LITERARY REVIEWDISCRIMINATIVE READINGRESEARCH READINGCONSULTING SOURCE MATERIAL

Reference:

Research Methodology by Dr. K. Kaliyaperumal

Bibliography:

Research Methods for Graduate Business and Social Science Students by John Adams, Hafiz T.A. Khan, Robert Raeside and David White (pgs 70-77)

Research Methods by Donald McBurney (pgs 36-46)

SUMMARY

Critical evaluation

Critical analysis

Critical reading

Goals

Critical thinking

Critical questions

Critical review

Overview

SUMMARY

Importance

Considerations

Steps of collection

Sources of data and types

Overview of other data sources

CRITICAL EVALUATION

A critical review involves structuring and building a logical and coherent argument. It flows from one point to another, drawing upon evidence , and where possible, present alternate points. It might also involve evaluating the quality of the evidence presented to support an argument and not simply describing it. It helps to assess the quality of other peoples work , their limitations and gives a positive indicative for future research.

CRITICAL ANALYSIS Look at value of the evidence presented

Address inconsistent or incompatible evidence stemming from research and seek to explain it

Weigh up the pros and cons of different positions , coming down on the side of one argument if the quality of evidence favors it

Try to find original links between sources or different strands of an argument

Show originality by presenting new ideas or interpretations based upon your own understanding of the material

CRITICAL READING

To a critical reader any single text provides but one view of the facts or version of reality- it is one individual’s view of the subject matter. Therefore, they recognize not only what a text says but also how the text portrays the subject matter. They recognize the various ways in which each and every text is the unique creation of a unique author.

Having recognized what a text says , critical readers reflect on what the text does: is it offering examples? Arguing? Appealing for sympathy? Making a contrast to clarify a point?

Critical readers also infer what the text means as a whole, based on their analysis

What are its goals?

To recognize an author’s purpose

To understand tone and persuasive elements

To recognize bias by the author(s) – has the author not reported all the research or written the article so a particular view emerges as dominant which in actual fact may not be dominant

CRTICAL THINKING

Reply with reason not emotion

Require evidence, ignore no known no known evidence, and follow evidence where it leads

Be concerned more with finding the best explanation than being right

Analyse apparent confusion and ask questions

Weigh the influence of motives and biases

Recognise our own biases, assumptions, prejudices or points of view

Continued.. Evaluate all reasonable influences

Consider a variety of possible viewpoints/perspectives

Remain open to alternative interpretations

Accept a new explanation, model or paradigm because it explains the evidence better, is simpler or has fewer inconsistencies or covers more data

Accept new priorities in response to a reevaluation of evidence

Do not reject unpopular views out of hand

Recognise the relevance and/or merit of alternative assumptions/perspectives

Recognise the extent and weight of evidence

CRITICAL QUESTIONS

Summary and definition questions

Analysis questions

Hypothesis questions

Evaluation questions

CRITICAL REVIEW

Review questions

To write a good review you should produce a short, well-structured report. In this report it should be clear that you are knowledgeable about the area and it is common to refer to other work. Summarize recent progress, findings in recent research. It may be several primary sources or data put together.

OVERVIEW

INTRODUCTION

BODY

CONCLUSION

LITERATURE

MATERIAL,METHODOLOGY OR ABSTRACT IS NOT NECESSARY.

WHAT NOT TO DO

Do not include fraudulent figures or add someone as author without their knowledge or consent. Beware of originality and copyright policy of others work, give due credit as per their policy. Do not plagiarize, write to the author to get permission.

IMPORTANCE

The review of literature is an important process in the realm of research. It provides literature background and context for the research problem. It should establish the need for research and indicate the writer is knowledgeable about that area.

It relates study to the larger ongoing dialogue in the literature about a topic, filling in gaps and extending prior studies.

it provides a comprehensive outlook about his area of research.

CONTINUED… It is helpful to design your study and revise and extend your

research design.

It is helpful to frame the hypothesis and guide you to frame the objectives of your study

It is helpful to write research proposals. And in a proposal, the literature review is generally brief. Be judicious in your choice of examples- the literature selected should be pertinent and relevant. Select and reference only the more appropriate citations.

It is also worth to note that the examiners of the research theses or research reports will always be serious about how best you used the literature already available and your search strategy- the procedures you used and sources you investigated to compile your literature review.

MAJOR CONSIDERATIONS

Fix time limit. Try incorporating new literature.

It is the duty of the researcher to identify, retrieving and reviewing those studies, which are very close to his study.

understand the available literature in print and non-print media. While full-text database are convenient and save time, the literature needs to be comprehensive and that will involve indexing and abstracting services and the use of inter- library loan.

STEPS IN COLLECTION

Sources

INTERNET AS SOURCE

SOURCES ON WEB

IPR

COPYRIGHT

SEARCH ENGINES

Altavista, Infoseek, Hotbot used for searching appropriate articles related to your area of research.

LIBRARY

PRIMARY SOURCES

TYPES

RESEARCH REPORTS- annual reports in journals

PATENTS- documents of exclusive rights

STANDARDS- product description

PERIODOCALS- issued at regular intervals

OTHERS-conference proceedings, theses, dissertations

SECONDARY SOURCES

ENCYCLOPEDIAS- treasure chest of knowledge

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

INDEX AND ABSTRACTING JOURNALS

GUIDES TO THE LITERATURE

TERTIARY PUBLICATIONS

DIRECTORIES

LIST OF PERIODICALS

LIST OF RESEARCH

OTHERS

NON DOCUMENTED SOURCES INDUSTRIAL LIASON OFFICER- provides information about

industries

INVISIBLE COLLEGE-interpersonal communication between scientists

RESEARCH ASSOCIATIONS-cooperative information exchange

INFORMATION CONSULTANCY-retired scientists and professionals give their expertise and knowledge

OTHERS-technical faculties , public and semi-public research estb.

OVERVIEW

GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCES

ATLASES AND MAPS

GAZETTERS

TRAVEL GUIDES

BIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES

YEAR BOOKS /ALMANACS

HANDBOOKS/MANUALS

UNION CATALOGUES

E- DOCUMENTS

PRESENTATION BY FLORENCE SUGANYA R12-PZO-04M.SC ZOOLOGYLOYOLA COLLEGE