literature review on parametric design books
DESCRIPTION
This is a compilation of summary of several article that i read during my research thesisTRANSCRIPT
Mark burry-virtual gaudi, digital tectonic ---session 5 (London 2002)
Three phase of gaudi’s life
Gaudi’s entry in sagarada familia ----building tectonics emergence
Exit establishing of a framework for digital tectonics
Allow his successors to engage with the geometrical codex
Defined the architecture of “real absence”
“virtual presence “
To understand ----First understand second order geometry
Compare physical design process through modelling
Explain exploitation models through 3-d and time based modelling
Gaudi’s earlier work’s depend upon ---his eyes and presence on site
Collaboration with mason and sculptor
philosophical
Rational geometry mathematical
Practical
Gaudi known for Structural efficiency
Aesthetics
Composition in nature
Topics chapterization
1. Mathematics
2. Physical modelling
3. Analytical modelling
4. Digital modelling
Inference
This article s talked about second order geometry that gaudi uses in his final work.it also spread light on
gaudi ‘s life phase and how it has it’s own impact on architecture .
Gaudi’s entry in sagarada familia bring building tectonics into picture and his exit open the door for
digital tectonics .author also talked about real absence and virtual presence in architecture of gaudi’s.
In the end of his life span, gaudi ‘s realize that he need to share his idea to the successors in order to
complete sagarada familia . In order to understand gaudi’s principal or method author suggest four
parameters which are:
Physical modelling ,analytical modelling ,drawings, digital modelling and mathematics .
Author’s also explained the process to re-engineered gaudi’s use of ruled surface .
Otto Vs nox-session 4- Machine architecture :lars spaybreak
Self generative design As a design
As a building
Article : the science of design : Creating the artificial ---herbert a simon.--------------26/9/13
In this article , author talked about design in manner of how it related different discipline . In
introduction he is talking about natural environment and artificial science .
He is much more concerned with the process of design .the natural science concerned with how
thing are and design , concerned with how things ought to be.
He is also talking about inner and outer environment of design process.
He actually wanted to come with curriculum in science of design through various argument .by
stating the topics .he want us to understand science of design , how one can inquire it .design process
is about finding satisfactory solution rather than optimum as we can not decide ,the best but only
good or worse.
Designing solution is actually sequence of actions which leads to satisfying result.
Basically he sis looking at design from various perspective like analysis .logical search ,resource
,hierarchy etc.
Search processes is actually efforts to gathering information about problem structure and then find
solution which result into design process.
Process is concerned with finding a satisfactory result rather than optimum solution.
Shape of design and organization of the design process is essential components for theories of design
In the end author suggesting that there should be a common platform of conversation about design I
between diff discipline , so they can engage in common creative activity.
Author discuss design in terms of many layers.
Design is process to find appropriate solution and solution is the search for appropriate system which
leads toward satisfactory result not optimum and for that one need to have system which gives you
alternatives and then decide on most suitable adoptable alternatives.
Innovation and practice –reconstituting the practice and product of architecture –tom verbes-
architectural review ,Australia.
Author is talking about relation between innovation and architectural practice and how it effect
overall system which include students, professionals , institution and clients.
Digital design and production techniques bring changes in the way architectural product is designed
.it give birth to generative design process. which leads to use of digital tools which transforming
architectural practice and education.
The fusion of architectural and robotics are emerging which leads to new kind of architecture and
urban environment.
The process is give birth to paradigm shift in architectural,furniture dsign , environmental branding
and interface design technology
An internationalism is emerging because shared design platform and which leads to changes in
organization system of architectural firm.
This change also effecting norms in architectural practice and new types of organization is emerging
out.
Two kinds of models are emerging
1. Research base model –links to academic research
2. Community base model- work with local demographics constituencies
So overall innovation bring digitalization which change product, so production firm has to take new
measure to create it,which leads to change in system of manufacturing firma and the way they do also
change .this change directly effect institutions who trained the professionals .so by enlarge its chain
reaction which effect everyone in the cycle.
Disappearance & distribution : the architect as machine interface -------------------- 27/9/13
Authors trying to pose question of definition of ‘architect ‘ and his role into this article . according to
him conventional images of architect as a singular design personalities need to change due to
increasingly group based ,collective and self-organizing formations .
The connective technology ,work organization and distributed machine process are the element which
constitute to architect’s work environment which replace traditional tools of working.
Authors said that architect’s working lives are now bound to the screen of their computers.
Networked environment not only transformed physical workspace but also effect working
environment of architect’s office .it effect physical characteristic of architect’s own space .so effect of
paradigms shift started from architect’s own space .
The networked design domain ,change designer into a virtual ,constantly adopating organization ,the
organization consists of design specialist ,technicians , managers ,documents & their associated
electronic files.
Authors also question that what building should be like but at same time, how architects ought to
work today
The tools for forming a design are soft wares , interface and scripting language . it also affecting the
teaching and learning method of architectural design and urbanism.
According to herber a simon definition of designer is following :
“ anyone who devises courses of action aimed at changing existing situation into preferred ones .”
It also explain the definition of interface ,which is node between artificial {designed} and natural {pre-
existing}.
Interface is a regular of how an ‘inner’ (artificial ) environment meets it’s outer (natural) surroundings .
According to him ,architect is a cyborg ,a result of distributed design cultures.
According to h.h. Collins architect is a ‘an artificial expert’
“ An agent trained to interact with artificial symbol I highly specific way whose world view is shaped
entirely by the procedural input & output demands of machines operating as essential parts of these
new expert system.”
Today user computer interaction system is a result of these artificial expert system .
Machines that simply store various kind of knowledge transferred from their expert human user ,which
is then simply called up when needed.
Machine operating systems is essential part of these expert system ,which take procedural input and
output.
“pattern “---- a formal rhetorical device expressing design intent ---- Alexander (1979)
PATTERN - device to achieving define goals .
Alexander (1979)
Patten as a three part construct
-context
-problem
-solution
Graphic spaces – Aspects of the work of zaha hadid-patrick Schumacher -2012 -------29/12/13
Drawing is representation rather creation freedom idea is there , not think according execution point of
view
Hadid convert her 2d graphic , calligraphic to fluid spatial system , bring distortion is space , merging fish
eye perspective
Painterly techniques likes color modulations , gradient of dark to light or pointillist techniques of
dissolving object into their background use as tool for deriving concept or making new design tools
The logic of evolutionary innovation starts with mutation ---- mutation , selection , reproduction
Digital making –exploring design with computer controlled fabrication –sameer kashyap
3 phase of design ----- Design phase ---- digital system
-------design derivation ---- role of interface , scripting , programming , parametric
thinking
-------design development procedure ----manufacturing , fabrication , material system
Ar peter eisneman –architecture review ----- 1/1/14
Pioneer in computer aided design
Architecture as syntax : conception of form as an index a signal notation
Cardboard architecture
Architecture and building are not same
“The real architecture” exists in drawings
“ The real architecture “ exists outside drawings
Drawing is a way of thinking
DDA ----------2/1/14
2) language of computation
Computer aided design ---the art of developing virtual representation of design
Computation ----medium
Computer , software ,internet the support of art, design ,
& other facilities that essential communications, entertainment
Rely on calculations education .
What computational medium do???
Design Subjected to structural ,environment ,acoustic calculations.
Give more solution
Wide range of engineering calculations
Computational design has 3 elements
Design representations---- digital tool , material information
Computational media ----- interface
Strategies for authoring & interacting
Bim modelling ----- marriage of the automated drawing board & bills of quantities
Computational media ---- is defined here as the environment in which the design representation
live
Repetition , transformation , patterning are hallmarks of computational design
Sense of laying and sense of sequence
In nature --- the start form is different from the end form .
We practice form based design using code whereas nature practices code based design resulting
in form
Design computation involves three types of space
1. Parametric space
2. Geometric space
3. Performance space
“ optimization “ is the search for a solution within constrain
“algorithmic architecture” is form authored by external algorithms with no direct relevance to
the design –except to determine the aesthetics of it
Computational design is not about programming .it is more about understanding design as an
information model that you shape through the design process .
Grasshopper window ---parametric space
Rhino window ----performance space
Difference between engineering design problem and creative design problem:
The mapping between design parameters & performance parameters are
known
In creative design problem mapping is non computable –design representation
is not available .
Genetic modelling is a way of creating design representation to facilitate design exploration , in
our case within cad environment
Building genetic model is about capturing the geometric spirit of objects and not about creating
shells
Earlier stage of genetic modeling is like rough sketching
Generative design application is also about exploring the out edges of the design space –where
interesting possibilities lies.
Design is a search
A mature representation of design
A representation of design space (mostly parametric )
A desirable answer ( stated in terms of performance )
Design space is about representing design data
Design is the process through which uncertainty is reduced
Parametric modelling genetic modelling
Created to explore parametric variation more sophisticated version of
Of a design the same design representation
Representation by varying the but capable of exploring a much
Driving dimension of the design larger region of the design
Space .
Structured in a way which help
To facilitate the human driven
Generative design process.
In revit when we edit window family ---it’s parametric variation
But in performance space it linked with wall so combination of wall and window is genetic
modelling
Automated design process ---------- human –driven design process
One approach to design is to search for the design with good marks
Other approach is to search for the good designs by discarding bad ones
Setting fitness rules
In computational design we need to think not in terms of a design instances but in terms of
regions or in design space ---that are expanded & constructed during design development .
Optimization Exploration
-shoots toward targets -uses filter to narrow the
-definition of a desirable end state feasible region
To run an optimization process -you don’t need process
-end up with singular solution -end up with multiple choice
Genetic algorithms provide fitness values
Genrative design exploration by parametric generative systems in architecture –ipek gursel
dino
Parametric tools are algorithmic based
Gero 1994: two main areas in the development of CAD
1. The representation & production of the geometry & topology of designed objects .
2. The representation & use of knowledge to support or carry synthesis of design
Generative design : allow the formation of complex composition , formal & a conceptual through the
implementation of a simple set of operations & parameters .
Parametric design act as a generative & analytical method during design exploration
(design as an activity )----- design has dual sharing -------- (design as an artifact )
Generative system : is a shift from the modeling of a designed “ object “ to modeling of the
design’s logic ( leach ,2009)
Peter eisenman : used analogue transformational rules in architectural design synthesis .
Four elements of generative process.
1. The start condition and parameters ( Input)
2. A generative mechanism ( rules , algorithms etc)
3. The act of generations of the variants (output)
4. The selection of the best variant
Generative system --- a production system rather a representation construct .
Generative system Linguistic ---- grammar based formalism -->> result in shape grammar
Biological ------ takes nature & complex living organisms as a precedent
& applies it principles in the derivation & transformation of
architectural form
(shea 2004,oxman 2006,arida 2004)
Argument of paper : parametric design as third class generative systems
Due to their algorithmic foundation & potential to expand design exploration through parameters .
Parametric systems are principally based on algorithmic principles.
“ An algorithm is a finite set of instructions that aim to fulfill a clearly defined purpose in a finite
number of steps.”
Three basic control instruction : for algorithm ( chang ,2003)
1. Sequence ( executing instruction in order )
2. Selection ( choosing which instruction to execute based on conditional if then
statements )
3. Iteration ( repeating instruction in a linearly or recursively )
Parametric design subcategory of algorithmic design
“Parametric system emphasize the explicit & direct manipulation of the parameter values in order
to induce a change on the design artifact.”
Difference between algorithmic & parametric design .
CAD tools parametric modelling
-single state design -allows for the divergence of the design
-aim is to representation of the final space
-design form -explore many variants of the same
Model
For performative performative principles can encoded in the parametric model
Design exploration
Use of external performance simulations tools with parametric model---plug\
In like (diva)
Designers needs to resolve parametric schema prior to form exploration
The performative parameters
For performative design early stage the avira stadium in Dublin ,ireland
Exploration implementation (single model shared between architect &
Engineer )
Detail design the façade of the kilden performing arts
Stage implementation center in Kristian sand , norway
Design representation analog drawings ,sketches ,physical reality ,composition,
& electronic models contextual,congruency
Constructability
Symbolic physical or mathematical
Description
Related to performance as
Heat transfer ,light ,sound
Parametric system as a tool Distribution
To mediator between this two
Grasshopper symbolic the schema is based on directed graph data structure
Rhino analog Where graph nodes are geometric components or
Parameters the edges are the paths of the one-
Directional data transfer
Design has always been parametric & the algorithmic
Parametric logic is not exclusive to computational tools.
Bill howard , design of university center building in Cambridge
Used informal parametric constructive logic
Early gap between 2 realm (during gaudi period )
Form material structure
Finding
Process
Digital system filling this gap
Gaudi sagarada familia lack of digital system taking more time&
Cost Is higher
John utzon Sydney opera house
Benefit of -eliminate the need for physical modeling trial & error strategies
Computation in form optimization
-increase the efficiency of design analysis
-synthesis with increased precision of form & details.
According to aish and woodburry --- parameterization
“increase complexity of both designer task & interface as designers must model not only the artifact
being designed , but a conceptual structure that guides variation .”
Parametric design system different from other generative system
:--- they allow a stepwise control over the form during the design process.
Parametric manipulation of form performance driven design process
Rapid cycling of performance analysis
Design synthesis as an integrated process
Analog method Digital method
-workshop model making -make same in 3d environment
-john utzon :symbolic representation
-gaudi -by making mathmetical model
-peter eisenman -3d print
-make fabrication drawing using same
Where u start (main driver ) system
Avira stadium ,kilden
Performaing art center
As tools interface
Material
Constrain related to end product
Scripting ,digital tools fabrication, assembly , on site execution
Case study : author’s own application structure
1. Art precedent analysis
2. Grasshopper script analysis
3. Final grasshopper script & iteration
4. Fabrication method & issue
5. Rhino fabrication files
6. Final physical model
Structural stability and morphogenesis (reno thom) 21/1/14
Use of analytic
Quantitative model depend upon
Continuous function
Soft architecture machines -------> Nicholas Negroponte
Potential of computers
1. Computer as designer
2. Computer as a per to the novice with a self interest
3. Computer as a physical environment that knows
“towards the performative in architecture “----- banko kolarevic
At urban scale urban space “smooth “ (blend In )
Architecture
Urban landmarks ( stand out)
“architecture as performance art “
The engagement of the eye and the body that makes architecture performative
Architecture’s spatial presence and materiality
Performative skin
Architecture
Skin+structure semi-monocoque & monocoque structures.
Two approach geometry imposed upon material “static (Romanesque ) relation –form
matter “
geometry emerged from the “dynamic relation-material force
material “(gothic)
Lars spuybroek’s “analog computing “---- use of threads dipped into liquids
Mark goulthrope -the fluid synergies of form & material
-appearance & performance
Lars spuybroek -architecture & engineering
Bernhard franken conceptual elements of their work
Environmental performance elements light
Sound or movement
Heat
Energy
1. Form oriented or cultural frank gehry, greg lynn
Performance oriented
2. Environmental performance Thomas Herzog, glenn murcutt
Oriented
3. Not formalist or foster,grimshow,piano ,sauerbruch & hutton,
Environmentalist jourda & perraudin
An evolutionary architecture – john frazer 22/1/14
Evolutionary model require following
A genetic code script
Rules for the development of the code
Mapping of the code to a virtual model
The nature of the environment for the development of the model
The criteria for selection
Concept : the process driven
Form –generating rules ---consist of process
Complex forms & technologies evolved hierarchically from simple forms & technologies
Vernacular the prototyping & replaced by computer modelling &
Architecture feedback expressed simulation
The main structure of the evolutionary program based on following classifier
An environment system
A development system
An evaluation module
A genetic algorithm
A graphic output mapping procedure
Architectural genetic ‘universal state space modeler’ or ‘iso spatial model’
Search space
The data structure consists of a field of dimensionless logical points in a regular geometrical
Array
Each point carries following information
-location & relation to other points
-details of it’s properties ,Including a parameterized
-geometrical description of any form
A history of how it come to be where & what it is
Machine play the role of the mass of imitators
-natural selection has tactics ---but no strategy
-evolutionary architecture exhibit metabolism
Otto VS NOX Natural forms –architectural forms—rainer barthel
Frei otto focus create space using the smallest possible amount of material
Produce adoptable,lightweight architecture
Construction ---something artificially crated and assembled
Form finding process specific set of conditions
Autonomous following law of nature
Formation
Process give rise to visible forms & construction under experimental
Conditions
Tent construction the shape of the membrane surface
The type of support
Membrane construction largely defined by edges and up & down points
Pneumatics construction membranes support by air pressure not by mast
Air as the load bearing element
Session -6 Le ricolais Vs reiser 23/1/14
Le ricolais : “ matter , materials , constructional system ,structural configuration , space and
place
Material materials
System
Forces
Space
Material behavior interaction among vectors: have a force and a
Directionality that shape
Organize ,produce variation in field
Fronts: are singular features produced
By dynamics in the field
Force
Geometry : as an instrument linked to materiality
Solid stat architecture -------Jesse reiser
Media based architecture
Two model of media
1. Approach : no material constrain ------using free form ----> use media for that
2. Approach : media assumes a sublimated or classically decorative position within the
enframing operation of building
-concept of “ the design of building a “ dead husk”
-jean nouvel’s bibliotheque national --------> use of media as a decorative element
3. Approach : mixing of traditional architectural practices with emerging notions of complexity
Robert Le ricolai’s “ search for the indestructible idea “
Trusses patented by warren , long , prattt & howe
Le ricolais -1935 , idea of “iso-flex” ( iso-equal , flex-bend)
Or two way corrugated sheet
“iso-trophy “ -(tropus-turn)
All materials receive their isotropy from the directionality from their process of production
,both human & natural
Construction system receive it’s isotropies ,space & time from the mode of its production
Inertia : measure the element s resistance to deformation
Beams, column ,strut ,tie –one dimensional element
One axis is more resistant to deformation
Arch ,suspension cable---one dimensional –---act in two dimensional plane
Wall,floor,slab ,membrane –two dimension ---two dimensional plane
Vault ,cylindrical shell---two dimension—curved in three dimension
Domes ,domical shells –doubly curved with positive Gaussian curvature
Hyperboloid of revolution ---doubly curved with negative Gaussian curvature
La-ricolais: corrugated stress skins
-the concept of space frames
-“father of space structure “
Session -7 Fuller Vs decoi
Buckminister fuller : interested in how a surface could mimic the sensitivity of the human skin.letting in
Light & porosity allowing it to operate as an animated smart surface .
Fuller thinking about surface & structure lie in cartography –a flat graphic means of analysis
“garden of eden”
Joseph Paxton : labor intensive system of venetian blind
“precise indeterminacy “:--- Amanda reeser & Ashley Schafer
PRAXIS—mark goulthrpe technology ---- a mental assimilation of the new fundamental cognitive
shift
Open-ended creative processing --alloplastic
Eisenman’s uniform plasticity
The media/ cultural theorist friedrich killer has explored the effects of digitization of
information
The miran gallery/the glaphyros apartment –robotically carved wood
Parametric offer the possibility to build variance into a system
Modelling
To model relations such that shifting the parameters crates variability
Effect of digital ------- not a communication tool
-----not an enhanced technical efficiency
It is a release within our consciousness of a new cognitive quality
Bernard cache , kao oast –erhuis , greg lynn , tom kavoc –architects using new digital tools.