lithium batteries: markets and materials

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Lithium Batteries: Markets and Materials

Published on October 2013

Report Summary

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Originally, the term 'battery' referred to a number of individual electrochemical cells; therefore, a single cell, like the familiar cylindrical

flashlight power source, was not considered a battery at all. Now a battery refers to any electrochemical storage mechanism.

A battery has five components: two active elements (a cathode and an anode), a separator, an electrolyte medium for carrying ions

between the reactants through the separator, and a container. One reactant or electrode has a net negative charge and is called the

anode. In lithium batteries, the anode material is lithium, or in a few cases, a lithium-aluminum alloy. In some cases, the anode is

metallic lithium; in other instances, including lithium-ion cells, the anode consists of an ionic lithium compound. The other reactant

electrode, with a positive charge, is called the cathode. The cathode usually is a metallic compound. The electrolyte is usually similar

to the cathode to promote ion transfer. Finally, the battery is contained in a case that provides dimensional stability and a positive and

negative electrode or battery cap for discharging (or recharging) the cell. A number of separate electrochemical cells are combined

within the same case to create a battery.

Until about 25 years ago, the battery market was seen as mature, with demand closely related to sales of either automobiles or

various consumer products. Since then, improved lithium batteries have helped spark a dramatic change in this relationship. Just as

lithium batteries replaced nickel-based and primary batteries for many applications, traditional lithium-ion battery designs are

beginning to be replaced by advanced lithium-ion chemistries like lithium phosphate, lithium-iron phosphate, lithium-sulfur, and

lithium-polymer systems.

Lithium batteries were developed in the 1960s and were first commercialized in the early 1970s, but did not receive wide consumer

use until 1981. There are now six commercial and developmental lithium battery types, nearly 30 commercialized electrode couples,

and more than 1,000 specific designs. The latest generation of lithium batteries includes very large cells suitable for powering vehicles

or storing significant amounts of utility power as well as very small thin-film cells capable of powering micro-electromechanical

systems (MEMS).

In fact, improved lithium batteries have allowed the commercialization of entire new classes of portable products, including laptop

computers, cellular phones, and tablet computers. Lithium batteries have now been used in commercial plug-in electric vehicles (EVs)

and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and are slowly gaining acceptance.

During the 1990s, lithium batteries posted double-digit growth. Between 2000 and 2005, there was a period of steady sales or

incremental growth (as opposed to the double-digit growth of the 1990s). Lithium battery sales then picked up through the 2008

financial crash. As prices fell, this was especially true for unit sales. In mid-2008, sales and market value plummeted due to the global

recession. The market slowly improved in late 2012 and early 1013 and further growth depends on the overall economy as well as the

plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) and lithium battery PHEV market.

Lithium batteries are linked to serious failure modes, including incidents where they set portable computers on fire, where EV

batteries caused vehicles to burn, and where the Dreamliner civil aircraft fleet was grounded due to overheating.

New designs and better quality-controlled improved external control systems reduce these risks but give pause to some designers

and open the door to competing energy-storage systems.

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With this background in mind, this study summarizes the global primary and secondary lithium battery markets. This provides the

basis for a detailed analysis of global lithium battery material technology and markets.

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY

The lithium battery industry has largely stabilized from the 'exciting' period of 2008 through 2011. During that pivotal period, the U.S.

kicked off several unprecedented (and expensive) lithium battery and electric vehicle subsidies, the number of well-funded lithium

battery companies skyrocketed, several new giant lithium battery-using consumer products were introduced'and then the global

recession threatened to wash away all these gains.

' First, several of lithium batteries' largest and highest growth markets entered a period of retraction. Even as 'must-have' portable

products, like smart phones (initially iPhones but then equally popular competitors) and then the whole tablet approach to portable

computing and entertainment grew in popularity, battery-powered laptop and cell phone sales fell.

' Meanwhile the newly elected administration of President Barack Obama announced plans to fund billions of dollars in U.S. lithium

battery development. The administration canceled billions of dollars' worth of funding for Bush-era fuel-cell-and

hydrogen-power-vehicle development funding. The Obama administration also implemented new Corporate Average Fuel Economy

(CAFE) fuel-efficiency standards that will provide a significant incentive for wider HEV and EV use. By 2012 the results were coming

in and they were not universally encouraging. Several high profile, well-funded lithium battery makers, lithium battery material

producers, and electric vehicle makers were bankrupt or even ceased operation. Some of these subsidized companies were sold to

non-U.S. firms. Two leading would-be plug-in sources (GM and Chrysler) filed for bankruptcy. At the same time, gasoline prices

peaked and fell from a high of more than $4 per gallon to less than $2 per gallon, then stabilized between $2 and $3 a gallon.

' Due to global recessionary forces and some safety issues, hybrid vehicle sales faltered, then stabilized, and then resumed robust

growth ' not with lithium batteries in most cases. In fact, there are major concerns about the future of developmental plug-in EVs.

' In 2008 and 2009, there were significant concerns about whether there were enough lithium reserves to meet lithium battery

demand. By 2012 and 2013, this has turned out to be a non-issue. This is partially due to lower than predicted demand and partially

because of a number of 'emerging' producers that are beginning to develop lithium reserves in China, Canada, Australia, and

elsewhere (from Wyoming to Ireland). Meanwhile, the Bolivian government is negotiating with several companies from several nations

with the aim of developing the vast Bolivian lithium salt deposits.

' Even though U.S. and European lithium battery manufacturing is underway, most lithium batteries are still currently manufactured in

Japan, South Korea, or China. Lithium battery material companies include South American, U.S., and Canadian companies. Most

lithium salts currently come from Chile, but Bolivia has vast reserves that could soon be developed. Lithium battery research and

development (R&D) takes place worldwide, but especially in the Far East, the U.S., Europe (especially France), and Canada. At the

same time, there are more and more multinational lithium battery partnerships, including partnerships between U.S. and European or

Far Eastern companies.

None of these developments were considered likely in 2008 and 2009. Previous forecasts and analyses either did not consider them

or treated them as relatively unlikely pessimistic or optimistic scenarios. This BCC Research study is based on a new consensus: Is

the period of uncertainty over and will the lithium battery markets continue to stabilize' Answering those questions is the reason for

doing this study.

SCOPE OF THE REPORT

This report begins with a discussion of primary and secondary lithium battery technologies and markets.

The following lithium battery markets are analyzed:

' Portable products

- Computing, communications, and multifunctional

- Tools

- Others









' Medical products

- Implantable

- Not implantable

' Stationary applications

- Computer memory preservation

- Uninterruptible power supplies

- Load leveling and alternative energy storage

' Military/Aerospace

- Primary

- Secondary

- Developmental

' Automotive and motive power

- Industrial electric vehicles (traction)

- Plug-ins and hybrid vehicle motive power (EVs and HEVs)

- Automotive security

The report then concentrates on lithium battery materials:

' Electrode materials and active elements

- Aluminum

- Cobalt compounds

- Conductive polymers

- Copper compounds

- Electrolytic manganese dioxide

- Halogens

- Fullerenes

- Inorganic carbon

- Lithium metal and compounds

- Nickel metal and compounds

- Rare earth compounds

- Sulfur compounds

- Vanadium compounds

' Lithium battery electrolytes

' Battery separators

These market sectors are defined, leading global companies are identified, and the markets analyzed (including a 5-year market

projection).

Lithium battery companies are identified and profiled. Each profile includes points of contact and a discussion of structure, description,

and activity.

METHODOLOGY

Throughout the report, past market data are expressed in current U.S. dollars, and estimates and projections are in constant 2013

U.S. dollars. Historic markets (2008), current (projected 2013), and the projected market for 2018 are provided. Most market

summaries are based on a consensus scenario for wholesale (producer) prices that assumes no unanticipated technical advances

and no unexpected legislation. When appropriate, pessimistic, consensus, and optimistic market scenarios characterize several

developmental markets. Totals are rounded to the nearest million dollars. When appropriate, information from previously published

sources is identified to allow a more detailed examination by clients.

INTENDED AUDIENCE









This report provides a unique analysis of the global lithium battery and associated materials market, and will be of interest to

manufacturers and users of these batteries. This report will be especially useful to material miners, compounders, and fabricators. It

also will be valuable to those involved in battery development and marketing, as well as those offering competing power sources.

BCC Research wishes to thank those companies, government agencies, and university researchers that contributed information for

this report.

INFORMATION SOURCES

This report's author prepared these studies as well. Although many segments of the industry are well documented, much of this

information is based on informed estimates or predictions, not hard facts. The distinction between these estimates and hard facts can

be vital, and wherever possible, sources are identified.

ANALYST CREDENTIALS

This report's project analyst, Donald Saxman, was a long-time editor of BCC Research's monthly Hybrid and Electric Vehicle

Progress and Battery & EV Technology News. He has founded several other BCC newsletters and has more than 25 years of

experience in market analysis, technical writing, and newsletter editing. Since 1983, he has operated as a technical market consultant

and subcontractor to BCC Research, and in this capacity, he has prepared more than 70 focused market analyses. His previous

experience includes supervision of a quality-control laboratory at a major secondary lead refinery, experience as an analytical chemist

at a hazardous waste testing service, product assurance manager for a space station life support system project, and an information

technology business analyst and project manager. Mr. Saxman has an extensive network of unique and valuable contacts throughout

the energy and chemistry industries. He is directly responsible for the creation of tens of millions of dollars worth of successful

proposals, including Fortune 500, federal government, and state government proposals involving energy, aerospace, and financial

industries.

REPORT HIGHLIGHTS

This report provides:

' An overview of the market for lithium batteries and materials.

' Analyses of market trends, with data from 2012, estimates for 2013, and projection of compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for the

period 2013 to 2018.

' Details about the six commercial and developmental lithium battery types, nearly 30 commercialized electrode couples, and more

than 1,000 specific designs.

' Coverage of the global primary and secondary markets that provides the basis for a detailed analysis of lithium battery materials

technology.

' Identification of the following sectors: Portable products, medical products, implantable, not implantable, stationary applications,

military/aerospace, and automotive and motive power; and in materials, electrode materials and active elements, lithium battery

electrolytes, and battery separators.

Table of Content

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 2









STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 2

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY 3

SCOPE OF THE REPORT 4

METHODOLOGY 5

INTENDED AUDIENCE 6

INFORMATION SOURCES 6

ANALYST CREDENTIALS 6

RELATED BCC REPORTS 6

BCC ONLINE SERVICES 7

DISCLAIMER 7

CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY 9

SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR LITHIUM BATTERY SALES,

THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 9

SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR LITHIUM BATTERY SALES

2008-2018 ($ MILLIONS) 10

CHAPTER 3 LITHIUM BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES 12

LITHIUM BATTERY TECHNOLOGY BACKGROUND 12

PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERIES 12

PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY SUMMARY 12

TABLE 1 PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY TYPES 12

PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPOSITIONS 14

TABLE 2 PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPOSITIONS 14

PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY APPLICATIONS 15

TABLE 3 CONSUMER PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY APPLICATIONS 15

TABLE 4 INDUSTRIAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY APPLICATIONS 16

TABLE 5 MILITARY/AEROSPACE PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY APPLICATIONS 17

PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY TYPES 17

Lithium-Carbon Monofluoride Batteries 17

Lithium-Copper Oxyphosphate and Lithium Copper Oxide Batteries 18

Lithium-Iodine Batteries 18

Lithium-Iron Sulfide Batteries 19

Lithium-Manganese Dioxide Batteries 19

Lithium-Silver Vanadium Pentoxide Batteries 21

Lithium-Sulfur Dioxide Batteries 21

Lithium-Sulfuryl Chloride Batteries 22

Lithium-Thionyl Chloride Batteries 22

PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPANIES 22

TABLE 6 PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPANIES 22

Duracell International 23

EaglePicher Corp. (OM Group) 23

Ener1, Inc. (EnerDel) 24

Energizer Holdings 25

GP Batteries (Gold Peak International) 25

Greatbatch, Inc. 26









ICCNexergy (including Applied Power, Inc.) 26

Medtronic, Inc. 27

MiniMax Energy Technology 27

Panasonic 27

Saft 28

Solicore 29

Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. 29

Sony Corp. 30

Spectrum Brands (Rayovac) 30

Ultralife Batteries, Inc. 31

Varta AG Microbatteries 32

Yardney (Lithion, Ener-Tek) 32

PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET SUMMARY 33

TABLE 7 PRIMARY LITHIUM MARKET SUMMARY 33

Portable Product Primary Lithium Batteries 34

Medical Product Primary Lithium Batteries 34

Stationary Product Primary Lithium Batteries 34

Military/Aerospace Primary Lithium Batteries 35

Automotive/Motive Primary Lithium Batteries 35

Primary Lithium Battery Market Prediction 35

TABLE 8 GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY VOLUME AND VALUE, 2013

(MILLIONS) 35

TABLE 9 PROJECTED GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE BY MARKET,


TABLE 10 PROJECTED GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE BY TECHNOLOGY,


TABLE 11 PROJECTED GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE BY REGION,


SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERIES 37

SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY SUMMARY 37

TABLE 12 SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY TYPES 38

SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPOSITIONS 40

TABLE 13 SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPOSITIONS 40

SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY TYPES 41

Lithium/Aluminum-Polymer Batteries 41

Lithium/Aluminum-Manganese Dioxide Batteries 41

Lithium/Aluminum-Vanadium Pentoxide Batteries 41

Lithium-Cobalt Oxide Batteries 42

Lithium-Copper Chloride Batteries 42

Lithium-Ion and Lithium-Ion Polymer Batteries 42

Lithium-Ion Compared with Lithium-Ion Polymer 43

Lithium Metal Polymer Batteries 44

Lithium-Ion as Smart Batteries 46

TABLE 14 SMART BATTERY SYSTEM STAKEHOLDERS 49

State of the Art and Recent Developments 49

High-Temperature Lithium-Iron Sulfide Batteries 51

TABLE 15 HIGH-TEMPERATURE LITHIUM-IRON SULFIDE BATTERY R &D 51

Rechargeable Lithium-Manganese Dioxide Batteries 52









Lithium-Molybdenum Disulfide Batteries 53

Lithium-Niobium Selenide Batteries 53

Rechargeable Lithium-Sulfur Dioxide Batteries 54

Lithium-Titanium Disulfide Batteries 54

Lithium-Titanium Disulfide Polymer Electrolyte Batteries 54

Lithium-Vanadium Oxide Polymer Electrolyte Batteries 54

Thin-Film Batteries 54

TABLE 16 THIN-FILM MICRO-BATTERY COMPANIES 56

Rechargeable Lithium-Air Batteries 57

SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPANIES 59

TABLE 17 SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPANIES 59

A123 Systems LLC 61

TABLE 18 A123 BATTERY COMPARED TO OTHER HIGH-CAPACITY BATTERY

SYSTEMS 62

TABLE 19 A123 BATTERY PULSE DURATION AND POWER DENSITY 62

ABSL Power (AEA Battery Systems, AGM Batteries Ltd.) 69

Actacell (Contour Energy) 70

Accutronics, Ltd. 71

Advanced Battery Systems, Inc. 71

Advanced Battery Systems, LLC 72

Advanced Battery Technologies Inc. (ABAT) 73

All Power Battery 75

Amprius 75

Apple Inc. 76

Arotech Corp. (Electric Fuel Battery Corp.) 76

Axeon (Johnson Matthey) 77

BASF Battery Materials-Ovonic 78

Ovonic Battery Co. 78

Batteries Plus 81

Battery-Biz 81

Battery Clinic Inc. 81

Battery Systems Inc. 81

Battery Technology Inc. 82

Bollore Group 82

Boston-Power 84

Bren-Tronics 86

BYD Company Limited 87

C&D Technologies Inc. 88

Cell-Con 89

China BAK Battery Inc. 89

China Sun (Dalian Xinyang High-Tech Development Co.) 92

Continental Corp. 93

Covalent Associates Inc. 93

DelTran Battery Tender 94

Dow Kokam 94

CHAPTER 4 LITHIUM BATTERY MATERIALS 97









LITHIUM BATTERY MATERIAL BACKGROUND 97

TYPES OF LITHIUM BATTERY MATERIALS 97

TABLE 20 LITHIUM BATTERY CATHODE MATERIALS 98

TABLE 21 LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTROLYTE MATERIALS 99

TABLE 22 LITHIUM BATTERY SEPARATOR MATERIALS 101

ELECTRODE MATERIALS AND ACTIVE ELEMENTS 102

Electrode Material and Active Element Companies 102

TABLE 23 LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTRODE MATERIAL COMPANIES 102

3M 103

Admiralty Resources 104

Advanced NanoPower, Inc. 105

Air Products 105

Ajay SQM Group 106

Akzo Nobel 106

Alfa Aesar-Johnson Matthey Co. 106

Allan Chemical Corp. 106

Allchem Industries, Inc. 107

Altair Nanotechnologies, Inc. 107

AmSyn (Amber Synthetics) 111

Applied Nanomaterials, Inc (ApNano) 111

Advanced Research Chemicals (ARC) 112

Arkema 112

Ashland Chemicals 113

Avalon Rare Metals 113

BASF Corp. 113

Bayer MaterialScience 115

Belmont Metals, Inc. 115

Cabot Corp. 116

Caledonia Mining Corp. 116

Canada Lithium Corp. 117

Cannon-Muskegon Corp. (C-M Group) 117

Chambishi Metals, plc (ZCCM-IH) 117

Chempro Group 118

Climax Molybdenum 118

Columbus Chemical Industries 118

Coyne Chemical 118

CTT 119

Darton Commodities, Ltd. 119

Delta EMD (Valmont Industries, Inc.) 119

Dexmet Corp. 120

Dow Chemical Co. 120

Dynatec Madagascar S.A. 121

Eramet/Eurotungstene Poudres S.A. 121

Evonik Industries AG 121

LI-TEC Battery GmbH 121

Evraz Stratcor, Inc. 124

Ferro Corp. 124

FMC Corp. 124









Formation Metals Inc. 126

Frontier Carbon Corp. (FCC) 126

Fusite (Division of Emerson Electric Co.) 127

Galaxy Resources 127

GFS Chemicals, Inc. 127

Glencore Xstrata 128

GrafTech International 128

H.C. Starck 128

Henkel (Acheson) 129

Hermetic Seal Technology, Inc. 129

Honjo Chemical Corp. 130

Hunan Xiangtan Electrochemical Group 130

International Cobalt Co., Inc. 130

International Lithium Corp. (Ganfeng Lithium Co.) 131

ISE Corp. 132

Lamart Corp. 132

Lithium Corp. 132

Lithium Exploration Group 134

LG Chemical 134

mPhase Technologies 135

Mays Chemical Co. 136

Materials and Electrochemical Research Corp (MER) 136

Mitsui & Co., Ltd. 137

Nano-C, Inc. 137

Nanocyl S.A. 137

Noah Technologies 138

Norilsk Nickel 138

OM Group 138

Phillips 66 140

Phostech Lithium (Süd-Chemie) 140

Pred Materials 141

Preminco, Ltd. 141

Prince Minerals (American Minerals, Inc.) 141

QNI Pty, Ltd. (Queensland Nickel) 142

QuantumSphere Inc. 142

Raymor Industries, Inc. 143

Reade Advanced Materials 144

Rock Tech Lithium 144

Rockwood Lithium 145

Shalina Resources Ltd (SRL) 147

Sheperd Chemical Co. 147

Shu Powders, Ltd. 148

Spectrum Chemicals 148

SQM (Sociedad Quimica y Minera) 148

Sheldahl Technical Materials 149

Showa Denko K.K. (SDK) 149

Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd 150

Superior Graphite Co. 151









Teck Resources Ltd. 151

Thomas Swan & Co., Ltd. 151

Timcall Graphite & Carbon 152

Todini and Co. SPA 152

Toray 153

Toxco, Inc. (Lithchem International) 153

Tronox 153

Umicore 154

Ube Industries 154

Unidym 155

Vale Ltd. 156

Wego Chemical & Mineral 156

Wogen Resources, Ltd. 156

Xiamen Tungsten Co., Ltd. 156

LITHIUM METAL AND COMPOUNDS 157

Lithium Miners and Processors 157

TABLE 24 LITHIUM MINERALS AND BRINE: ESTIMATED WORLD PRODUCTION BY

COUNTRY, 2002-2006 (METRIC TONS)1, 2 157


COUNTRY, 2007-2011 (METRIC TONS) 158

TABLE 26 LITHIUM PRODUCERS 160

Lithium Compound Companies 163

TABLE 27 LITHIUM COMPOUND COMPANIES 164

Lithium Applications, Production and Consumption 165

TABLE 28 U.S. LITHIUM CONSUMPTION, 1994-2012 (METRIC TONS OF CONTAINED

LITHIUM) 165

TABLE 29 GLOBAL LITHIUM MARKETS, 2012 (%) 166

Lithium Prices 166

COPPER COMPOUNDS 167

NICKEL AND IRON METAL AND COMPOUNDS 167

Nickel Metal and Compounds 167

Iron Compounds (Lithium Iron Phosphate) 167

ELECTROLYTIC MANGANESE DIOXIDE COMPOUNDS 169

Manganese Dioxide Companies 170

TABLE 30 MANGANESE DIOXIDE COMPANIES 170

COBALT COMPOUNDS 170

Cobalt Companies 170

TABLE 31 COBALT COMPOUND COMPANIES 171

Cobalt Consumption Patterns 172

TABLE 32 GLOBAL COBALT MARKETS (%) 172

TABLE 33 U.S. COBALT CONSUMPTION, 1994-2012 (MT OF COBALT CONTENT) 172

TABLE 34 COBALT PRODUCTION AND RESERVES BY COUNTRY, 2011 AND 2012

(MT OF COBALT CONTENT) 173

Cobalt Prices 174

TABLE 35 HISTORIC GLOBAL COBALT PRICES, 1991-2006 ($/LB) 174

ALUMINUM METAL COMPOUNDS 175

SULFUR COMPOUNDS 175

VANADIUM COMPOUNDS 176









TABLE 36 VANADIUM COMPOUND COMPANIES 176

RARE EARTH COMPOUNDS 176

INORGANIC CARBON 177

TABLE 37 CARBON COMPOUND COMPANIES 178

FULLERENES (AND GRAPHENES) 178

TABLE 38 FULLERENE COMPANIES 180

CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS 181

TABLE 39 CONDUCTIVE POLYMER BATTERY ENERGY DENSITIES 182

HALOGENS 182

TABLE 40 HALOGEN BATTERY APPLICATIONS 183

Iodine Compounds 183

Bromine Compounds 183

Chlorine Compounds 184

TABLE 41 HALOGEN COMPOUND COMPANIES 184

LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTROLYTES 185

TABLE 42 LITHIUM CONTAINING BATTERY ELECTROLYTE MATERIALS 185

LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTROLYTE COMPANIES 186

TABLE 43 LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTROLYTE MATERIAL COMPANIES 186

LITHIUM BATTERY SEPARATORS 187

LITHIUM BATTERY SEPARATOR COMPANIES 188

TABLE 44 BATTERY SEPARATOR COMPANIES 189

Amerace Microporous Products 189

Asahi Kasei 189

Celgard, LLC 190

Dexmet Corp. 191

Entek Membranes LLC 191

Hollingsworth and Vose Co. 192

Lynntech, Inc. 192

Nippon Kodoshi Corp. (NKK) 192

SK Energy Corp. 192

TFP, Inc. 193

Toray Industries, Inc. (Toray Tonen Specialty Separator Godo Kaisha) 193

Ube Industries 195

W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 195

LITHIUM BATTERY MATERIALS MARKET SUMMARY 196

TABLE 45 PROJECTED GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY ACTIVE ELEMENT VALUE,


TABLE 46 PROJECTED GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTROLYTE VALUE,


TABLE 47 PROJECTED GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY SEPARATOR VALUE,


TABLE 48 PROJECTED SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY ACTIVE ELEMENT VALUE,


TABLE 49 PROJECTED GLOBAL SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTROLYTE

VALUE, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 198

TABLE 50 PROJECTED GLOBAL SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY SEPARATOR VALUE,


TABLE 51 PROJECTED GLOBAL LITHIUM BATTERY MATERIALS VALUE BY TYPE,










FIGURE 1 PROJECTED GLOBAL LITHIUM BATTERY MATERIALS VALUE BY TYPE,

2008-2018 ($ MILLIONS) 199

CHAPTER 5 INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ASPECTS 201

THE DRIVING FORCES OF THE INDUSTRY 201

TREND ANALYSIS 201

TABLE 52 SUMMARY OF INDUSTRY DRIVING FORCES BY END-USE APPLICATIONS 201

TABLE 53 LITHIUM MARKET SEGMENTATION SUMMARY 207

DRIVING FORCE 1: LITHIUM BATTERY AND BATTERY MATERIAL PATENT

SITUATION 210

Patent Disputes 210

University of Texas, Hydro Quebec, NTT, and Others 210

3M, Sony and Lenovo 211

3M and Panasonic 212

Valence Technology versus Phostech Lithium and Hydro Quebec 212

DRIVING FORCE 2: IMPROVING BATTERY TECHNICAL MATURITY 213

DRIVING FORCE 3: DEVELOPING NEW APPLICATIONS FOR LITHIUM

BATTERIES 214

DRIVING FORCE 4: EVOLVING TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS-EVS TO

HEVS TO PLUG-INS 214

DRIVING FORCE 5: PUBLIC SECTOR R&D 214

Ames National Laboratory 215

Argonne National Laboratory 215

Arizona State University 217

Battelle Memorial Institute 218

Brookhaven National Laboratory 218

California Institute of Technology 218

California NanoSystems Institute (UCSB) 220

Center for Nanoscale Science (CNS) 220

Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne 221

Florida State University 221

Georgia Institute of Technology 221

Fluid Mechanics Research Group 222

Hunter College 222

Idaho National Laboratory 222

John Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory 224

Kyoto University 224

Kyushu University 224

Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Organique et de Photochimie Redox 224

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 224

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 225

Los Alamos National Laboratory 225

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 225

NanoEngineering Group 226

Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies 226

Tiny Technologies Initiative 226









Max Planck Institut Für Festkorperforschung 227

Michigan State University 227

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 228

John H. Glenn Research Center 228

NASA Ames Research Center 228

NASA Jet Propulsion Lab 229

National Renewable Energy Laboratory 230

North Carolina State University 231

Northwestern University 231

McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science 231

Oak Ridge National Laboratory 232

Ohio State University 232

Oregon State University 232

Center for Advanced Materials 232

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 233

Pennsylvania State University 233

Nanomaterials Physics Research Group 233

Center for Advanced Materials 233

Purdue University 234

Birck Nanotechnology Center 234

Polytechnic University 234

Princeton University 234

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) 235

Rice University 235

The Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and

Technology 235

Rochester Institute of Technology 237

Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey 237

Sandia National Laboratory 237

Savannah River National Laboratory 238

Simon Fraser University 239

Sophia University 239

Stanford University 239

State University of New York (SUNY) 239

Universita La Sapienza 239

Universitat Tubingen Institut Fur Organische Chemie 240

University of California 240

Institute for Polymers and Organic Solids (UCSB) 240

Materials Department (UCSB) 240

Department of Materials Science and Engineering (UCLA) 240

University of Chicago 240

University of Colorado 241

University of Dayton Research Institute 241

University of Durham 241

University of Illinois 241

University of Kentucky 241

Advanced Carbon Materials Center 241

University of Massachusetts 242









University of Minnesota 242

University of Missouri 243

Missouri University of Science and Technology 243

University of Nevada at Las Vegas 243

University of New Mexico 244

University of New South Wales 244

University of North Carolina 244

University of Oklahoma Carbon Nanotubes Technology Center

(CaNTeC) 244

University of Pennsylvania 245

University of Rhode Island 245

University of Southern California 245

University of St. Andrews 245

University of Texas at Austin 246

University of Tokyo 246

USCAR 246

Waseda University 246

DRIVING FORCE 6: BATTERY QUALITY CONTROL AND PRODUCT SAFETY 247

The Manufacturing and Assembly Process 247

TABLE 54 GENERIC BATTERY MANUFACTURING TREE 248

Product Safety Issues 249

Alternative Designs 251

Material Safety Issues 252

TABLE 55 TYPICAL C60 MSDS DATA 254

MARKET SEGMENTATION AND INDUSTRY CONCENTRATION FACTORS 256

LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET SEGMENTATION FACTORS 256

TABLE 56 LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET SEGMENTATION AND MARKET FORCES 257

TABLE 57 LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET SEGMENTATION AND MARKET FORCES 258

LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET CONCENTRATION FACTORS 260

TABLE 58 LITHIUM BATTERY CONCENTRATION FACTORS 260

MATERIAL MARKET SEGMENTATION FACTORS 261

Mining 261

Processing/Refining 261

Chemical Synthesis 261

Compounding 262

Recycling 262

TABLE 59 LITHIUM BATTERY RECYCLING COMPANIES 263

INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENT AND TRADE PRACTICES 264

LITHIUM BATTERIES AS PART OF THE OVERALL GLOBAL BATTERY MARKET 264

TABLE 60 TOTAL BATTERY MARKET THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 264

DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS 264

TABLE 61 LITHIUM BATTERY DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS 264

INDUSTRY PURCHASING INFLUENCES 266

LITHIUM BATTERY PURCHASING INFLUENCE SIGNIFICANCE 266

TABLE 62 LITHIUM BATTERY PURCHASING INFLUENCES 267

LITHIUM BATTERY PURCHASING INFLUENCES 268

TABLE 63 TYPICAL RETAIL LITHIUM BATTERY PRICES, 1996-2013 ($) 268

LITHIUM BATTERY MATERIAL PURCHASING INFLUENCES 268









How Significant are Material Prices' 268

EaglePicher Technologies (OM Corp.) 272

Ecolocap Solutions 273

EIC Laboratories 273

Electrovaya (Electrofuel) 274

Ener1 Inc. (Enerdel) 278

Enerize Corp. (Fife Batteries) 283

EnerSys Inc. 284

Envia Systems Inc. 286

E-One Moli Energy (Canada) Ltd. 287

E-One Moli Energy Corporate Headquarters 287

Exide Technologies 289

Farasis Energy 289

Flux Power 291

Fuji Photo Film Co. Ltd. 292

General Motors 292

GP Batteries (Gold Peak International) 295

Greatbatch Inc. (Electrochem) 296

Harding Energy Inc. 297

Hong Kong Highpower Technology 297

HYB Battery Co. Ltd. (Hua-Yue-Bao Battery) 297

Huanyu Power Source (Henan Huanyu Group Co.) 298

IBM Corp. 298

Almaden Research Center 298

ICCNexergy 300

Industrial Battery Engineering 302

Innergy Power Corp. (Ecotality) 303

Johnson Controls 303

K2 Energy 309

Magna E-Car Systems 311

Magna International of America Inc. 311

Magna International Japan 311

LG Chemical 312

Maxell Corp. 314

MaxPower Inc. 314

Microchip Technology Inc. 315

Microvast Power Systems, Ltd. 315

Minmax Energy Technology Co. Ltd. 316

Mitsubishi Group 316

Multiplier Industries 319

Nanoexa 319

NEC Corp. (NEC Energy Devices Ltd.) 319

NEC Energy Devices Ltd. 319

NEXcell Battery Co. 323

Nissan Motor Co. 324

Odyne Systems LLC 326

Panasonic 327

Panasonic (America) & Panasonic Energy Co. 327









PolyPlus Battery Co. 329

Quallion LLC 331

Renata Batteries 332

Ricardo-AEA 332

Ricardo Inc. 333

Robert Bosch GmbH 333

Saft 334

Saft America Inc. 334

Samsung 342

SETO Holdings Inc. (Hong Kong Batteries) 343

Hong Kong Batteries 343

Sion Power 343

Sony Corp. 344

Sony Dr. 344

TABLE 64 COMPARISON BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL BATTERY AND NEXELION 346

Thundersky (Winston Battery Limited) 348

TIAX LLC 348

Toshiba 349

Toshiba America Inc. 349

TABLE 65 SCIB SPECIFICATIONS 351

Tracer Technologies 351

Ultralife Batteries Inc. 351

Uniross Batteries Corp. 353

Valence Technology Inc. 353

Ventronics 362

Yardney (Lithion, Ener-Tek) 362

Yuasa Battery Inc. (Yuasa Battery America Inc., Yuasa-Exide, GS

YUASA) 362

SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET SUMMARY 366

TABLE 66 SECONDARY LITHIUM MARKET SUMMARY 367

PORTABLE PRODUCT SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERIES 367

MEDICAL PRODUCT SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERIES 368

STATIONARY PRODUCT SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERIES 368

MILITARY/AEROSPACE SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERIES 368

AUTOMOTIVE/MOTIVE SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERIES 369

SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET PREDICTION 369

TABLE 67 2013 SECONDARY GLOBAL LITHIUM BATTERY VOLUME AND VALUE

(MILLIONS) 370

TABLE 68 GLOBAL PROJECTED SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE BY TYPE,


TABLE 69 GLOBAL PROJECTED SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE BY

TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 371

FIGURE 2 GLOBAL PROJECTED SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE BY

TECHNOLOGY, 2008-2018 ($ MILLIONS) 371

CHAPTER 6 LITHIUM BATTERY MARKETS 373

LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET ANALYSIS CONVENTIONS 373









MARKET VALUE MODEL 373

DEFINITIONS OF REGIONS 374

ANALYSIS DURATION 374

MONETARY CONVENTIONS 374

LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET SECTORS 375

TABLE 70 LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET SECTORS 375

PORTABLE PRODUCT LITHIUM BATTERIES 376

COMPUTER, TABLET AND SMARTPHONE LITHIUM BATTERIES 376

Computer, Tablet, and Smartphone Lithium Battery Market Summary 377

TABLE 71 PORTABLE COMPUTER, TABLET, AND SMARTPHONE DRIVING FORCES

AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS 378

TABLE 72 PORTABLE COMPUTER, TABLET, AND SMARTPHONE BATTERY DRIVING

FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS 379

TABLE 73 GLOBAL PORTABLE COMPUTER, TABLET AND SMARTPHONE LITHIUM

BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TYPE, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 379

TABLE 74 GLOBAL PORTABLE COMPUTER, TABLET AND SMARTPHONE LITHIUM

BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 380

PORTABLE TOOL LITHIUM BATTERIES 380

Portable Tool Lithium Battery Market Summary 382

TABLE 75 PORTABLE TOOLS DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS 382

TABLE 76 PORTABLE TOOL LITHIUM BATTERY DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET

DEVELOPMENTS 383

TABLE 77 GLOBAL PORTABLE TOOL LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY

TYPE, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 384

TABLE 78 GLOBAL PORTABLE TOOL LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY

REGION, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 384

OTHER PORTABLE PRODUCT LITHIUM BATTERIES 384

Portable Toy and Novelty Lithium Batteries 384

TABLE 79 PORTABLE TOY AND NOVELTY DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET

DEVELOPMENTS 387

Portable Entertainment Product Lithium Batteries 387

TABLE 80 PORTABLE ENTERTAINMENT DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET

DEVELOPMENTS 388

Portable Scientific Product Lithium Batteries 389

TABLE 81 PORTABLE SCIENTIFIC PRODUCT DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET

DEVELOPMENTS 390

Digital Video and Still Camera Lithium Batteries 391

TABLE 82 DIGITAL VIDEO AND STILL CAMERA DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET

DEVELOPMENTS 392

Other Portable Product Lithium Battery Market Prediction 393

TABLE 83 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER PORTABLE PRODUCT LITHIUM

BATTERIES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 393

TABLE 84 GLOBAL PORTABLE MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER PORTABLE PRODUCT

LITHIUM BATTERIES BY REGION, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 393

MEDICAL PRODUCT LITHIUM BATTERIES 393

TABLE 85 PORTABLE MEDICAL PRODUCT DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET

DEVELOPMENTS 396

MEDICAL PRODUCT LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET SUMMARY 397









TABLE 86 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR MEDICAL LITHIUM BATTERIES BY TYPE,

THROUGH 2018 397

TABLE 87 GLOBAL PORTABLE MARKET FORECAST FOR MEDICAL LITHIUM

BATTERIES BY REGION, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 397

STATIONARY APPLICATION LITHIUM BATTERIES 397

COMPUTER MEMORY PRESERVATION 398

Computer Memory Preservation Lithium Battery Market Summary 398

TABLE 88 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR COMPUTER MEMORY PRESERVATION

LITHIUM BATTERIES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 398

TABLE 89 GLOBAL PORTABLE MARKET FORECAST FOR COMPUTER MEMORY

PRESERVATION LITHIUM BATTERIES BY REGION, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 398

UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY BATTERIES 399

UPS Lithium Battery Market Summary 399

TABLE 90 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR UPS LITHIUM BATTERIES BY TYPE,


TABLE 91 GLOBAL PORTABLE MARKET FORECAST FOR UPS LITHIUM BATTERIES BY


EMERGENCY LIGHTING LITHIUM BATTERIES 400

Emergency Lighting Lithium Battery Market Summary 401

TABLE 92 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR EMERGENCY LIGHTING LITHIUM


TABLE 93 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR EMERGENCY LIGHTING LITHIUM


REMOTE POWER AND ALTERNATIVE POWER STORAGE LITHIUM BATTERIES 402

Solar 403

TABLE 94 TECHNOLOGIES FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER STORAGE 408

Wind 410

Tidal and Wave 413

Geothermal 414

Remote Power and Alternative Energy Lithium Battery Market

Summary 415

TABLE 95 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR REMOTE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

STORAGE LITHIUM BATTERIES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 415

TABLE 96 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR REMOTE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

STORAGE LITHIUM BATTERIES BY REGION, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 415

UTILITY LOAD LEVELING 415

TABLE 97 LOAD LEVELING AND PEAK SHIFTING APPROACHES 417

TABLE 98 POWER STORAGE FUNCTIONALITY 420

Utility Load-leveling Lithium Battery Market Summary 420

TABLE 99 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR LOAD LEVELING LITHIUM BATTERIES BY


TABLE 100 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR LOAD LEVELING LITHIUM BATTERIES

BY REGION, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 421

MILITARY/AEROSPACE LITHIUM BATTERIES 421

PORTABLE MILITARY PRODUCT LITHIUM BATTERIES 421


DEVELOPMENTAL MILITARY LITHIUM BATTERIES 423

Developmental Military Lithium Battery Market Summary 424









Military Electric Vehicles Scenario 424

Battery-Powered Fighting Vehicle Scenario 425

Military Automated Factory Scenario 428

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Revival Scenario 428

AVIATION LITHIUM BATTERIES 429

MILITARY LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET SUMMARY 430

TABLE 102 PORTABLE MILITARY PRODUCT DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET

DEVELOPMENTS 431

TABLE 103 PORTABLE MILITARY PRODUCT BATTERIES DRIVING FORCES AND

MARKET DEVELOPMENTS 432

TABLE 104 GLOBAL PORTABLE MILITARY PRODUCT LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET BY

TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 432

TABLE 105 GLOBAL PORTABLE MILITARY PRODUCT LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET

PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 432

Developmental Military Lithium Battery Market Prediction 433

TABLE 106 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR DEVELOPMENTAL MILITARY LITHIUM


TABLE 107 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR DEVELOPMENTAL MILITARY LITHIUM


Aviation Battery Market Summary 433

TABLE 108 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR AVIATION LITHIUM BATTERIES BY


TABLE 109 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR AVIATION LITHIUM BATTERIES BY


AUTOMOTIVE AND MOTIVE POWER LITHIUM BATTERIES 434

INDUSTRIAL VEHICLE (TRACTION) LITHIUM BATTERIES 434

Traction Lithium Battery Market Summary 435

TABLE 110 MOTIVE/TRACTION BATTERY DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET

DEVELOPMENTS 436

TABLE 111 CONSENSUS, OPTIMISTIC AND PESSIMISTIC MOTIVE/TRACTION

BATTERY SCENARIOS 437

TABLE 112 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR TRACTION LITHIUM BATTERIES BY


TABLE 113 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR TRACTION LITHIUM BATTERIES BY


HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE LITHIUM BATTERIES 439

HEV Lithium Battery Market Summary 439

TABLE 114 HEV AND HEV BATTERY DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET

DEVELOPMENTS 439

TABLE 115 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR HEV LITHIUM BATTERIES BY TYPE,


TABLE 116 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR HEV LITHIUM BATTERIES BY REGION,


PLUG-IN VEHICLE LITHIUM BATTERIES 441

HEV AND EV MARKET DRIVERS 445

Pollution Abatement 445

TABLE 117 PROJECTED ANNUAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS FROM

PHEVS IN THE YEAR 2050 (MILLION MT) 447









TABLE 118 PEAK NEW VEHICLE MARKET SHARE FOR THE THREE PHEV ADOPTION

SCENARIOS, 2010 (%) 448

Electric Utility Efficiency 448

Promotion of Domestic Energy Sources 449

Maintaining Technological Competitiveness 449

Plug-in Vehicle Lithium Battery Market Summary 450

TABLE 119 PHEV AND EV BATTERY DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS 450

TABLE 120 CONSENSUS, OPTIMISTIC AND PESSIMISTIC PHEV AND EV SCENARIOS 451

TABLE 121 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR PLUG-IN VEHICLE LITHIUM BATTERIES

BY TYPE, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 453

TABLE 122 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR PLUG-IN VEHICLE LITHIUM BATTERIES

BY REGION, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 453

AUTOMOTIVE SECURITY LITHIUM BATTERIES 453

Automotive Security Lithium Battery Market Summary 453

TABLE 123 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR AUTOMOTIVE SECURITY LITHIUM


TABLE 124 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR AUTOMOTIVE SECURITY LITHIUM


LIST OF TABLES

SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR LITHIUM BATTERY SALES,


TABLE 1 PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY TYPES 12

TABLE 2 PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPOSITIONS 14

TABLE 3 CONSUMER PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY APPLICATIONS 15

TABLE 4 INDUSTRIAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY APPLICATIONS 16


TABLE 6 PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPANIES 22

TABLE 7 PRIMARY LITHIUM MARKET SUMMARY 33

TABLE 8 GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY VOLUME AND VALUE, 2013 (MILLIONS) 35

TABLE 9 PROJECTED GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE BY MARKET,


TABLE 10 PROJECTED GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE BY TECHNOLOGY,


TABLE 11 PROJECTED GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE BY REGION,


TABLE 12 SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY TYPES 38

TABLE 13 SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPOSITIONS 40

TABLE 14 SMART BATTERY SYSTEM STAKEHOLDERS 49

TABLE 15 HIGH-TEMPERATURE LITHIUM-IRON SULFIDE BATTERY R &D 51

TABLE 16 THIN-FILM MICRO-BATTERY COMPANIES 56

TABLE 17 SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPANIES 59

TABLE 18 A123 BATTERY COMPARED TO OTHER HIGH-CAPACITY BATTERY SYSTEMS 62

TABLE 19 A123 BATTERY PULSE DURATION AND POWER DENSITY 62

TABLE 20 LITHIUM BATTERY CATHODE MATERIALS 98









TABLE 21 LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTROLYTE MATERIALS 99

TABLE 22 LITHIUM BATTERY SEPARATOR MATERIALS 101

TABLE 23 LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTRODE MATERIAL COMPANIES 102


COUNTRY, 2002-2006 (METRIC TONS)1, 2 157


COUNTRY, 2007-2011 (METRIC TONS) 158

TABLE 26 LITHIUM PRODUCERS 160

TABLE 27 LITHIUM COMPOUND COMPANIES 164

TABLE 28 U.S. LITHIUM CONSUMPTION, 1994-2012 (METRIC TONS OF CONTAINED

LITHIUM) 165

TABLE 29 GLOBAL LITHIUM MARKETS, 2012 (%) 166

TABLE 30 MANGANESE DIOXIDE COMPANIES 170

TABLE 31 COBALT COMPOUND COMPANIES 171

TABLE 32 GLOBAL COBALT MARKETS (%) 172

TABLE 33 U.S. COBALT CONSUMPTION, 1994-2012 (MT OF COBALT CONTENT) 172

TABLE 34 COBALT PRODUCTION AND RESERVES BY COUNTRY, 2011 AND 2012 (MT

OF COBALT CONTENT) 173

TABLE 35 HISTORIC GLOBAL COBALT PRICES, 1991-2006 ($/LB) 174

TABLE 36 VANADIUM COMPOUND COMPANIES 176

TABLE 37 CARBON COMPOUND COMPANIES 178

TABLE 38 FULLERENE COMPANIES 180

TABLE 39 CONDUCTIVE POLYMER BATTERY ENERGY DENSITIES 182

TABLE 40 HALOGEN BATTERY APPLICATIONS 183

TABLE 41 HALOGEN COMPOUND COMPANIES 184

TABLE 42 LITHIUM CONTAINING BATTERY ELECTROLYTE MATERIALS 185

TABLE 43 LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTROLYTE MATERIAL COMPANIES 186

TABLE 44 BATTERY SEPARATOR COMPANIES 189

TABLE 45 PROJECTED GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY ACTIVE ELEMENT VALUE,


TABLE 46 PROJECTED GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTROLYTE VALUE,


TABLE 47 PROJECTED GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY SEPARATOR VALUE,


TABLE 48 PROJECTED SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY ACTIVE ELEMENT VALUE,


TABLE 49 PROJECTED GLOBAL SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTROLYTE VALUE,


TABLE 50 PROJECTED GLOBAL SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY SEPARATOR VALUE,








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