literature review by rosura albert

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LITERATURE REVIEW by ROSAURA ALBERT

STUDENT NR. 7535

Assignment for partial fulfillmentOf the Subjects

SIBBRES702AINVESTIGATE DEVELOPMENTS IN COSMETIC TREATMENTS

USING LIGHT OR LASER SYSTEMS

PROJECT 7

LITERATURE REVIEW

By

Rosaura Luminita Albert

16th June 2014

The Australian CollegeMHM EDUCATION & TRAINING

BROADWAY




STUDENT NR. 7535

Introduction:

This unit describes the performance outcomes, skills and knowledge required to investigate and evauatedevelopments in cosmetic Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) or laser based treatment.

Cosmetic applications of light therapies are rapidly increasing in the beauty industry. This includes identifyingnew information, critically evaluating the quality of information and researching the availability and relevance ofeducation and training opportunities for professional development in cosmetic light or laser systemsapplications.

Project Overview:

This project is designed for you to use formal, peer reviewed research to critically analyze a supplier or

manufacturer’s claims for a new device, new application of an existing device or a new product related to the

provision of cosmetic treatments using Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) or Laser. The project is designed to develop

your skils and knowledge in critical analysis and providing information in a written and oral format.

Assessment Task 1: The scientific method of research

a) The scientific method of research has been developed over many decades and has become thehighest standard in medical research. It forms the basis of many formal research articles on the

cosmetic application of Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) or laser therapies. The following is a list of the termsused in formal scientific research. Your task is to describe each term:

I. Define the “scientific method”.

The scientific method is a set of rules about how to establish rules. The scientific method is the result ofrecognizing that personal and cultural beliefs influence both our perceptions and our interpretations of natural

phenomena. Through the use of standard procedures and criteria, it is possible to minimize those influenceswhen developing a theory. The term scientific method denotes the principles that guide scientific research andexperimentation, and the philosophical bases of those principles.1

II. In the context of the scientific method describe the term “physical sense”.

Science is a method for verification by observable experimental means. Experimental means repeatable, andobservable means, by definition, one of the five physical senses. This reliance on the scientific method dictateslinkage to the physical sense receptors. In reality what really requires is an event of external origin and asensation impinging on the individual.2

III. Define the terms systematic investigation.

Modern science is based on the assumption that this is an orderly universe, ruled by the law of cause andeffect. Scientific investigation is seldom simple. Each field of knowledge has its special problems, andinvestigators must always adjust their methods to the peculiarities of the situation they are dealing with. Amethod of investigation that is of great importance in some fields is the setting up and carrying out of controlledexperiments.

1 WikiEducator discussion group.

2 Quinian Sensation and Empathy, and a Different Perceptual Model by Glenn R. Jackson, Copyright 1998 Glenn R. Jackson

http://groups.google.com/group/wikieducator






STUDENT NR. 7535

IV. Why is systematic investigation important in the scientific method?

Experimental development is systematic work, drawing on existing knowledge gained from research and/or practical experience that is directed to producing new materials, products or devices, to installing new processes, systems and services, or to improving substantially those already produced or installed.The experimental method is a method of separating out causal factors. It consists of running an experimentmany times with only one variant. If the results of the experiments are different, that one variant is most likelythe cause. In chemistry, physics, and biology, such controlled experiments play an important role indiscovering facts and testing hypotheses. In these sciences, an investigator can create a situation in which allthe significant factors that bear on a problem can be controlled.3

V. Describe the term hypothesis.

A hypothes is is a tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical

consequences. It provides a focal point for the research. It also affects the manner in which tests must be

conducted in the analysis of data. Hypotheses are based on discussions, examination of records, and review

of similar studies or personal investigations. Occasionally there may not be need to have a working hypothesis.

This is the case especially in exploratory of formularize research which does not aim at testing a hypothesis. In

such cases it is usual to work with specific objectives or research questions.

4

VI. Describe the term “controls”.

The word contro l has three meanings. First, control refers to a check or verification in terms of a standard ofcomparison (such as use of a placebo with a control group in a medical experiment). Second, it refers to arestraint — keeping conditions constant or eliminating the influence of extraneous conditions from theexperiment. Third, control refers to manipulating conditions to produce an exact change or a specific attitude orbehavior. The second and third meanings identified by Boring are those used in this book so far. Because all ofthese meanings will be used at various times, it would be to your advantage to memorize them.5 This follows from our knowledge and the successful verification of hypotheses. Control represents the way inwhich research can be applied to real problems and situations, thus helping us to shape our environment.When we understand the relationship between variables we are able to control our environment to suit our

interests. This can be exemplified by research to find effective ways to deal with indiscipline in schools. Onceidentified, the effective strategies can be employed to reduce the incidence of indiscipline in schools and thusimprove achievement.6 Control refers to the manipulation of the conditions that determine a phenomenon.Control, in this sense, requires knowledge of the causes or antecedent conditions of a phenomenon. When theantecedent conditions are known, they can be manipulated to produce the desired phenomenon7 . Controlrefers to holding constant or eliminating the influence of extraneous variables so that an unambiguous claimabout cause and effect can be made.

VII. What function does a “control group” perform when conducting scientific research?

Experimental designs are those in which the researcher has contro l group over some (or all) of the conditionsof the study and control over some aspects of an independent variable (i.e., the suspected cause) beingstudied. Experimental designs, sometimes referred to as randomized experiments or randomized controlled

3 Social Science and Its Methods, Part I - Introduction


5 Introduction to Scientific Research, Introduction to Research By PJ Nyanjui Kenya Institute of Education


7 Introduction to Scientific Research, Introduction to Research By PJ Nyanjui Kenya Institute of Education










STUDENT NR. 7535

trials, are those in which independent variables are manipulated rather than only observed, and it is their effecton the dependent variable (i.e., the effect), or variables, that is of primary interest. Random assignment ofsubjects (e.g., people, animals, schools) to comparison, control, and experimental or treatment conditions is anecessary criterion for a randomized experiment. Such designs are prospective, in that groups are assigned toa treatment or intervention or other condition prior to receiving the treatment or intervention.

VIII. Describe five (5) ways a scientific researcher can remain objective during the research process.

Scientists should be curious, must have patience, must try to be objective, and must be open to change.The research process consists of a number of closely related activities necessary to effectively carry outresearch. The activities overlap continuously and are not mutually exclusive events.

1. Identify and formulating the research problems

This involves the identification of a general topic and formulating it into a specific research problem. It requires

thorough understanding of the problem and rephrasing it in meaningful terms from an analytical point of view.

2. Extensive literature review

Review of literature is a systematic process that requires careful and perceptive reading and attention to detail.In the review of the literature, the researcher attempts to determine what others have learned about similar

research problems. It is important in the following ways:

specifically limiting and identifying the research problem and possible hypothesis or research questionsi.e. sharpening the focus of the research.

informing the researcher of what has already been done in the area. This helps to avoid exactduplication.

“If one had the literature and exercised enough patience and industry in reviewing available literature, it maywell be that his problem has already been solved by someone somewhere some time ago and he will savehimself the trouble.” Nwana (1982).

3. Preparing the research design

Preparation of a research design is influenced by the following factors:

means of obtaining the information

skills of the research personnel

time available for the research

resources available to the researcher

size of the sample

4. Determining the sample

An inquiry in which the entire population under study is considered is referred to as a census inquiry.

‘Population’ here refers to all the members or items under consideration. Very often it is not possible to studythe entire population due to considerations of cost, time, energy, volume of data etc. In such cases the

researcher often resorts to sampling. A sample is that part of a population that is actually considered in a

study. Effort should be made to ensure that the sample is not biased and is as representative of the population

as possible. Sampling designs are used for this purpose. Samples can either be probability or non-probability

samples.

5. Collection of data




STUDENT NR. 7535

This is the stage where appropriate information for answering the research question is collected. The

researcher should select the most appropriate methods of collecting data and the required data collection

tools. This calls for consideration of the nature of the investigation, the respondents, objectives and scope of

the inquiry, resources available, time and the desired degree of accuracy.

6. Analysis and interpretation of data

Analysis of data involves the application of raw data into categories through coding and tabulation. Theunwieldy data is condensed into manageable categories for further analysis. The researcher attempts toclassify the raw data into some purposeful and usable categories. In coding, the categories of data aretransformed into symbols that may be tabulated and counted. Use of computers is helpful especially whendealing with large amounts of data. Analysis work after tabulation is usually based on computation of variousstatistical measures.

IX. Describe the term double blind?

Term used to described a study in which both the investigator or the participant are blind to (unaware of) the

nature of the treatment the participant is receiving. Double-blind trials are thought to produce objective results,

since the expectations of the researcher and the participant about the experimental treatment such as a drug

do not affect the outcome. Also called double-masked. Double bl ind describes any decision process where all parties directly involved are not given crucial

information in order to avoid biasing results. It is most commonly used in the scientific method . In double-blind

studies, both the experimenter and the subjects do not know which of the subjects are in the experimental or

"treatment" group(s) and which are in the "control" group(s).

X. Define the terms “peer reviewed” and “peer reviewed journal”!

Peer review is the evaluation of creative work or performance by other people in the same field in order to

maintain or enhance the quality of the work or performance in that field.

It is based on the concept that a larger and more diverse group of people will usually find more weaknesses

and errors in a work or performance and will be able to make a more impartial evaluation of it than will just the

person or group responsible for creating the work or performance.8

In the case of peer reviewed jo urnals , which are usually academic and scientific periodicals, peer review

generally refers to the evaluation of articles prior to publication. But in a broader sense, it could also refer to

articles following publication, as such articles often continue to be studied and debated for a longer period and

by a much wider audience.

Despite its advantages, there have also been some criticisms of peer review. One is that it can be slow,

particularly in the case of academic journals, for which many months or even a year or longer are sometimes

required for submitted articles to be reviewed and published.

8 The word peer is often defined as a person of equal standing . However, in the context of peer review it is

generally used in a broader sense to refer to people in the same profession who are of the same or higher ranking.

http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11044



http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Bias



http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Scientific_method









STUDENT NR. 7535

Assessment Task 2: Basic, applied, formal and informal research paper

a) Explain the difference between basic and applied research.

Basic research (also called fundamental or pure research) is mainly concerned with generalizations and the

formulation of theory. It is driven by curiosity or interest in a subject. The main motivation is to expand man’s

knowledge, not to create or invent something. Many scientists believe that basic research lays the foundation

for the applied research that follows.

Applied research is designed to solve practical problems of the society. It can be argued that the goal of

applied research is to improve the human condition. An example of applied research could be a study to find

out how the school feeding program has affected school enrolment rates in drought-prone districts.

b) Explain the difference between formal and informal research paper.

Formal Research

If a sample is used, and it is a true random sample, results can be projected to the larger universe. Example is

a phone survey based on random sampling.

Informal Research

Informal research (or non-scientific research) can look at values or qualities; is subjective. Informal research

is good for pre-testing formal strategies.

Assessment Task 3: The format of a formal research paper.

a) A formal research paper that is found in a peer-reviewed journal will be set out in the following format:

Briefly describe what information you could expect under each of these headings.

I. Abstract

Abstracts are important parts of academic assignments, most often, reports and research papers. The abstractis the last item that you write, but the first thing people read when they want to have a quick overview of thewhole paper. We suggest you leave writing the abstract to the end, because you will have a clearer picture ofall your findings and conclusions.

II. Keywords

.One of these should indicate the topic area and one should indicate the methodology of the paper.

Careful selection of keywords will mean that researchers are more likely to retrieve, read and cite your article.By optimising your article for search engines, you will increase the chance of someone finding it. Think aboutthe words/phrases that will lead people to your article.

The remaining keywords should reflect the specificity of the paper. Use the most common term for aconcept/theory and do not make up new terms for an old concept. If the research takes place in a particularcountry or is concerned with a particular area of industry then think about supplying the country’s name or theindustry as a keyword.

III. Introduction

It helps your readers make a transition between their own world and the issues you will be writing about, yougive your readers the tools they need to get into your topic and care about what you are saying.




STUDENT NR. 7535

IV. Literature review

Provides an overview and a critical evaluation of a body of literature relating to a research topic or a research

problem. Analyzes a body of literature in order to classify it by themes or categories, rather than simply

discussing individual works one after another. Presents the research and ideas of the field rather than each

individual work or author by itself. A literature review often forms part of a larger research project, such as

within a thesis (or major research paper), or it may be an independent written work, such as a synthesis paper.

V. Methodology

The Methodology section should be the bulk of the paper and it must provide sufficient information so that a

knowledgeable reader can reproduce the experiment Methods can include statistical, historical, sampling

and/or theoretical Where appropriate, actual examples of the use of the methodology should be included (case

studies) Equations, algorithms, flow charts and figures/tables are often included in the methodology section for

descriptive purposes Unless the Guide for Authors states otherwise, use present tense for methodology-type

papers.

VI. Results

The purpose of a Results section is to present the key results of your research without interpreting theirmeaning. It cannot be combined with the Discussion section unless the journal combines the Results andDiscussion into one section. The results should be presented in an orderly sequence, using an outline as aguide for writing and following the sequence of the Methods section upon which the results are based. Forevery result there must be a method in the Methods section. It is important to carefully plan the tables andfigures to ensure that their sequencing tells a story.

(VII Recommendations for further research, VIII References)

Assessment Task 4: Using the internet to find peer reviewed research articles.

I. One way of finding research articles is to use an internet search engine- google scholar is anexample. Decide on an area of cosmetic application of Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) or lasertechnology that you are interested in researching (e.g. Skin rejuvenation) Using key words, searchfor articles from peer-reviewed journals that may be relevant to your topic. List three articles usingthe correct referencing format for journals.

peer-reviewed journals Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) - Skin rejuvenation

1. PHOTOAGING & SKIN REJUVENATION: A STEP-BY-STEP TREATMENT PROTOCOL FOR AESTHETICIANS,BEAUTY THERAPISTS AND OTHER MEDICALPROFESSIONALS PROVIDING COSMETIC TREATMENT

Author: Godfrey Town, Director of Clinical Affairs, PHOTOAGING TRAINING MANUAL Issued: July 2006 Revised: March2008

2. Intense pulsed light technology and its improvement on skin aging from the patients' perspective using photo-rejuvenation parameters.

Daniel Laury, MD 1, Dermatology Online Journal 9 (1): 5, Private practice - Medford, Oregon, USA

3. A E S T H E T I C U P D A T E, Section Editor: Michael H. Gold, MD, Update on Fractional Laser Technology,Michael H. Gold, MD




STUDENT NR. 7535

II. You may use the internet to research a topic and it can be a valuable source of information.However, some of the information will be correct or misleading. In dot points list 8 things you cando to ensure the credibility of information from the internet sources.

Assessment Task 5: Substantiating supplier claims

In a fast moving technology environment you will be presented with many new cosmetic Intense Pulsed Light

(IPL) or laser treatment modalities and devices. Part of the role of a professional is to objectively consider howeffective the new devices are in treating what they claim they can treat, if there are any safety considerations,for clients and others and the commercial opportunities presented by new technologies. To answer thefollowing questions you must use peer-reviewed formal research to substantiate supplier claims.

I. Summarize a supplier or manufacturer’s claims for a piece of equipment, new treatment protocol or anew product for cosmetic Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) or laser treatments. You must include a copy of thesuppliers or manufacturers claims as an appendix to this project.

II. State how this equipment, treatment protocol or product is a new development.

III. Search for peer-reviewed formal research articles that relate to the suppliers claims. You must includeat least 2 articles and summarize the research outcomes.

IV. Search for industry trade journals and other media (informal sources) references to the supplierclaims. Summarize what these sources say about the supplier or manufacturer’s claims.

V. Consider the peer-reviewed research journals and the supplier or manufacturers claims and statewhat the main benefits are for the client or the clinic.

VI. Identify any potential safety risks for the client or the clinic.

VII. List the limitations of this new technology, protocol or product.

VIII. Are there any Australian or state laws of legislation, OH&S regulations or health regulations that limitthe use of this equipment

IX. List the training that would need to be undertaken for a technician to become competent in offering thistreatment for a range of clients.

X. What are the cost implications of the new equipment, protocol or product for the client? Include theinitial and ongoing costs and provide the likely cost per treatment.

XI. Would you recommend the purchase of this equipment or product, or the introduction of the newprotocol for the clinic/ include cost, potential new markets and ability to recoup costs.

literature review by rosura albert

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