literature cited fl-pch rules oregon spotted frog · in skagit and whatcom counties, washington....

1

Oregon Spotted Frog Final Listing and Proposed Critical Habitat

LITERATURE CITED Adams, M.J. 1999. Correlated factors in amphibian decline: exotic species and habitat change

in western Washington. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:1162–1171. Adams, M.J., C.A. Pearl, and R.B. Bury. 2003. Indirect facilitation of an anuran invasion by

non-native fishes. Ecology Letters 6:343-351. Adams, M.J, N. Chelgren, D Reinitz, R.A. Cole, L.J. Rachowicz, S. Galvan, B. McCreary, C.A.

Pearl, L.L. Bailey, J. Bettaso, E.L. Bull, and Mathias Leu. 2010. Using occupancy models to understand the distribution of an amphibian pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Ecological Applications 20(1): 289-302.

Adams, M.J., C.A. Pearl, S. Galvan, B. McCreary, N. Chelgren, R. Klaver, D. Pilliod. 2007.

Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative Pacific Northwest Region 2007 Annual Report. Corvallis, Oregon. 22 pp.





Adams, M.J., C.A. Pearl, S. Galvan, B. McCreary, N. Chelgren, D. Pilliod. 2010. Forest and

Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative Pacific Northwest Region 2010 Annual Report. Corvallis, Oregon. 23 pp.

Adams, M.J., C.A. Pearl, S. Galvan, B. McCreary, N. Chelgren, D. Pilliod. 2011. Forest and

Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative Pacific Northwest Region 2011 Annual Report. Corvallis, Oregon. 25 pp.

Agee, J.K. 1993. Fire ecology of Pacific Northwest forests. Island Press, Washington, D.C. Amphibian Ark. 2013. http://www.amphibianark.org/the-crisis/chytrid-fungus. Last accessed

26 February, 2013. Amish, S.J. 2006. Ecosystem engineering: beaver and the population structure of Columbia

spotted frogs in western Montana. Master’s Thesis. University of Montana. Autumn 2006.

2

Antieau, C.J. 1998. Biology and management of reed canarygrass, and implications for ecological restoration. Unpublished report. Washington State Department of Transportation, Seattle, Washington. 13 pp.

Baird, S.F., and C. Girard. 1853. Communication regarding Rana pretiosa and Bufo

columbiensis. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia 6:378–379. Baker, B.W. and E.P Hill. 2003. Beaver (Castor canadensis) in Wild Mammals of North

America (G.A. Feldhamer, B.C. Thompson, and J.A. Chapman, editors). The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.

Ballengee, B. and S.K. Sessions. 2009. Explanation for missing limbs in deformed amphibians.

Journal of Experimental Zoology (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 312B:1-10. Bancroft, B.A., N.J. Baker, and A.R. Blaustein. 2008. A meta-analysis of the effects of

ultraviolet B radiation and its synergistic interactions with pH, contaminants, and disease on amphibian survival. Conservation Biology 22(4): 987-996.

Bear Creek Watershed Council. 2001. Bear Creek Watershed Assessment: Phase II- Bear Creek

Tributary. Unpublished report prepared for Bear Creek Watershed Council. 33 pp. Belsky, A.J., and J.L. Gelbard. 2000. Livestock grazing and weed invasions in the Arid West.

Report published by the Oregon Natural Desert Association. 31 pp. Biek, R., W.C. Funk, B.A. Maxell, and L.S. Mills. 2002. What is missing in amphibian decline

research: insights from ecological sensitivity analysis. Conservation Biology 16(3):728-734.

Bishop, C.A., S.L. Ashpole, A.M. Edwards, G.Van Aggelen, and J.E. Elliot. 2010. Hatching

success and pesticide exposures in amphibians living in agricultural habitats of the South Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada (2004-2006). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 29 (7):1593-1603.

Blaustein, A.R., J.B. Hays, P.D. Hoffman, D.P. Chiavers, J.M. Kiesecker, W.P. Leonard, A.

Marco, D.H. Olson, J.K. Reaser, and R.G. Anthony. 1999. DNA repair and resistance to UV-B radiation in western spotted frogs. Ecological Applications 9(3):1100-1105.

Blaustein, A.R., J.M. Romansic, J.M. Kiesecker, and A.C. Hatch. 2003. Ultraviolet radiation,

toxic chemicals and amphibian population declines. Diversity and Distributions. 9:123-140.

Blaustein, A. R., S. C. Walls, B. A. Bancroft, J. J. Lawler, C. L. Searle, and S. S. Gervasi. 2010.

Direct and indirect effects of climate change on amphibian populations. Diversity 2:281-313.

3

Blouin, M., I.C. Phillipsen, and K.J. Monsen. 2010. Population structure and conservation genetics of the Oregon spotted frog, Rana pretiosa. Conservation Genetics 11:2179-2194.

Bohannon, J., D. Gay, M. Widner, and C. Bauman. 2012. Oregon spotted frog presence surveys

in Skagit and Whatcom Counties, Washington. Final report on the 2011 and 2012 surveys submitted to USFWS Region 1, Washington Fish and Wildlife Office. June 2012. 37 pp.

Bowerman, J. 2010. Submerged calling by Oregon Spotted Frogs (Rana pretiosa) remote from

breeding aggregations. Reptiles and Amphibians 17: 84-87. Bowerman, J. and P.T.J. Johnson. 2003. Timing of trematodes-related malformations in Oregon

spotted frogs and Pacific treefrogs. Northwestern Naturalist 84:142-145. Bowerman, J., P.T.J. Johnson, and T. Bowerman. 2010. Sublethal predators and their injured

prey: linking aquatic predators and severe limb abnormalities in amphibians. Ecology 91(1):242-251.

Boyer, R., and C.E. Grue. 1995. The need for water quality criteria for frogs. Environmental

Health Perspectives 103:352-357. Boyle, C.A., L. Lavhulich, H. Schreier, and E. Kiss. 1997. Changes in land cover and

subsequent effects on Lower Fraser Basin ecosystems from 1827 to 1990. Environmental Management 21:185-196

Bradley, G.A., P.C. Rosen, M.J. Sredl, T.R. Jones, and J.E. Longcore. 2002. Chytridiomycosis

in native Arizona frogs. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38(1):206-212. Brand, A.B. and J.W. Snodgrass. 2010. Value of artifical habitat for amphibian reproduction in

altered landscapes. Conservation Biology 24(1):295-301. British Columbia Ministry of Environment. 2012. Endangered Species and Ecosystems.

http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/atrisk/red-blue.htm. Accessed 19 January 2012. Bull, E.L., and D.B. Marx. 2002. Influence of fish and habitat on amphibian communities in

high elevation lakes of northeastern Oregon. Northwest Science 76:240–248. Bureau of Land Management (BLM). 1995. Record of Decision for the Medford District

Resource Management Plan. USDOI-Bureau of Land Management, Medford District Office, Medford, Oregon. 260 pp.

BLM. 1996. Klamath Falls Resource Area Upper Klamath Basin and Wood River Wetland

Record of Decision and Resource Management Plan. USDOI-Bureau of Land Management, Klamath Falls Resource Area, Klamath Falls, Oregon. 25 pp.

4

BLM. 1998. Wood River Spotted Frog Survey. 1pp. BLM. 2008. Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument Record of Decision and Resource

Management Plan. USDOI-Bureau of Land Management, Medford District Office, Medford, Oregon. 334 pp.

BLM Policy 6840. 2008. Special Status Species Management Policy 6840. Bureau of Land

Management Manual 6-125. 48 pp. BLM Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA). The Federal Land Policy and

Management Act (FLPMA) of 1976: How the stage was set for BLM’s “Organic Act” <http://www.blm.gov/flpma/organic.htm.> Last accessed November 29, 2012.

BOR. 2009. Keene Creek Dam Hydraulics and Hydrology.

<http://www.usbr.gov/projects/Facility.jsp?fac_Name=Keene+Creek+Dam&groupName=Hydraulics+%26+Hydrology> Last accessed November 28, 2012.

BOR. 2011. Rogue River Basin project

<http://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=Rogue+River+Basin+Project> Last accessed November 28, 2012.

Canning, D.J., and M. Stevens. 1990. Wetlands of Washington: a resource characterization.

Shorelands and Coastal Zone Management Program, Wash. Department of Ecology, Olympia. 54 pp.

Canadian Oregon Spotted Frog Recovery Team (COSFRT). 2012. Recovery strategy for the

Oregon Spotted Frog (Rana pretiosa) in British Columbia. Prepared for the B.C. Ministry of Environment, Victoria, BC. 59 pp.

Carl, G.C., and I.M. Cowan. 1945. Notes on some frogs and toads of British Columbia. Copeia

1945:52–53. Chang, H. and J. Jones. 2010. Climate Change and Freshwater Resources in Oregon. Chapter

3, Oregon Climate Change Research Institute (2010), Oregon Climate Assessment Report, K.D. Dello and P.W. Mote (eds). College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.

Chelgren, N.D., C.A Pearl, M.J. Adams, and J. Bowerman. 2008. Demography and movement

in relocation population of Oregon spotted frogs (Rana pretiosa): influence of season and gender. Copeia 4:742-751.

Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). 2011. COSEWIC

assessment and status report on the Oregon spotted frog Rana pretiosa in Canada. COSEWIC. Ottawa. xi + 47 pp. (www. sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm).

5

Congressional Budget Office. 2005. Uncertainty in Analyzing Climate Change: Policy Implications. 52 pp.

Cook, F.R. 1984. Introduction to Canadian amphibians and reptiles. National Museum of

Natural Science, National Museum of Canada. Cook, M.T., S.S. Heppell, and T.S. Garcia. 2013. Invasive bullfrog larvae lack developmental

plasticity to changing hydroperiod. Journal of Wildlife Management 77(4):655-662. Corkran, C.C., and C.R. Thoms. 1996. Amphibians of Oregon, Washington, and British

Columbia, a field identification guide. Lone Pine Publishing, Edmonton, Alberta. 175 pp.

Corn, P. S. 2003. Amphibian breeding and climate change: Importance of snow in the

mountains. Cons. Biol. 17(2):622-625. Crowe, E.A. , B.L. Kovalchik, and M. Kerr. 2004. Riparian and wetland vegetation of central

and eastern Oregon. Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon. 473 pp. Cushman, K.A. and C.A. Pearl. 2007. A conservation assessment for the Oregon spotted frog

(Rana pretiosa). U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Region 6, U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management Oregon and Washington. 46 pp.

Dahl, T.E. 1990. Wetlands losses in the United States 1780’s to 1980’s. U.S. Department of the

Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 13 pp. Daggett, S.G., M.E. Boule, J.A. Bernert, J.M. Eilers, E. Blok, D. Peters, and J. Morlan. 1998.

Wetland and land use change in the Willamette Valley, Oregon: 1982 to 1994. Shapiro and Associates, Inc. Report to the Oregon Division of State Lands. December 1998. 47 pp.

Daszak, P., L. Berger, A.A. Cunningham, A.D. Hyatt, D.E. Green, and R. Speare. 1999.

Emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population declines. Emerging Infectious Diseases 5(6)735-748.

Daszak, P., A. Strieby, A.A. Cunningham, J.E. Longcore, C.C. Brown, and D. Porter. 2004.

Experimental evidence that the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) is a potential carrier of chytridiomycosis, an emerging fungal disease of amphibians. The Herpetological Journal 14:201-207.

Densmore, C.L. and D.E. Green. 2007. Diseases of Amphibians. Institute for Laboratory

Animal Research Journal 48(3):235-254.. Dunlap, D.G. 1955. Inter- and intraspecific variation in Oregon frogs of the genus Rana.

American Midland Naturalist 54:314–331.

6

Elsner, M.M. L. Cuo, N. Voisin, J.S. Deems, A.F. Hamlet, J.A. Vano, K.E.B. Mickelson, S. Lee, and D.P. Lettenmaier. 2010. Implications of 21st century climate change for the hydrology of Washington State. Climate Change 102:225-260.

Engler, J., and D.C. Friesz. 1998. Draft 1998 Oregon spotted frog breeding surveys, Conboy

Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Klickitat County, Washington. Unpublished Report. 5 pp.

Engler, J., and M.P. Hayes. 1998. The Oregon spotted frog and bullfrog: habitat partitioning and

species interactions at Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge 1998 progress report. Unpublished Report. 3 pp.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2004. Biological evaluation of the revised Oregon

water quality standards for temperature, intergravel dissolved oxygen, and antidegradation: amended final. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Oregon Operations Office, Portland, Oregon. February 4, 2004.

EPA. 2007. Biological evaluation of the revised Washington water quality standards. U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Seattle, Washington. April 10, 2007. EPA. 2008. EPA approval of the 2003/2006 revisions to the Washington water quality

standards regulations. Letter to David C. Peeler, Program Manager, Department of Ecology, Olympia, Washington. February 11, 2008.

Ferrari, R.L. 2000. Keene Creek Reservoir 1999 survey. Report for the United States Bureau of

Reclamation. 27 pp. Forbes, T., and L. Peterson. 1999. Jack Creek population of the Oregon spotted frog (Rana

pretiosa) on Chemult Ranger District, Winema National Forest (Klamath Co, Oregon). Unpublished report. U.S. Forest Service, Chemult Ranger District, Winema National Forest. 38 pp.

Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation. 2003. Black River hydrologic modeling, final

study report. Prepared for The Nature Conservancy, Seattle, WA. June 2003. 29 pp. Franklin, I.R. 1980. Evolutionary change in small populations. Pp. 135-140. In M.E. Soule and

B.A. Wilcox (editors), Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates.

Funk, W.C., C.A. Pearl, H.M. Draheim, M.J. Adams, T.D. Mullins, and S.M. Haig. 2008.

Range-wide phylogeographic analysis of the spotted frog complex (Rana luteiventris and Rana pretiosa) in the northwestern North America. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46:198-210.

7

Ganguly, A., K. Steinhaeuser, D. Erickson, M. Branstetter, E. Parish, N. Singh, J. Drake, and L. Buja. 2009. Higher trends but larger uncertainty and geographic variability in 21st century temperature and heat waves. PNAS. 106: 15555–15559.

Gannett, M.W., Lite, K.E., Jr., Morgan, D.S., and Collins, C.A., 2001. Ground-water hydrology

of the upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 00–4162. 78 p.

Gannett, M.W., K.E. Lite, Jr., J.L. La Marche, B.J. Fisher, and D.J. Polette. 2007. Ground-

water hydrology of the upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5050, 84 p.

Garner, T.W.J., M.W. Perkins, P. Govindarajulu, D. Seglie, S. Walker, A.A. Cunningham, and

M.C. Fisher. 2006. The emerging amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis globally infects introduced populations of the north Americal bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Biology Letters 2:455-459

Gervais, J. 2011. Final-Jack Creek Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) Site Management Plan.

Prepared for the USDA-Fremont Winema National Forest, Chemult Ranger District, Chemult, Oregon. 42 pp.

Glare, T.R. and M. O’Callaghan. 1998. Environmental and health impacts of Bacillus

thuringiensis israelensis. Report for the Ministry of Health. July 1998. 58 pp. Glick, P., B.A. Stein, and N.A. Edelson (eds.). 2011. Scanning the conservation horizon: a

guide to climate change vulnerability assessment. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, DC. 168 pp.

Green, D.M. 1985. Natural hybrids between the frogs Rana cascadae and Rana pretiosa

(Anura:Ranidae). Herpetologica 41:262–267. Green, D.M. 2003. The ecology of extinction: population fluctuation and decline in

amphibians. Biological Conservation 111:331-343. Green, D.M., T.F. Sharbel, J. Kearsley, and H. Kaiser. 1996. Postglacial range fluctuation,

genetic subdivision and speciation in the western North American spotted frog complex, Rana pretiosa. Evolution 50:374–390.

Green, D.M., H. Kaiser, T.F. Sharbel, J. Kearsley, and K.R. McAllister. 1997. Cryptic species

of spotted frogs, Rana pretiosa complex in western North America. Copeia 1997:1–8. Groff, L.A. 2011. A species distribution model for guiding Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa)

surveys near the southern extent of its geographic range. Master’s Thesis, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California. January 2011.

8

Haertel, J.D., and R.M. Storm. 1970. Experimental hybridization between Rana pretiosa and Rana cascadae. Herpetologica 26:436–446.

Hallock, L. 2011. 2011 Annual Oregon spotted frog egg mass census at Trout Lake Natural

Area Preserve. Final report prepared for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. May 9, 2011. 14 pp.

Hallock, L. 2012. Annual Oregon spotted frog egg mass census at Trout Lake NAP 1997-2012.

Unpublished Report. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. 35 pp.

Hallock, Lisa. 2013. Draft State of Washington Oregon spotted frog recovery plan. Washington

Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. 93 +v pp. Hallock, L., and S. Pearson. 2001. Telemetry study of fall and winter Oregon spotted frog

(Rana pretiosa) movement and habitat use at Trout Lake, Klickitat County, Washington. Unpublished report to Washington State Department of Transportation and Washington Department of Natural Resources Natural Areas Program. 20 pp.

Halsnaes, K., P. Shukla, D. Ahuja, G. Akumu, R. Beale, J. Edmonds, C. Gollier, A. Grübler, M.

Ha Duong, A. Markandya, M. McFarland, E. Nikitina, T. Sugiyama, A. Villavicencio, J. Zou. 2007. Framing issues. In Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [B. Metz, O. R. Davidson, P. R. Bosch, R. Dave, L. A. Meyer (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA

Hammerson, G.A. 2005. Population/Occurrence delineation for ranid frogs. Available on-line at

NatureServe Explorer http://www.natureserve.org. [Accessed 6 March 2012]. Hanowski, J.M., G.J. Niemi, A.R. Lima, and R.R. Regal. 1997. Response of breeding birds to

mosquito control treatments of wetlands. Wetlands 17(4):485-492. Hardin-Davis, Inc. 1991. Instream Flow Study for the Deschutes River above Bend, OR. USDA

Forest Service Deschutes National Forest, Bend Ranger District. 59 pp. Haycock, R.D. 2000. COSEWIC status report on the Oregon spotted frog, Rana pretiosa, in

Canada. Report to the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa. 19 pp.

Hayes, M.P. 1994. The spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) in western Oregon. Part I. Background.

Part II. Current status. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Technical Report 94–1–01. Unpublished Report.

Hayes, M.P. 1997. Status of the Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa sensu stricto) in the

Deschutes basin and selected other systems in Oregon and northeastern California with a rangewide synopsis of the species’ status. Final report prepared for The Nature

9

Conservancy under contract to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. Unpublished Report. 57 pp.

Hayes, M.P. 1998a. The Buck Lake Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) population (Spencer

Creek System, Klamath County, Oregon). Final report prepared for the Bureau of Land Management and The Nature Conservancy under contract to Winema National Forest. Unpublished Report. 22 pp.

Hayes, M.P. 1998b. The Jack Creek population of the Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa)

Chemult Ranger District, Winema National Forest (Klamath County, Oregon). Final report prepared for The Nature Conservancy under contract to the Winema National Forest. Unpublished Report 14 pp.

Hayes, M. 2010. 2010 Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) egg mass surveys at Conboy Lake

National Wildlife Refuge. Unpublished Report. 10 pp. Hayes, M. and T. L. Hicks. 2011. 2009-2011 Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) egg mass

surveys at Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge. Unpublished Report. 19 pp. Hayes, M.P. and M.R. Jennings. 1986. Decline of ranid frog species in western North America:

are bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) responsible? Journal of Herpetology 20:490–509. Hayes, M.P., J.D. Engler, R.D. Haycock, D.H. Knopp, W.P. Leonard, K.R. McAllister, and L.L.

Todd. 1997. Status of the Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) across its geographic range. Oregon Chapter of the Wildlife Society, Corvallis, Oregon.

Hayes, M.P., J.D. Engler, D.C. Friesz, and K. Hans. 2000. Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa)

oviposition at Conboy National Wildlife Refuge (Klickitat County, Washington): management implications of embryonic mortality. Final report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Lacey, Washington. 14 pp.

Hayes, M.P., J.D. Engler, S.Van Leuven, D.C. Friesz, T. Quinn, and D.J. Pierce. 2001

Overwintering of the Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) at Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Klickitat County, Washington, 2000-2001. Final Report to Washington Department of Transportation. June 2001. 86 pp.

Hayes, M.P., C.J. Rombough, C.B. Hayes, and J.D. Engler. 2005. Rana pretiosa (Oregon

spotted frog). Predation. Herpetological Review 36(3):307. Hayes, M.P., C.J. Rombough, G.E. Padget-Flohr, L.A. Hallock, J.E. Johnson, R.S. Wagner, and

J.D. Engler. 2009. Amphibian chytridiomycosis in the Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) in Washington State, USA. Northwestern Naturalist 90:148-151.

Hayes, M.P., J.D. Engler, and C.J. Rombough. 2006. Rana pretiosa (Oregon spotted frog).

Predation. Herpetological Review 37(2):209-210.

10

Hecnar, S.J. 1995. Acute and chronic toxicity of ammonium nitrate fertilizer to amphibians from southern Ontario. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14:2131–2137.

Hershey, A.E., A.R. Lima, G.J. Niemi, and R.R. Regal. 1998. Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis

israelensis (BTI) and methoprene on nontarget macroinvertebrates in Minnesota wetlands. Ecological Applications 8(1):41-60.

Hixon, M.A., S.V. Gregory, W.D. 2010. Oregon's Fish and Wildlife in a Changing Climate.

Chapter 7, Oregon Climate Change Research Institute (2010), Oregon Climate Assessment Report, K.D. Dello and P.W. Mote (eds). College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.

Huber, M., and R. Knutti. 2011. Anthropogenic and natural warming inferred from changes in

Earth’s energy balance. Nature Geoscience. Published online December 4, 2011; DOI: 10.1038/NGEO1327. 6 pp. plus supplemental material.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2007. Regional climate projections. Chapter 11

In: Climate Change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Christensen, J.H., B. Hewitson, A. Busuioc, A. Chen, X. Gao, I. Held, R. Jones, R.K. Kolli, W.-T. Kwon, R. Laprise, V. Magaña Rueda, L. Mearns, C.G. Menéndez, J. Räisänen, A. Rinke, A. Sarr and P. Whetton. (Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, editors.) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. 94 pp.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2007a. Climate Change 2007: Synthesis report.

Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K., and A. Reisinger, editors). IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. 104 pp.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2012 Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and

Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II and of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C. B., V. Barros, T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, D. J. Dokken, K. L. Ebi, M. D. Mastrandrea, K. J. Mach, G. K. Plattner, S. K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P. M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA. 582 pp.

Johnson, P.T.J. and J.M. Chase. 2004. Parasites in the food web: linking amphibian

malformations and aquatic eutrophication. Ecology Letters 7:521-526. Johnson, P.T.J, J.M. Chase, K.L. Dosch, R.B. Hanson, J.A. Gross, D.J. Larson, D.R. Sutherland,

and S.R. Carpenter. 2007. Aquatic eutrophication promotes pathogenic infection in amphibians. PNAS 104(40):15781-15786.

Johnson, P.T.J. and R.B. Hartson. 2009. All hosts are not equal: explaining differential pattersn

of malformations in an amphibian community. Journal of Animal Ecology 78:191-201.

11

Johnson, P.T.J., K.B. Lunde, E.M. Thurman, E.G. Ritchie, S.N. Wray, D.R. Sutherland, J.M.

Kapfer, T.J. Frest, J. Bowerman, and A.R. Blaustein. 2002a. Parasite (Ribeiroia ondatrae) infection linked to amphibian malformations in the western United States. Ecological Monographs 72(2):151-168.

Johnson, P., D.L. Mock, A. McMillan, L. Driscoll, and T. Hruby. 2002b. Washington State

wetland mitigation evaluation study Phase 2: evaluating success. Washington Department of Ecology Shorelands and Environmental Assistance Program publication 02-06-009. February 2002. 146 pp.

Kauffman, J.B. and W.C. Krueger. 1984. Livestock impacts on riparian ecosystems and

streamside management implications: A review. Journal of Range Management 37(5):430-438

Kentula, M.E., J.C. Sifneos, J.W. Wood, M. Rylko, and K. Kunz. 1992. Trends and patterns in

Section 404 permitting requiring compensatory mitigation in Oregon and Washington, USA. Environmental Management 16:109-119.

Kiesecker, J.M. 2002. Synergism between trematode infection and pesticide exposure: a link to

amphibian deformities in nature? PNAS 99(15):9900-9904. Kiesecker, J.M., and A.R. Blaustein. 1997. Influences of egg laying behaviour on pathogenic

infection of amphibian eggs. Conservation Biology 11:214–220. Kiesecker, J.M., and A.R. Blaustein 1998. Effects of introduced bullfrogs and smallmouth bass

on microhabitat use, growth, and survival of native red-legged frogs (Rana aurora). Conservation Biology 12:776–787.

Kiesecker, J.M., A.R. Blaustein, and C.L. Miller. 2001a. Complex causes of amphibian

population declines. Nature 410:681-683. Kiesecker, J.M., A.R. Blaustein, and C.L. Miller. 2001b. Potential mechanisms underlying the

displacement of native red-legged frogs by introduced bullfrogs. Ecology 82:1964-1970. King, K.C., J.D. McLaughlin, A.D. Gendron, B.D. Pauli, I. Giroux, B. Rondeau, M. Boily, P.

Juneau, and D.J. Marcogliese. 2007. Impacts of agriculture on the parasite communities of northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) in southern Quebec, Canada. Parasitology 134:2063-2080.

Klamath County Comprehensive Plan Policy (KCCPP). 2005.

http://www.co.klamath.or.us/ComDevelopment/comprehensive_plan.htm. Last accessed November 29, 2012.

12

Klamath County Development Code (KCDC). 2005 http://www.co.klamath.or.us/ComDevelopment/Planning_Land_Dev_Code.htm. Last accessed November 29, 2012.

Klickitat County. 2007. Shorelines Master Plan Update. Approved by Washington Department

of Ecology August 7, 1998, Amended 2007. 108 pp. Knapp, R.A. 2005. Effects of nonnative fish and habitat characteristics on lentic herpetofauna

in Yosemite National Park, USA. Biological Conservation 121:265-279. Kovlachik, B.L. 1987. Riparian Zone Associations: Deschutes, Ochoco, Fremont, and Winema

National Forests. Pacific Northwest Region, Region 6 Ecology Technical Paper 279-87. September 1987. 171 pp.

Kruse, K.C., and M.G. Francis. 1977. A predation deterrent in larvae of the bullfrog, Rana

catesbeiana. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 106:248–252. Kupferberg, S.J. 1997. Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) invasion of a California river: the role of

larval competition. Ecology 78:1736–1751. Lamoureaux, V.S. and D.M. Madison. 1999. Overwintering habitats of radio-implanted Green

Frogs, Rana clamitans. Journal of Herpetology 33(3):430-435. Lande, R. 1988. Genetics and demography in biological conservation. Science 241:1455-1460. Larson, R., and B.J. Brush. 2010. Upper Klamath Basin wetlands: An assessment. Unpublished

report for the Klamath Falls Fish and Wildlife Service. 24 pp. Lawler, S.P, D. Dritz, T. Strange, and M. Holyoak. 1999. Effects of Introducted mosquitofish

and bullfrogs on the threatened California red-legged frog. Conservation Biology 13 (3):613-622.

Lawler, S.P., D.A. Dritz, and T. Jensen. 2000. Effects of sustained-release methoprene and a

combined formulation of liquid methoprene and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis on insects in salt marshes. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 39:177-182.

Leonard, W. P. 1997. Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) monitoring at Trout Lake Natural

Area Preserve and vicinity, Klickitat and Skamania Counties, Washington. Unpublished Report, Washington Natural Heritage Program, Washington Department of Natural Resources, Olympia. 22 pp.

Leonard, W. P., H.A. Brown, L.L.C. Jones, K.R. McAllister, and R.M. Storm. 1993.

Amphibians of Washington and Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society, Seattle, Washington. 168 pp.

13

Leonard, W. P., K.R. McAllister, and L.A. Hallock. 1997. Autumn vocalizations by the red-legged frog (Rana aurora) and the Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa). Northwestern Naturalist 78:73-74.

Lerum, L. 2012. Site Management Plan for Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) Buck Lake

Complex, Klamath County, Oregon. Prepared for USDA-Fremont-Winema National Forest, Klamath Ranger District, Klamath Falls, Oregon. 24 pp.

Lewis, J.C., D.P. Anderson, and S. Van Leuven. 2001. Oviposition ecology of the Oregon

spotted frog at Trout Lake Marsh, Washington. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Olympia. 13 pp.

Licht, L.E. 1971. Breeding habits and embryonic thermal requirements of the frogs Rana

aurora aurora and Rana pretiosa pretiosa in the Pacific Northwest. Ecology 52:116–124.

Licht, L.E. 1974. Survival of embryos, tadpoles, and adults of the frogs Rana aurora aurora and

Rana pretiosa pretiosa sympatric in southwestern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 52:613–627.

Licht, L.E. 1986a. Food and feeding behavior of sympatric red-legged frogs, Rana aurora, and

spotted frogs, Rana pretiosa, in Southwestern British Columbia. Canadian Field Naturalist 100:22-31.

Licht, L.E. 1986b. Comparative escape behavior of sympatric Rana aurora and Rana pretiosa.

American Midland Naturalist 115(2):239-247. Littell, J.S., M. McGuire Elsner, L.C. Whitely Binder, and A.K. Snover (eds). 2009. The

Washington Climate Change Impacts Assessment: Evaluating Washington's Future in a Changing Climate - Executive Summary. In: The Washington Climate Change Impacts Assessment: Evaluating Washington's Future in a Changing Climate,Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

Lugwig, S. 2011. FY 2012 Recovery funding proposal for habitat enhancement at Conboy Lake

National Wildlife Refuge. Unpublished funding proposal sumbitted in October 2011 to USFWS Washington Fish and Wildlife Office. 13 pp.

Lynch, J.A. and E.S. Corbett. 1990. Evaluation of best management practices for controlling

nonpoint pollution from silvicultural operations. Water Resources Bulletin 26:41-52 Marco, A., C. Quilchano, and A. Blaustein. 1999. Sensitivity to nitrate and nitrite in pond-

breeding amphibians from the Pacific Northwest, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18: 2836–2839.

14

Mann, R.M., R.V. Hyne, C.B. Choung, and S.P. Wilson. 2009. Amphibians and agricultural chemicals: Review of the risks in a complex environment. Environmental Pollution 157: 2903-2927.

Meehl, G.A., T.F. Stocker, W.D. Collins, P. Friedlingstein, A.T. Gaye, J.M. Gregory, A. Kitoh,

R. Knutti, J.M. Murphy, A. Noda, S.C.B. Raper, I.G. Watterson, A.J. Weaver and Z.-C. Zhao. Global climate projections. Pp 747-846 In: Climate Change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, editors.) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. 996 pp.

Mantua, N., I. Tohver, and A. Hamlet. 2010. Climate change impacts on streamflow extremes

and summertime stream temperature and their possible consequences for freshwater salmon habitat in Washington State. Climate Change 102:187-223.

Materna, E.J., C.F. Rabeni, and T.W. LaPoint. 1995. Effects of the synthetic pyrethroid

insecticide, esfenvalerate, on larval leopard frogs (Rana spp.). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14:613–622.

Mayer, T.D. and S.W. Naman. 2011. Streamflow response to climate as influenced by geology

and elevation. Journal of the American Water Resources Assocation (JAWRA). 15 pp.

McAllister, K.R. 1995. Distribution of amphibians and reptiles in Washington State. Northwest Fauna 3:81-112.

McAllister, K.R., and W.P. Leonard. 1997. Washington State status report for the Oregon

spotted frog. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia. 38 pp. McAllister, K.R., W.P. Leonard, D.W. Hays, and R. C. Friesz. 1999. Washington state status

report for the northern leopard frog. WDFW, Olympia. 36 pp. McAllister, K.R., W.P. Leonard, and R.M. Storm. 1993. Spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) surveys in

the Puget Trough of Washington, 1989-1991. Northwestern Naturalist 74:10-15. McAllister, K.R. and M. Walker. 2003. An inventory of Oregon spotted frogs (Rana pretiosa)

in the upper Black River drainage, Thurston County, Washington. Unpublished report. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia. 12 pp.

McAllister, K.R. and H.Q. White. 2001. Oviposition ecology of the Oregon spotted frog at

Beaver Creek, Washington. Unpublished report. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia. 24 pp.

Mercer, D.R., S.L. Sheeley, and E.J. Brown. 2005. Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) development

within microhabitats on an Iowa wetland. Journal of Medical Entomology 42(4):685-693.

15

Merritt, R.W., E.D. Walker, M.A. Wilzbach, K.W. Cummins, and W.T. Morgan. 1989. A broad

evaluation of B.T.I. for black fly (Diptera: simuliidae) control in a Michigan river: efficacy, carry and nontarget effects on invertebrates and fish. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 5(3):397-415.

Michel, M.J. and S. Burke. 2011. Consequences of an amphibian malformity for development

and fitness in complex environments. Freshwater Biology 56:1417-1425. Mills, N.E. and M.C. Barnhart. 1999. Effects of hypoxia on embryonic development in two

Ambystoma and two Rana species. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 72(2): 179-188.

Monello, R.J., and R.G. Wright. 1999. Amphibian habitat preferences among artificial ponds in

the Palouse region of northern Idaho. Journal of Herpetology 33:298–303. Moore, M.K. and V.R. Townsend Jr. 1998. The interaction of temperature, dissolved oxygen

and predation pressure in an aquatic predator-prey system. Oikos 81(2): 329-336. Morlan, J. C., E. F. Blok, J. Miner, and W. N. Kirchner. 2010. Wetland and Land Use Change

in the Willamette Valley, Oregon: 1994 to 2005. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon, and Oregon Department of State Lands, Salem, Oregon.

Mote, P.W., E.A. Parson, A.F. Hamlet, W.S.Keeton, D. Lettenmaier, N. Mantua, E.L. Miles,

D.W. Peterson, D.L. Peterson, R. Slaughter, and A.K. Snover. 2003. Preparing for climate change: The water, salmon, and forests of the Pacific northwest. Climate Change 61: 45-88.

Mote, P., E. Salathe, V. Duliere, and E. Jump. 2008. Scenarios of future climate for the Pacific

Northwest. A report for the Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. 12pp.

Mullin, S.J., J.B. Towey, and R.E. Szafoni. 2004. Using rotenone to enhance native amphibian

breeding habitat in ponds (Illinois). Ecological Restoration 22(4):305-306. National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII). 2005. North American Reporting Center

for Amphibian Malformations. Retrieved 19 October 2005, from http://frogweb.nbii.gov/narcam/index.html.

Niemi, G.J. A.E. Hershey, L. Shannon, J.M. Hanowski, A. Lima, R.P Axler, and R.R. Regal.

1999. Ecological effects of mosquito control on zooplankton, insects, and birds. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18(3): 549-559.

Nordstrom, N., and R. Milner. 1997. Oregon spotted frog. Pages 6-1 to 6-12 in E. M. Larsen,

ed. Management recommendations for Washington’s Priority Species, Volume III: Amphibians and Reptiles. Wash. Dept. Fish and Wildl., Olympia.

16

Nussbaum, R.A., E.D. Brodie, Jr., and R.M. Storm. 1983. Amphibians and reptiles of the

Pacific Northwest. University of Idaho Press, Moscow. Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (ODEQ). 2012. Final 2010 Oregon 303(d) list.

December 2012.

Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW). 1996. Sensitive species. http://www.dfw.state.or.us/ODFWhtml/InfoCntrWild/Diversity/SENSSPE.html

ODFW. 2012. Guidelines for relocation of beaver in Oregon. Oregon Department of Fish and

Wildlife. Unpublished. January 4, 2012. 8 pp. Oregon Water Resources Department (OWRD). 2002. Certificate of Water Right Nos. 79212,

79217, State of Oregon, Jackson County (Feb. 26, 2002). ORWD. 2008. Certificate of Water Right No. 83729, State of Oregon Jackson County (January

10, 2008). Padgett-Flohr, G.E. and M.P. Hayes. 2011. Assessment of the vulnerability of the Oregon

spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) to the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis). Herpetological Conservation and Biology 6(2):99-106.

Parker, M.S. 2009. Discovery and status of Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) population at

the Parsnips Lakes, Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument. Unpublished report prepared for USDI Bureau of Land Management Ashland Resource District. 15 pp.

Parris, M.J., and D.R. Baud. 2004. Interactive effects of a heavy metal and chytridiomycosis on

gray treefrog larvae (Hyla chrysoscelis). Copeia 2:334-350. Parris, M.J. and Beaudoin. 2004. Chytridiomycosis impacts predator-prey interactions in larval

amphibian communities. Oceologia 140(4):626-632. Parris, M.J. and T.O. Cornelius. 2004. Fungal pathogen causes competitive and developmental

stress in larval amphibian communities. Ecology 85(12):3385-3395. Pearl, C.A. 1999. The Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) in the Three Sisters Wilderness

Area/Willamette National Forest. 1998 summary of findings. Unpublished report prepared for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 20 pp.

Pearl, C.A. and R.B. Bury. 2000. The Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) in the Three Sisters

Wilderness Area, Oregon: 1999 findings. Unpublished report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. 14 pp.

Pearl, C.A. and M.P. Hayes. 2002. Predation by Oregon spotted frogs (Rana pretiosa) on

western toads (Bufo boreas) in Oregon. American Midland Naturalist 147:145-152.

17

Pearl, C.A. and M.P. Hayes. 2004. Habitat associations of the Oregon spotted frog (Rana

pretiosa): A literature review. Final Report. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington, USA.

Pearl, C.A., M.J. Adams, R.B. Bury, and B. McCreary. 2004. Asymmetrical effects of introduce

bull frogs (Rana catesbeiana) on native ranid frogs in Oregon. Copeia 2004:11−20. Pearl, C.A., J. Bowerman, and D. Knight. 2005a. Feeding behavior and aquatic habitat use by

Oregon spotted frogs (Rana pretiosa) in central Oregon. Northwestern Naturalist 86:36-38.

Pearl, C.A., M.J. Adams, N. Leuthold, and R.B. Bury. 2005b. Amphibian occurrence and

aquatic invaders in a changing landscape: Implications for wetland mitigation in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA. Wetlands 25:76-88.

Pearl, C.A., E.L. Bull, D.E. Green, J. Bowerman, M.J. Adams, A. Hyatt, and W.H. Wente. 2007.

Occurrence of the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Herpetology 41(1):145-149.

Pearl, C.A., M.J. Adams, and N. Leuthold. 2009a. Breeding habitat and local population size of

the Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) in Oregon, USA. Northwestern Naturalist 90:136-147.

Pearl, C.A., J. Bowerman, M.J. Adams, and N.D. Chelgren. 2009b. Widespread occurrence of

the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis on Oregon spotted frogs (Rana pretiosa). EcoHealth 6:209-218.

Pearl, C., D. Clayton, and L. Turner. 2010. Surveys for presence of Oregon spotted frog (Rana

pretiosa): background information and field methods. Unpublished report. 49 pp. Pessier, A.P., D.K. Nichols, J.E. Longcore, and M.S. Fuller. 1999. Cutaneous chytridiomycosis

in poison dart frogs (Dendrobates spp.) and White’s tree frogs (Litoria caerulea). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 11: 194–199.

Petrisko, J.E., C.A. Pearl, D.S. Pilliod, P.P. Sheridan, C.F. Williams, C.R. Peterson, and R.B.

Bury. 2008. Saprolegniaceae identified on amphibian eggs throughout the Pacific Northwest, USA, by internal transcribed space sequences and phylogentic analysis. Mycologia 100(2):171-180.

Phillipsen, I.C., J. Bowerman, and M. Blouin. 2010. Effective number of breeding adults in

Oregon spotted frogs (Rana pretiosa): genetic estimates at two life stages. Conservation Genetics 11:737-745.

Pilliod, D.S., and C.R. Peterson. 2001. Local and landscape effects of introduced trout on

amphibians in historically fishless watersheds. Ecosystems 4:322-333.

18

Portland State University. 2011. 2000 and 2010 Comparison Profiles, Census 2000 Geography

Klamath County Census Tracts. http://www.pdx.edu/sites/www.pdx.edu.prc/files/Klamath_CT2000.pdf. Last accessed December 3, 2012.

Preston, D.L., J.S. Henderson, and P.T.J. Johnson. 2012. Community ecology of invasions:

direct and indirect effects of multiple invasive species on aquatic communities. Ecology 93(6):1254-1261.

Prinn, R., S., Paltsev, A. Sokolov, M. Sarofim, J. Reilly, and H. Jacoby. 2011. Scenarios with

MIT integrated global systems model: significant global warming regardless of different approaches. Climatic Change 104: 515–537.

Richter, K.O., and A.L. Azous. 1995. Amphibian occurrence and wetland characteristics in the

Puget Sound basin. Wetlands 15(3):305-312. Risenhoover, K.L., T.C. McBride, K. McAllister and M. Golliet. 2001a. Oviposition behavior of

the Oregon Spotted Frog (Rana pretiosa) along Dempsey Creek, Thurston County, Washington. Unpublished report submitted to Washington Department of Transportation, Olympia. 26 pp. + appendices.

Risenhoover, K.L., T.C. McBride, K. McAllister and M. Golliet. 2001b. Overwintering behavior

of the Oregon Spotted Frog (Rana pretiosa) along Dempsey Creek, Thurston County, Washington. Unpublished report submitted to Washington Department of Transportation, Olympia. 26 pp. + appendices.

Robertson, J.M., and W.C. Funk. 2012. Population genetic analysis of Oregon spotted frogs

(Rana pretiosa) in Oregon. Final report submitted to USDI Bureau of Land Management, Oregon State Office. 34 pp.

Rochlin, I., M.E. Demsey, T. Iwanejko, and D.V. Ninivaggi. 2011. Aquatic insects of New

York salt marsh associated with mosquito larval habitat and their potential utility as bioindicators. Journal of Insect Science 11(172):1-17.

Rombough, C.R., M.P. Hayes, and J.D. Engler. 2006. Rana pretiosa (Oregon Spotted Frog).

Maximum Size. Herpetological Review 37(2):210. Ross, D.A, J.K Reaser, P. Kleeman, and D.L. Drake. 1999. Rana luteiventris (Columba spotted

frog) mortality and site fidelity. Herpetological Review 30 (3): 163. Rouse, J.D., C.A. Bishop, and J. Struger. 1999. Nitrogen pollution: an assessment of its threat to

amphibian survival. Environ. Health Persp. 107(10):799–803. Rowe, J.C., and T.S. Garcia. 2014. Impacts of wetland restoration efforts on an amphibian

assemblage in a multi-invader community. Wetlands 34:141-153.

19

Schneider, S.H., and K. Kuntz-Duriseti. 2002. Uncertainty and Climate Change Policy. Pp 53-88 in Climate Change Policy: A Survey. (Schneider, S.H., A. Rosencranz, and J.O. Niles, editors). 2002. Island Press, Washington D.C. 584 pp.

Schotthoefer, A.M, A.V. Hoehler, C.U. Meteyer, and R.A. Cole. 2003. Influence of Ribeiroia

ondatrae (Trematoda: Digenea) infection on limb development and survival of northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens): effects of host stage and parasite-exposure level. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81:1144-1153.

Shovlain, A.M., D.H. Olson, W.J. Ripple, G.M. Riegel, and M. Huso. Oregon spotted frog

(Rana pretiosa) habitat use and livestock grazing at Jack Creek, Oregon. Unpublished manuscript data May 8, 2009. 25 pp.

Siegel, J.P. 2001. Minireview: The mammalian safety of Bacillus thuringiensis-based

insecticides. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 77:13-21. Siegel, J.P., J.A. Shadduck, and J. Szabo. 1987. Safety of Entomopathogen Bacillus

thuringiensis var. israelensis for mammals. Journal of Economic Entomology 80(4):717-723.

Simpson, M. 2007. Forested Plant Associations of the Oregon East Cascades. US Department

of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region. Technical Paper R6-NR-ECOL-TP-03-2007. July 2007.

Skagit County. 1976. Shoreline Master Program. Approved by Washington Department of

Ecology 1976. Skamania County. 1980. Shoreline Management Program. Approved by Washington

Department of Ecology February 1980. 25 pp. Soloman, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, R. Alley, T. Berntsen, N. L. Bindoff, Z. Chen, A.

Chidthaisong, J. M. Gregory, G. C. Hegerl, M. Himann, B. Hewitson, B. J. Hoskins, F. Joos, J. Jouzel, V. Kattsov, U. Lohmann, T. Matsuno, M. Molina, N. Nicholls, J. Overpeck, G. Raga, V. Ramaswamy, J. Ren, M. Rusticucci, R. Somerville, T. F. Stocker, R. J. Stouffer, P. Whetton, R. A. Wood, D. Wratt, 2007: Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H. L. Miller (eds.)] Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. 996 pp.

Speare, R., and L. Berger. 2004. Global distribution of chytridiomycosis in amphibians. World

Wide Web – http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/phtm/PHTM/frogs/chyglob.htm. 11 November 2000. Last Updated 14 April 2004.

20

Stark, J.D. 2005. A review and update of the report “Environmental and health impacts of the juvenile hormone analogue, S-methoprene” 1999 by T.R. Glare and M. O’Callaghan. Report prepared for New Zealand Ministry of Health. 32 pp.

Szurocksi, D. and J.M.L. Richardson. 2009. The role of trematode parasites in larval anuran

communities: an aquatic ecologist’s guide to the major players. Oecologia 161:371-385. Tattersall, G.J. and G.R. Ultsch. 2008. Physiological ecology of aquatic overwintering in ranid

frogs. Biological Reviews 83:119-140. Thurston County. 1990. Shoreline Master Program. Approved by Washington Department of

Ecology May 15, 1990. 399 pp. Tirhi, M. and T. Schmidt. 2011. 2011 District report. Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa)

monitoring, captive rearing, and reintroduction. District 11, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 88 pp.

Ultsch, G.R., T.E. Graham, C.E. Crocker. 2000. An aggregation of overwintering Leopard Frogs,

Rana pipiens, and common Map Turtles, Graptemys geographica, in northern Vermont. Canadian Field-Naturalist 114(2):314-315.

Upper Deschutes Watershed Council (UDWC). 2002. Little Deschutes River Sub-basin

Assesment. Bend, Oregon. May 2002. 88 pp. U.S. Army Corp of Engineers (ACOE). 2012a. 2012 Nationwide permits, conditions, district

engineer’s decision, further information, and definitions (with corrections). 46 pp. USACOE. 2012b. User’s guide for nationwide permits in Washington State. Includes: national

conditions, Seattle district regional general conditions, 401 certification general conditions, 401 water quality certifications, coastal zone management act consistency determinations. Effective date: June 15, 2012. 111 pp.

USACOE. 2012c. 2012 Nationwide regional permit conditions, Portland district. Posted May

3, 2012. 9 pp. U.S. Census Bureau. 2008. http://www.census.gov/. Last accessed 9 April, 2008. U.S. Census Bureau. 2012. http://www.census.gov/. Last accessed 29 August, 2012. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2004. Jack Creek Watershed Assessment. USDA

Forest Service, Fremont-Winema National Forests, Chemult, Oregon. USDA Forest Service. 2008. Draft Big Marsh Oregon spotted frog Site Management Plan.

Deschutes National Forest Crescent Ranger District. September 2008. 23 pp.

21

USDA Forest Service. 2009a. Draft Jack Creek Oregon spotted frog Site Management Plan. Fremont Winema National Forest Chemult Ranger District. June 4, 2009. 59 pp.

USDA Forest Service. 2009b. Draft Lava Lake Oregon spotted frog Site Management Plan.

Deschutes National Forest Bend Fort Rock Ranger District. December 2009. 23 pp. USDA Forest Service. 2009c. Draft Little Lava Lake Oregon spotted frog Site Management

Plan. Deschutes National Forest Bend Fort Rock Ranger District. September 2009. 19 pp.

USDA-Animal Plant and Health Inspection Service (APHIS). 2010. 2010 Biological

Assessment and Environmental Monitoring Plan for APHIS rangeland grasshopper and mormon cricket suppression programs in Oregon. United States Department of Agriculture, Portland, Oregon. 35 pp.

USDA Natural Resouce Conservation Science (NRCS). 2010. Wood River, Upper Klamath

Basin, Oregon Conservation Effects Assessment Project Special Emphasis Watershed Final Report. Oregon Natural Resources Conservation Service. April 2010. 78 pp.

USDA Forest Service. 2011a. Gold Lake Bog Oregon spotted frog Site Management Plan.

Willamette National Forest Middle Fork Ranger District. June 27, 2011.57 pp. USDA Forest Service. 2011b. Hosmer Lake Oregon spotted frog Site Management Plan.

Deschutes National Forest Bend Fort Rock Ranger District. September 2011. 19 pp. USDA NRCS. 2013.

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/programs/easements/wetlands. Last accessed 13 January 2013.

USFS and BLM. 2004. Record of Decision for Amendments to Forest Service and Bureau of

Land Management Planning Documents within the Range of the Northern Spotted Owl. April 13, 2004. 74 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2010a. Klamath Marsh National Wildlife Refuge

Final Comprehensive Conservation Plan and Environmental Assessment. Prepared by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Sacramento, California and Klamath Basin National Wildlife Complex Tulelake, California. 173 pp.

USFWS. 2010b. Conboy Lake and Toppenish National Wildlife Refuges Combined Preplanning

Report. September 20, 2010. 160 pp. USFWS. 2011a. Draft revised recovery plan for the Lost River sucker (Deltistes luxatus) and

shortnose sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris). Prepared by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Sacramento, California. xviii + 89 pp.

22

USFWS. 2011b. 2008-2011 Summary report for examining grazing effects on Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) using herbivores on the Musgrove Parcel (Dempsey Creek), Washington. 2008FY Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office Restoration and Recovery Programs Grant Report. 9 pp.

USFWS. 2012. Draft Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation

Plan. Received from Lisa Wilson on October 15, 2012. 461 pp. Voyles, J., S. Young, L. Berger, C. Campbell, W.F. Voyles, A. Dinudom, D. Cook, R. Webb,

R.A. Alford, L.F. Skerratt, and R. Speare. 2009. Pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis, a cause of catastrophic amphibian declines. Science 326:582-585

Vredenberg, V.T. 2004. Reversing introducted species effects: experimental removal of

introducted fish leads to rapid recovery of a declining frog. PNAS 101(20):7646-7650. Waibel, M.S. 2011. Model analysis of the hydrologic response to climate change in the upper

Deschutes basin, Oregon. Master’s Thesis, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon. Walston, L.J. and S.J. Mullin. 2007. Responses of pond-breeding amphibian community to the

experimental removal of predatory fish. American Midland Naturalist 157:63-73. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2008. Priority Habitat and Species List. Olympia,

Washington. 177 pp. Wassersug, R.J. and E.A. Seibert. 1975. Behavioral responses of amphibian larvae to variation

in dissolved oxygen. Copeia 1975(1): 86-103. Watson, J.W., K.R. McAllister, D.J. Pierce, and A. Alvarado. 1998. Movements, habitat

selection, and population characteristics of a remnant population of Oregon spotted frogs (Rana pretiosa). Annual Progress Report. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. 19 pp.

Watson, J.W., K.R. McAllister, and D.J. Pierce. 2003. Home ranges, movements, and habitat

selection of Oregon spotted frogs (Rana pretiosa). Journal of Herpetology 37:292−300. Watson, J.W., K.R. McAllister, D.J. Pierce, and A. Alvarado. 2000. Ecology of a remnant

population of Oregon spotted frogs (Rana pretiosa) in Thurston County, Washington. Final Report. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. 84 pp.

The Wetlands Conservancy. 2004. Deschutes Wetland Inventory Atlas. Deschutes Resources

Conservancy. 33 pp. Wetzel, R.G. 1983. Limnology. CBS College Publishing. W.B. Saunders Company. 860 pp.

23

Whatcom County. 2008. Shoreline Management Program. Approved by Washington Department of Ecology August 8, 2008. 223 pp.

White, H.Q. 2002. Oviposition habitat enhancement and population estimates of Oregon

spotted frogs (Rana pretiosa) at Beaver Creek, Washington. Master’s Thesis, The Evergreen State College, Olympia, Washington. March 2002.

Wilderman, D. and L. Hallock. 2004. Trout Lake Natural Area Preserve prescribed livestock

grazing assessment. Washington Department of Natural Resources. Unpublished assessment. March 2004. 20 pp.

Woodworth, B. 1999. Modeling population dynamics of a songbird exposed to parasitism and

predation and evaluating management options. Conservation Biology 13(1):67-76. Wydoski, R.S., and R.R. Whitney. 2003. Inland fishes of Washington, second edition, revised

and expanded. University of Washington Press. 322 pp. Personal Communications and In litt Banish, Nolan. USFWS-Ecological Services, October 9, 2012, email communication with Tia

Adams, USFWS-Klamath Falls Field Office, regarding piscicide treatments in the Klamath Basin-Factor E.

Blaustein, Andrew. Oregon State University, August 2, 1999, communication with Barabara

Behan, USFWS regarding red-leg syndrome. Bowerman, Jay. Sunriver Nature Center, October 3, 2005, email communications with Deanna

Lynch, USFWS Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Oregon spotted frog – updates for USFWS candidate assessment form, confirmation of Bd at Sunriver.

Bowerman, Jay. Sunriver Nature Center, October 4, 2006, email communications with Deanna

Lynch, USFWS Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Regarding Oregon spotted frog – update on activities.

Bowerman, Jay. Sunriver Nature Center, September 19, 2012. Email communications with

Jennifer O’Reilly, USFWS Bend Field Office, regarding increasing bull frogs in Sunriver area despite efforts to eradicate them.

Bowerman, Jay. Sunriver Nature Center, October 25, 2012. Email communications with

Jennifer O’Reilly, USFWS Bend Field Office, Chris Pearl, USGS, and Charlie Quinn, The Nature Conservancy, regarding newly found frog site across from the Old Mill Pond along the Deschutes River.

24

Corkran, Charlotte. Northwest Ecological Research Institute (NWERI), March 1, 2012. Document provided via email to Jennifer O’Reilly, USFWS Bend Field Office, regarding site conditions and threats to Oregon spotted frog at Camas Prairie in Oregon.

Corkran, Charlotte. NWERI, October 30, 2012. Email communications with Jennifer O’Reilly,

USFWS Bend Field Office, regarding 2012 egg mass surveys at Camas Prairie in Oregon.

Corkran, Charlotte. NWERI, January 17 -22, 2014. Email communications with Jennifer

O’Reilly, USFWS Bend Field Office, regarding revision of proposed critical habitat for Oregon spotted frog at Camas Prairie in Oregon.

Demmer, Richard J. USDI Bureau of Land Management, October 15, 2012. Email

communications with Jennifer O’Reilly, USFWS Bend Field Office, regarding hydrologic effects to Oregon spotted frogs and evidence of egg mass dessication along the Little Deschutes River.

Demmer, R. Bureau of Land Management, November 28, 2012. Email communications with

Jennifer O’Reilly, USFWS Bend Field Office, regarding restoration activities that have occurred in Oregon spotted frog habitat on Prineville District-Factors A and D.

Engler, Joe. USFWS Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge, July 22, 1999, written

communication with Dr. L. Karolee Owens, USFWS Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, comments on Oregon spotted frog proposed rule.

Engler, Joe. USFWS, January 10, 2006, email communications with Deanna Lynch, USFWS

Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Regarding Oregon spotted frog assessment.

Hallock, Lisa. Washington Department of Natural Resources, February 11, 2009 email

communications with Deanna Lynch, USFWS Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Regarding Annual update of Oregon spotted frog species assessment.

Hayes, Marc. Portland State University, January 25, 1999, communication with Laura Todd,

USFWS, Bend Oregon Field Office, regarding threats to Oregon spotted frogs from bullfrogs.

Hayes, Marc. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, February 11, 2008, email


Hering, David. National Park Service, Crater Lake National Park, January 9, 2014, email

communication with Tia Adams, USFWS Klamath Falls Fish and Wildlife Office, Regarding Oregon spotted frog survey.

25

Higgins, Holly. USDA Deschutes National Forest, November 28, 2012. Email communications with Jennifer O’Reilly, USFWS Bend Field Office, regarding timing of and hydrologic effects to OSF breeding at Slough Camp on the Deschutes NF.

Hodgson, Brett. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, September 18, 2012. Email

communications with Jennifer O’Reilly, USFWS Bend Field Office, regarding fish stocking program in relation to areas occupied by Oregon spotted frogs.

Hodgson, Brett. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, September 27, 2012. Email

communications with Jennifer O’Reilly, USFWS Bend Field Office, regarding potential for future rotenone treatment in areas occupied by Oregon spotted frogs.

Ludwig, Shannon .USFWS Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge, February 28, 2012, email

communication with Lisa Hallock, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, comments provided in the WDFW draft Oregon spotted frog recovery plan, comment specific to Conboy Lake being drained every year for management of bullfrogs is on page 42, comment number 27.

Markus, Amy. USDA-Fremont-Winema National Forest, November 27-28, 2012, email

communication with Tia Adams, USFWS Klamath Falls Field Office, regarding Jack Creek grazing regime.

Mauser, Dave. USFWS-NWR Klamath Basin, September 17, 2012, email communication with

Tia Adams, USFWS Klamath Falls Field Office, regarding NWR wetland restoration projects.

McAllister, Kelly. WDOT, January 9, 2006, email communications with Deanna Lynch,

USFWS Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, response to questions for updates to species assessment form.

McAllister, Kelly. Washington Department of Transportation, February 6, 2008 email


Oertley, Jill. U.S. Forest Service, September 28, 2005, email communications with Deanna

Lynch, USFWS Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Regarding Oregon spotted frog – update on activities.

Pearl, Christopher and J. Bowerman. October 5, 2005, email communications with Deanna

Lynch, USFWS Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Regarding Oregon spotted frog assessment, additional remarks

Pearl, Christopher. U.S. Geological Survey Biological Resources Division, October 5, 2005,

email communications with Deanna Lynch, USFWS Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Regarding Oregon spotted frog assessment, additional remarks.

26

Pearl, Christopher. U.S. Geological Survey Biological Resources Division, March 15, 2010, email communications with Deanna Lynch, USFWS Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Regarding Oregon spotted frog assessment

Pearl, C.A. USGS_Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, November 19 and 26,

2012, email communication with Tia Adams and J. O’Reilly, USFWS Klamath Falls Field Office and Bend Field Office, regarding egg mass collections for genetics.

Pearl, C.A. USGS Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, November 19, 2012, email

communication with Tia Adams and J. O’Reilly, USFWS Klamath Falls Field Office and Bend Field Office, regarding Bullfrog predation on Oregon spotted frog in Oregon.

Pearl, Christopher. U.S. Geological Survey Biological Resources Division, October 25, 2013,

email communication with Tia Adams, USFWS Klamath Falls Fish and Wildlife Office, Regarding Oregon spotted frog surveys of Crane/Sevenmile creeks.

Pearl, C. U.S. Geological Survey Biological Resources Division, January 16, 2014, email

communication with Tia Adams, USFWS Klamath Falls Fish and Wildlife Office, regarding Oregon spotted frog survey of Jack Creek.

Roninger, R. Bureau of Land Management (BLM), November 5, 2012, email communication

with Tia Adams, USFWS Klamath Falls Field Office regarding bullfrog detections and removal program.

Simpson, Terri. USDA-Fremont-Winema National Forest-RETIRED. December 2002, USFWS

Klamath Falls Field Office files, regarding grazing on Jack Creek. Simpson, Terri. USDA-Fremont-Winema National Forest-RETIRED, October 11, 2012, email

communication with Tia Adams, USFWS Klamath Falls Field Office, regarding beaver relocation in Jack Creek.

Smith, Terry. U.S. Forest Service, Fremont-Winema National Forest, January 22, 2014, personal

correspondence with Tia Adams, USFWS Klamath Falls Fish and Wildlife Office, Regarding Oregon spotted frog habitat.

Skyles, Ken. Jackson County Planning Division, November 16, 2012, email communication

with Tia Adams USFWS Klamath Falls Field Office, regarding Jackson County’s wetland ordinances.

Tinniswood, William. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, September 21 and 24, 2012,

email communications with Tia Adams, USFWS Klamath Falls Field Office, regarding fish stocking in the Klamath Basin.

Wilson, Lisa. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge, October

24, 2013, email communication with Deanna Lynch, USFWS Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, regarding 2013 Oregon spotted frog egg mass survey results.

27

Wray, Simon. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. May 21, 2012. Email communications

with Jennifer O’Reilly, USFWS Bend Field Office, regarding egg masses discovered in a pond adjacent to Crane Prairie Reservoir that had received a rotenone treatment in the fall of 2011.

Ziller, Jeff. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. April 8, 2013. Email communication with

Simon Wray, ODFW High Desert Office, and Jennifer O’Reilly, USFWS Bend Field Office, regarding coordination between ODFW and USFWS on issue of fish stocking and management and the effect to Oregon spotted frogs in the Mink Lake Basin in Oregon.

Database and Spreadsheet Sources (cited as multiple data sources in proposed

listing and proposed critical habitat) Washington: Multiple data sources. Compilation of 1996 through 2013 egg mass census data for all

Washington known breeding locations. File Name: WA_OSFsites_eggmasscounts 1996 to 2013

Oregon: Bureau of Land Management. Received by USFWS in 2012. Geo-BOB database for 1994-

2011: eggmass through adult survey data. File Name: 2012_3_19_GeoBOB_RAPR_Extract.mdb

Sunriver Nature Center. Received by USFWS in 2009. Oviposition location data for 2006. File

Name: 2006 Ovip data_USGSandJB.xls Sunriver Nature Center. Received by USFWS in 2012. Sunriver, Crosswater and Thousand

Trail eggmass survey data for 2000-2012. File Name: eggMassSurvey.2012.xls U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Received by USFWS in 2012. U.S. Forest Service

NRIS database for 1934-2011 (database contains data for years 1934 through 2011, but only 2005 through 2011 data were used): eggmass through adult survey data. File Name: NRIS_OSF_Mar2012.mdb

USDA. Received by USFWS in 2012. U.S. Forest Service Deschutes adult Oregon spotted frog

locations for 2012. File Name: OSFDeschutesNFAdults2012.xls U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2012. Klamath Marsh National Wildlife Refuge for

2008-2011: eggmass survey data. File Names: KM_2008_OSP_survey.xls; KM_2008_OSP_survey.xls; KM_2009(2)_OSP_survey.xls; KM_2010_OSF_survey.xls; KM_2011_OSF_survey.xls

USFWS. 2012. Old Mill Pond Location for 2012. GIS point location of newly identified site.

28

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Received by USFWS in 2009. Oviposition location and eggmass data for 2006. File Name: USGS_2006_OSF.mdb

USGS. Received by USFWS in 2012. Oregon spotted frog adult survey data for 2010-2011.

File Name: 2010-11 OSF Monitoring v10.mdb USGS. Received by USFWS in 2012. Deschutes River Oregon spotted frog breeding data for

2012: eggmass data from April through May 2012. File Name: OSF Eggmass Surveys 2012.V2.accdb

USGS. Received by USFWS in 2012. “Overall Oregon Distribution” summary data for 1999-

2011: eggmass through adult survey data. File Name: 2012_OSF_Data_Summ.USGS.xlsx