Acid Cells     

1990 Various MH+NiO(OH)=M+Ni(OH)2

1991 Yoshio Nishi (Japan) Lithium Ion Cell     

What exactly is a “Lithium Ion” battery(1)

CONSTRUCTION

For cylindrical cells the anode and cathode foils are cut into two long strips which are wound on a cylindrical mandrel, together with the separator which keeps them apart, to form a jelly roll (Swiss roll in the UK). Cylindrical cells thus have only two electrode strips which simplifies the construction considerably.A single tab connects each electrode to its corresponding terminal, although high power cells may have multiple tabs welded along the edges of the electrode strip to carry the higher currents.

WORKING

On a basic level

The Actual Reaction between materials1

POWER AND ENERGY DENSITIES

Major changes to the electrolyte, anode, separator and cathode are all expected. Some of these have occurred by now (2014)

Next Generation Materials(1)

Source: Lithium-ion Batteries for Hybrid and All-Electric Vehicles: the U.S. Value Chain. October 5, 2010. Center on Globalization, Governance & Competitiveness Duke University1) This was made almost half a decade ago.

BATTERY MARKET

ADVANTAGES• High energy density - potential for yet higher capacities.

• Does not need prolonged priming when new. One regular charge is

all that's needed.

• Relatively low self-discharge - self-discharge is less than half that of nickel-based batteries.

• Low Maintenance - no periodic discharge is needed; there is no memory.

• Specialty cells can provide very high current to applications such as power tools.

LIMITATIONS• Requires protection circuit to maintain voltage and current within safe

limits.

• Subject to aging, even if not in use - storage in a cool place at 40% charge reduces the aging effect.

• Transportation restrictions - shipment of larger quantities may be subject to regulatory control. This restriction does not apply to personal carry-on batteries.

• Expensive to manufacture - about 40 percent higher in cost than nickel-cadmium.

• Not fully mature - metals and chemicals are changing on a continuing basis.

DANGERS OF LITHIUM ION

Lithium-ion batteries can be dangerous under some conditions and can pose a safety hazard since they contain, unlike other rechargeable batteries, a flammable electrolyte and are also kept pressurized. Because of this the testing standards for these batteries are more stringent than those for acid-electrolyte batteries, requiring both a broader range of test conditions and additional battery-specific tests. This is in response to reported accidents and failures, and there have been battery-related recalls by some companies.

REFERENCES• http://www.mpoweruk.com/battery_manufacturing.htm• http://

batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/is_lithium_ion_the_ideal_battery• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery• http://

www.industry.siemens.com/topics/global/en/battery-manufacturing/process/pages/default.aspx