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627

Personen- und Sachwertverzeichnis

Seitenangaben in Fettdruck verweisen auf Abbildungen bzw. Tabellen.

A Abgelegenheit, (von) Inseln 429 Abhärtung (frost hardening) 104 Abies balsamea 149 Abies concolor 81 Absterberate 323 Abundanz siehe auch Häufigkeit 5, 44, 319 -, Ausbreitungsdistanz 378 -, Beeinflussung 366 -, Einflußfaktoren 364 -, Fluktuationen 364 -,geeigneter Lebensraum 378 -,Regulation 366 Abwanderung 350 Abwasser 540 -, -reinigung 613 Abyssal 178 Acacia burkittii 209 Acclimation siehe Akklimation Acclimatization siehe Akklimatisation Acer saccharum 152 Acidophile 112 Acipiter nisus 550 Äcker, aufgelassene 31 Aconitum columbianum 241 Actinia tenebrosa 60 Adaptation -,adaptive Höhen 69 -, spezialisierte Abgründe 69 Aerosol 476 Mrikanischer Elefant 600 Afrikanischer Wildhund 328 Agenda 21 514 Aggregation 259 Agriolomax reticulatus 128 Agrostis canina 69 Agrostis stolonifera 60 Agrostis tenuis 63 Ähnlichkeitsindex 34 Ahorn, Zucker- 152 AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) 326 Ailuropoda melanoleuca 582

Akazien -,Ameisen 290 -, Beltsche Körperehen 291 Akklimation (acclimation) 103 Akklimatisation ( acclimatization) 103 Alabama a1;gillacea 520 Alabamabaumwolleule 520 Alauda arvensis 40 Allesfresser 159 Allowance trading siehe Emissionsrechte, Handel mit Ainus 476 Ainus incana 468 Alternative Wirte 304 Altersstruktur 500 Aluminiumionen 149 Ameisen 163 -, -gesellschaften 271 -, samenfressende 242 Ammonium 30 Amolis gingivinus 328 Ampferpflanze 322 Amphipoda 548 Andrewartha 5, 368 Angiospermen 441 Annuelle 197 -, Lebenszyklen 199 Anolis 77 -,-Leguan 323 Anolis gingivinus 323 Anolis wattsi 323 Anopheles 293 Anpassung siehe auch Adaptation -,lokale 57 Ansitzjagd 329 Anthonomus grandis 520 Anthoxanthum odoratum 68 Anthrax-Bazillus 296 Antilope siehe auch Hirschziegen-, Pronghorn-

antilope Antilope cervicapra 602 Aphanes arvensis 118 Aphis gossypii 520

Personen- und Sachwortverzeichnis

Apodemus sylvaticus 277 Aposematismus 130 Aquaculture 509 Äquator 143 Äquitabilität ( equitability) 409 Arabischer Spießbock 602 Arabis fecunda 57 Archaebacteria 100 Arktischer Dorsch 508 Art(en) -,-Areal-Beziehung 427, 605 -,Ausgangs- 76 -,Aussterben 82 -,Barriere 72 -, -bildung 73 --,Evolution 83 --, island hopping 83 - -, Kontinentaldrift 83 -, Definition 71 -, eingefiihrte 585, 606 -,eingeschleppte 32 -,endemische 74 -, Entstehen 76 -, Evolution 73 -, exotische 28, 585 -,gefährdete 609, 611 -,geographische Barriere 72 -, Hybridisierung 73 -, invasive 444 -, Isolation 72, 73 -, Kline 73 -,-paare 88 -, Parameter 71 -, -reichtum 409, 594f --,kambrische Explosion 440 - -, Rückgang 586 -, -schutz 599, 608 - -, Ex-situ- 602 - -, in situ 602 - -, -programme 597 --,vor Ort 602 -,seltene 609 -,Stammbaum 76 -, -sterben --, (im) Perm 440 --, (im) Pleistozän 442 - -, Zentren 604 -,Test --,empirischer 7l -,Variationen 72 Artemisia 165 Arvicola terrestris 378 Asclepias 129 Ascophyllum nodosum 325 Aspirin 580 Asterionella formosa 131, 235, 242

Asynchronisation 356 Atmosphäre 475 Atmung 482 Atriplex confertifolia 81 Ausbeutung 131 Ausbreitung 212 -,Pflanzen 80 -,Tiere 80 -, -( s )verhalten 214 Ausschluß 237, 240 Aussterbe(n) siehe auch Teufelskreis des Aussterbens

69,82,429,579,590,606 -, -ereignisse 612 -,Gefahr (des) 583 -, -rate 578, 592 --,gegenwärtige 577 --, Grundrate 609 --,historische 577 - -, momentane 609 --,Säugetiere 577 --,Vögel 577 -, -risiko --,Definition 579 -, -Wahrscheinlichkeit 579, 598, 599f - -, Gesamt- 599 --,kumulative 601 Austernfischer 392 Autotrophe 120 Avoider siehe Vermeidung Azodrin 526

B Bacillus thuringiensis 529 Bakterien 126 -,Schwefel- 482 Balanusglandula 418 Bambus 202 Bandwurm siehe auch Fischbandwurm 289 Baumwoll( e) 526 -, -anbau 525 -, -blattlaus 520 -, -kapselkäfer 520 -, -kapselwurm 520, 525, 526 Beifuß 165 Bekämpfung siehe auch Schädlingsbekämpfung -,integrierte 490 -, -(s)schwelle (BS, control action threshold) 519,

525,533 Belebtschlammverfahren 541 Benthos, Mega- 438 Beobachtung 12 Berberis 304 Beringmöwen 392 Beschreibung 8 Besenheide 151 Besiedlung 7 6

Betula 167 Betula pendula 217, 218 Betula pubescens 103 Beute 317 -,Abundanz 319 -, Dichte 326 -,Fekundität 319 -, Fitneß 319 -,Handhabung 334 -, intraspezifische Konkurrenz 326 -, Kompensation 323 --, -(s)reaktionen 327 -,natürliche Mortalität 326 -, -populationen --, intraspezifische Konkurrenz 326 --, Reproduktionsbeitrag 327 -, Prädarion 326 -, Profitabilität 335f -, Spektrum 334 -,Verteidigung 323 Beuteltiere 87 Bevölkerung siehe auch Weltbevölkerung 529 -, -(s)problem 492, 494, 530 -, -(s)rate 496 -, -(s)wachstum 490,494, 498f, 530ff Beweidung 323 Beweisführung -,ökologische - -, Beobachtungen 12 --, Freilandexperimente 12 --,mathematische Modelle 13 Biene, Honig- 125 Bilharziose 517 Binse, Sparrige 105 Binsenknorpellattich 261, 262 Bioclimatic law siehe auch Bioklimatisches Gesetz

107 Biodiversität 46, 409, 530, 532, 575, 578, 593,

596,609,612f -,Definition 577 -, Hotspots 604 -, Rückgang 469 -,Verlust 596 -,Wert --,direkter 580 --,ethischer 581 - -, finanzieller 580 --,indirekter 581 -, -(s)zentren 604 Biogeochemie 475 Bioklimatische Regel (Bioclimatic law) 109 Biologische Magnifikation 547 Biologische Schädlingsbekämpfung 7f, 322, 523,

524, 532f -, Hauptformen - -, classical biological control 522

Personen- und Sachwertverzeichnis

--, inokulative Applikation (inoculation) 522 --, inundative Applikation (inundation) 522 Biom 121, 145 Biomasse -, Produktion 27 -,stehende (standing crop) 453 Biomonotonie (biomonotony) 161 Biomonotony siehe Biomonotonie Biospezies 72 Biosphäre 609 Birch 368 Birke 167 -,Moor- 103 Birkenspanner 66 Bison 164 Biston betularia 66 Blatt 113 -, -dürre lOS -, -käfer 322 -, -laus 123 - -, Buchnera 295 - -, Myzetozyten 295 - -, Rosen- 125 --,Verteilung 213 -,Schatten- 114 -,Sonnen- 114 Blaumeise 266, 348 Blausäure 128 Blauwangen-Buntbarsch 336 Blei 569 Blutbär (Schmetterling) 122 Blüte, Länge der Kronröhre 258 Boden siehe auch Kalkboden 116 -, -fruchtbarkeit 528 Bodenklee 261, 262 Boiga irregularis 585 Bombus appositus 241,258 Bombus bifarius 258 Bombusflavifrons 241, 258 Bombusfrigidus 258 Bombus kirbyellus 258 Bombus occidentalis 259 Bombus sylvicolla 258 Boreogadus saida 548 Borke 124 Borkenkäfer 125, 436 Bothriochloa insculpata 356 Braunalge 325 Braunbär 336 Braune Baumschlange 585, 585 Brennstoffe, fossile 529, 552 Brucellose 511 Brüllaffe 612 Buche 151 Büffelfliege 473 Bult 152

631 I

Personen- und Sachwertverzeichnis

Burdon-Sandersan 5 Burma 598 Buschfliege 473 Buschwindröschen 108 Byturus tormentosus 124

c Cactoblastis 524 Caesium 564 Cakile edentula 215 Calcicole 149 Calcifuge 149 Calcium 39, 175, 476 Calluna vulgaris 151 CAM-Pflanzen 116 Camarhynchus (Cactospiza) pallida 76 Camarhynchus psittacula 76 Cape-Sahle-Sperling 607 Capsella bursa-pastoris 259 Carbonat 149 -,Calcium- 149 -,Magnesium- 149 Cardamine hirsuta 259 Carduus 524 Carnivoren 126 Carpinus 162 Carrying capacity siehe Kapazitätsgrenze Catharanthus roseus 580 Cedar Creek 31, 45, 47 Cellulase 468 Cellulose 125, 468 Centaurea solstitialis 28 Cepphus grylle 548 Ceratophyllus gallinae 348 Cereusgiganteus 101 Certhidea livacea 76 Chamaecrista fasciculate 60 Chamaephyten 158 Chaparral 156 Chenopodium album 40 Chlorclane 548 Chlorella 295 Chlorierte Kohlenwasserstoffe 520 Cholera 287 Chondrilla juncea 261, 262 Chondrus crispus 356 Choristoneura fumiferana 167 Chorthippus brunneus 199, 206 Cladonia arbuscula 152 Clean air act siehe Gesetz zur Reinhaltung

der Luft C/N-Verhältnis 126 Coecotrophie 289 Cohort life table siehe Kohortenlebenstafel Coleophora alticolella 105 Collector-filterer siehe Sammler-Filtrierer

632

I

Collector-gatherer siehe Sammler Columba palumbus 326 Community ecology 10 Complementarity 469 Confidence interval 18 Constant harvesting effort siehe Ernte, gleich­

bleibender AufWand Control action threshold (CAT) siehe Bekämpfungs-

schwelle Copepoda 548 Ca-Pflanzen 116 C4-Pflanzen 116 Grangon septemspinosa 136 Crenicichila alta 65 Cricetus cricetus 110 Cryptochaetum spp. 523 Culex 125 Cyanobakterium 112, 177 Cyclotella meneghiniana 242 Cynodon dactylon 356 Cynosurus cristatus 63 Cyrtobagous spp. 321

D Dachtrespe 264 Danaus plexippus 129 Daphnia magna 134 Darwin, Charles 5, 51 Darwinfink(en) 89, 256,460 Dasypus novemcinctus 580 Data-less managementsiehe Management ohne

Datengrundlage Davidshirsch 602 DDT 520,550 Decision analysis siehe Entscheidungsanalyse Decomposer siehe Zersetzer Decomposer system siehe Zersetzersystem Degradation 512 Deinacrida mahoenuiensis 390 Deleatidium 24 Delia brassicae 130 Delphinium barbeyi 241, 258 Demographie transition siehe Demographischer

Wandel Demographische Unwägbarkeiten 590 Demographischer Wandel ( demographic transition)

495f, 530, 532 Denitrifikation 481 Density dependence, exactly compensating siehe

Dichteabhängigkeit, exakt kompensierende Deposition -,nasse 476 -, trockene 4 7 6 Detergens 570 Detritivoren 454 Detritus 454

Deutscher Enzian siehe Enzian Diapause 102 Diatomee(n) 131 -,Koexistenz 242 Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 598 Dichteabhängigkeit 132, 218 -,exakt kompensierende 134 Dickhornschaf 592 Dieldrin 547 Diskriminanzanalyse, multiple 25 Dispersion siehe Abwanderung Distanz, genetische 75 Distickstoffoxid 556, 561 Diversifikation 440 Diversität 160 -, -(s)abnahme 40 -, Habitat- 429 -, -(s)index 409 -,strukturelle 421 Dobzhansky, Theodosius 7l -,-Test 72 Dominanz 411 Dominoeffekt 26 Dormanz 102 Dörrobstmotte 320 Dorsch 508 Douglasfichte 327 Douglasie 226 Dreikantmuschel 28 Dreissena polymorpha 28 Dreistacheliger Stichling 254 Dromaius novaehollandiae 86 Drosophila 76, 432 Drossel 550 Düne(n) 214 Dünger 513, 542 -,Grün- 529 -,Tier- 529 Dungkäfer 472 Dust bowl 513 -,-Disaster 512

E Ebene(n) -,biologische 10 - -, Individuen 23f - -, Lebensgemeinschaften 23, 26 - -, Ökosysteme 23 - -, Populationen 23, 25 -,räumliche 10f -, trophische 459 -, zeitliche 1 Of Echinocereus engelmanii 118 Ecological engineers siehe ökologische Baumeister Economic injury Ievel (EIL) siehe ökonomische

Schadensschwelle

Personen- und Sachwortverzeichnis

Effizienz -,Assimilations- 462 -,Konsumptions- 462 -,Produktions- 462 -,Transfer- 462 Eichelbohrer 125 Eidechsen 268 Eigenschaften, vitale 131 Einfiihrung exotischer Arten 576, 589 Einwanderung 28, 429 Eisen 476 Eisenhut 241 Eismöwe 548 Eisvogelfalter 130 Eiszeit 151 -,Wald 80 -,Zyklen 78 Ektoparasit(en) 283 Ektotherme 107 Ektothermie 107 EI Niiio 507 -,-Phänomen 555 Elaphurus davidianus 602 Elton, Charles 5, 135 Emissionsrechte, Handel mit (allowance trading)

560 Emu 83 Encarsia formosa 523 Endemismuszentrum 586, 604 Endoparasiten 286 Endotherme 107 Endothermie 107 Energieträger, fossile 120 Engraulis ringens 177, 506 Entenmuschel 392 Enteromorpha intestinalis 356 Entscheidungsanalyse ( decision analysis) 598 Entscheidungsbaum 598 Entwaldung 553 Entwicklung -, -(s)geschichte 87 -, radiative 74 Enzian 323 -, deutscher 587 Enzyme 126 Eotetranychus sexmaculatus 351 Epiblema scudderiana 104 Epidemie 306 Epilimnion 175 Epilobium angustifolium 258 Epiphyten 161 Epiphytische Pflanzen 282 Equilibrium abundance siehe Gleichgewichts­

häufigkeit Equilibrium theory of island biogeography siehe

Gleichgewichtstheorie der Inselbiogeographie

633 Ii'

Personen- und Sachwortverzeichnis

Equitability siehe Äquitabilität Equus przewalskii 602 Erdrotation 143 Erle 476 Ernte, gleichbleibender AufWand ( constant

harvesting) 506 Erosion siehe auch Winderosion 512 -,Boden- 514f -, -(s)verluste 512 -,Wind- 515 Ersatzmaßnahme 608 Esox lucius 169 Espe 167 Eucalyptus 153 Eule (Schmetterling) siehe auch Alabamabaumwoll-,

Zuckerrübeneule 129 Euphorische Zone 177 Euphydryas editha 593 Europäische Forelle siehe Forelle, Europäische Euterentzündung 511 Eutrophierung, anthropogene 416, 540 Evaporation 115, 143, 477 Evapotranspiration -,aktuelle 414 -,potentielle 414 Evenness 409 Everglades 607 Evolution 49, 73, 83, 123, 433 -, analoge Strukturen 86 -, -(s)experimente 63 -, Fitneß 55 -, Gegen- 441 -, -(s)geschichte 75 -,Geschwindigkeit 64 -, homologe Strukturen 86 -, interspezifische Konkurrenz 252 -, Isolation 73 -, Klimaänderungen 77 -,konvergente 85 -,natürliche Selektion 54 -,Parallel- 156 -,parallele 85 -, -(s)potential 586 -,reziproke 441 -, survival of the fittest 55 -, Theorie 54 -, Umweltverschmutzung 66 Exaktheit, wissenschaftliche 14 Experimente -,gemeinsamer Garten 58 -, gezielte --, manipulative Freilandversuche 33 -, natürliche 31 -, Transplanations- 58 -, Umsetzungs- 58 Expertenwissen 597

634

Exploitation siehe Ausbeutung Explosion, kambrische (Artenreichtum) 440 Exponentielles Wachstum 219 Extinction vortex siehe Teufelskreis des Aussterbens Extremlebensraum 421

F Facilitation 469 Fadenwurm 298 Fagusgrandifolia 151 Fagus sylvatica 484 Falco peregrinus 550, 582, 602 Fallugia paradoxa 81 Faser( stoff) 126 Fäzes 461 Fehler, systematischer 20 Feind 317 Fekundität 132, 319 Feldlerche 40f, 43 Festuca ovina 69 Fett 120 Feuer 264 Ficedula hypoleuca 319 Fichte 167 Filtrierer ( Collector-filterer) 17 4 Fischbandwurm 288 Fischerei, Beifang 583 Fischindustrie 220 Fischotter 602 Fitneß 319 Fixed quota siehe Quote, feste Flachbrustvögel 83 Flachlandtapir 612 Flathead Lake 594 Fleckenkauz 590 Fleischfresser 126 Fliege siehe Büffel-, Busch-, Köcher-, Kohl-,

Schmeiß-, Stein-, Tau-, Weiße Fliege Flohkäfer 319 Flughund 594 Fluorchlorkohlenwasserstoffe (FCKW) 180,

556 Forelle, Europäische 23, 25, 30, 45f, 169 Formen, cyanogene 128 Fortpflanzung 99 -,einmalige 200 -, Kompromiß 225,227 -, Kosten 225 -, Mastjahre 225 -, wiederholte 200 Fragmentierung 590 Fraßschäden 329 Freilandexperiment(e), manipulative 13, 33, 44 Frosch 108 Frost siehe auch Permafrost 101 Frost hardening siehe Abhärtung

Frucht 125 Fruchtbarkeit 132, 586 -, -(s)tafel 207 Fruchtwechsel 528 Fuchsschwingel 132

G Gadus morhua 548 Galapagos 73 -, -Finken 75 -, -Riesenschildkröte 602 Galaxias 24, 25f, 29f, 45 Gallen auf Pflanzengewebe 297 Gänsefuß 41 Gap-Bildung 383 Garigue 156 Gasterosteus aculeatus 254 Gastrophysa viridula 322 Gausesches Prinzip 244 Geburtenrate 134, 495, 497-500 -, Abnalune 496 Gecko 236 Gefährdungsstufen 579 Gefäßpflanzen 440 Gefrierschutz 104 Gehaupter Kapuzineraffe 612 Gelbaugen-Pinguin 590 Gemeiner Scheckenfalter 379 Generalist 107 Genet 194 Genetische Drift 587, 590, 610 Genetische Effekte 588 Genetische Variation 587 Genetische Veränderungen 46 Gentechnik 41 Gentechnologie 43, 46 Gentiane/la campestris 323 Gentianellagermanica 587, 589 Geochelone elephantopus 602 Geophyten 158 Geospiza 256 Geospiza fortis 76, 460 Geospiza fuliginosa 76 Geospiza scandens 76 Gepard 328 GesamtartenzabJ -,Schätzwerte 577 -,weltweit vorkommende Arten 577 Gesamtweltbevölkerung 498 Gesetz zur Reinhaltung der Luft 560 Gezeitenzone 178 Gigartina canaliculata 424 Glaucidium passerinum 355 Gleichbleibender Aufwand 532 Gleichgewichtshäufigkeit ( equilibrium abundance)

518

Personen- und Sachwortverzeichnis

Gleichgewichtstheorie der Inselbiogeographie ( equilibrium theory of island biogeography) 429

Gleichung, logistische 499 Globale Erwärmung 82, 557 Glyphosat 40, 46, 551 Glyzerin 104 GM-crops 40 Gold 567 Goldrute 327 Gondwana 84 Gonepterix rhamni 108 Gradation 167 Grasland 153 -,-Experiment Rotharnstearl 415 Grauer Spießhirsch 612 Grauweide 224 Grazer siehe Weidegäuger Grazer-scraper 17 4 Great Bareier Reef 584 Great Plains 512 Grippeviren 306 Grizzlybär 594 Großer Panda 582, 590 Großer Salzsee 395 Grünalge 356, 424 Gründereffekt 77 Grundwasser 516 Gryllteiste 548 Guam 585, 594 Gülle 544 Guppy 63 Gutierrezia microcephala 118 Gymnoplectron gigantrum 582 Gymnospermen 441

H Habitat 134 -, -areal 428 -, -fragment 592, 606 -, -fragmentierung 590, 596, 611 -, -größe 591, 594 -,negative Veränderung 584 -, Störung 584 -, -(s)verlust 589, 591 -, Versehrnutzung 584 -, -Zerstörung 576, 584, 590, 610 Haeckel, Ernst 5 Haematobia irritans exigua 473 Haematopus bachmani 392 Hahnenfuß 365 Hai 583,613 Hainbuche 162 Haliaeetus leucocephalus 595 Halsbandpekari 612 Hamster, Feld- 110 Handhabungszeit 325

635

Personen- und Sachwortverzeichnis

Haplopappus venetus 327 Haubenmeise 355 Häufigkeit 6 Hecht 169 Heidebläuling 378 Heliothis zea 525 Helioverpa zea 520 Helminthosporium maydis 105, 511 Helminthosporiose 105 Hemidactylus frenatus 236 Hemikryptophyten 158 Hemiparasiten 292 Hemlockstanne, Kanadische 149 Herbivoren 114 Herbivorie, Druck 323 Herbizid, synthetisches 528 Heringsmöwe 73 Herpestes edwardsii 253 Herpestes javanicus 253 Herpestes smithii 253 Herzblättrige Weide 320 Hesperia comma 379 Heterogenität, räumliche 413 Heterotrophe 122 Heterozygotie 586 Heuschrecke, Leichhardts 125 Himbeere 122 HIV 28 Hintergrundstrahlung 563 Hirschziegenantilope 602 Holcus lanatus 63 Holoparasiten 292 Homozygotie 587 Hubbard Brook 34f, 37ff, 45, 47 Huffakes-Milben 350 Hulett, H. R. 501 Humanparasiten 278 Hummeln 240 -,Ausschluß 240 -, Koexistenz 240 -, Nischendifferenzierung 259 Hutchinson, Evelyn 136 Hydrosphäre 475 Hymnoclea salsola 118 Hyperraum, n-dimensionaler 136 Hypolimnion 175

I Icerya purchasi 522f Idotea granulosa 325 Ilex aquifolium 127 Immobilisierung 465 Immunreaktion 299 Inbreeding depression siehe Inzuchtdepression Indischer Mungo 253 Individuen 10, 44f

jf 636

Indonesien 598 Industriemelanismus 66 Infektionskrankheiten 501 Inokulative Applikation 532 Insectivoren 159 Insektizid 547 Insel 427 -,Arten 76 -, -größe 591 -, -theorie 604, 611 Integrated pest management (Integrierte Schädlings-

bekämpfung) 524f, 527, 532 Interference siehe Interferenz Interferenz 131 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

121 Intermediate disturbance hypothesis siehe Störhäufig-

keit, Hypothese der mittleren lnundative Applikation 532 Invasion 321 lnvasive Gräser 264 Inzuchtdepression (inbreeding depression) 586,

589, 590, 610 Iod 564 Ipomopsis aggregata 259 Irrtumswahrscheinlichkeit 45 Island hopping 83 Isotope, radioaktive 563 Iteropare Arten 199

J Jacob 87 Japankäfer 54 7 Juncus squarrosus 105 Juniperus osteosperma 81 Juniperus vi~iniana 152

K Kabeljau siehe auch Polarkabeljau 548 Käfer siehe auch Baumwollkapsel-, Blatt-, Borken-,

Dung-, Floh-, Japan-, Rüssel-, Vedaliakäfer 163 -, Himbeer- 124 -, Kartoffel- 100 Kahlschlag 515 Kaktus -, -feigen 74 -, Saguaro- 101 Kalium 476, 513 -, -chlorid 529 Kalkboden 149 Kälteschaden l 00 Kanadischer Luchs 343 Känguruhratte 265 Kaninchen 308 Kapazitätsgrenze (carrying capacity) 218, 501 -, globale 502

Kapillarkraft 116 Karibu 168 Kartoffelkrebs 291 Kates, R. W. 501 Keimung 103 Kelp 179 Kernspaltung 562 Keuchhusten 347 Keystone species siehe Schlüsselarten Kiefer 166 Kiwi 83 -,Großer Flecken- 85 -,Kleiner Flecken- 85 -, Streifen- 85 Klammeraffe 612 Klapperschlange 265 Kläranlage 540 Klärschlamm 542 Klee -,Weiß- 128 -, Boden- 263, 264 Kletterpflanzen 161 Klima 121 -,Variation (des) 413 -, -vegetation 180 -,-Veränderung - -, globale 529 Klimaxstadium 389 Kline 73 Kloakentiere 87 Köcherfliege 329 Koevolution 442 Koexistenz 237, 240, 265 -, ausbeutungsvermittelte 440 -,(Begünstigung durch) Beweidung 356 -, prädatorenvermittelte (predator-mediated

coexistence) 354, 418, 439 -,stabile 248 Kohlenhydrate 120 Kohlenstoff 126 -, -dioxid 114 -, -monoxid 561 Kohlfliege, Kleine 130 Kohlmeise 266, 336 Kohorte 204 -, -(n)lebenstafel (cohort life table) 204 Kokanee-Lachs 594, 595 Kokzidiose 511 Kolloid 116 Kommafalter 379 Kommensalen 281 Kompensation, Beute 323 Konkurrenz 105, 265, 322 -,Aggregation 259 -, -ausschaltung 250 -, -ausschluß 416

Personen- und Sachwortverzeichnis

- -, -prinzip 244, 354 -, contest-like siehe wettbewerbsartige -,-dominanz 355 -,Geist vergangeuer 252 -, interspezifische 233, 412 - -, evolutionäre Auswirkungen 252 --, Lotka-Volterra-Modell 246f --, Nischendifferenzierung 259 --,Struktur der Lebensgemeinschaft 256 - -, Umweltheterogenität 245 -, intraspezifische 130,217 --,exakt kompensierender Effekt 133 --,überkompensierender Effekt 133 --, unterkompensierender Effekt 133 -, -koeffizient 247 -, -kraft 116 -, Merkmalsverschiebung 252 -, Populationsdichte 218 -, samenfressende Ameisen 242 -, samenfressende Nagetiere 242 -, spezifische --, Nischendifferenzierung 261 -, Strukturierung von Lebensgemeinschaften 263 -, temperaturvermittelte 237 -, -Überlegenheit 357 -,Verringerung 503 -,Vorkommen (von) 265 -, wettbewerbsartige 134 Konsument 122, 317 -, Detritivoren 319 -,Pflanze 319 -, Primär- 459 -, Sekundär- 459 -, -(en)system (live-consumer system) 453 Konsumptionsrate 329, 583 Kontinentaldrift 83 -, Flugunfähigkeit 83 Kontrastbetonung 255 Konturpflügen 514 Konvergenz 156 -, Fledermausflügel 86 -, Vogelflügel 86 Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse 607 Krankheitserreger, Übertragung 329 Kraut- und Knollenfaule 511 Krebs 5 Kreosotbusch 165, 264 Kriebelmücke 467 Kriechender Hahnenfuß 366 Krypsis 130 Kryptophyten 158 K-Strategen 227 Kuckuck 108 Kulturpflanzen, genetisch veränderte 40 Kupfer 567 -, -sulfat 528

637

Personen- und Sachwortverzeichnis

L Laborexperimente, kontrollierte 13 Lachs 202 -, -fisch(art) 106, 237 Lagopus Iagopus scoticus 323 Lake Moon-Darra 321 Lake St. Clair 28 Lampronia rubiella 124 Landnutzung, Änderungen 555 Langzeitstudien 12 Lärche 165, 326 -, -(n)knospenfalter 326 Larix 167 Larrea mexicana 165 Larus ar;gentatus 73 Larus fuscus 73 Larus glaucescens 392 Larus hyperboreus 548 Lates niloticus 585 Laubstreu 163 Laubwald 153 Lauerjagd 329 Lebensbaum, Abendländischer 149 Lebensformtyp 156 Lebensgemeinschaft(en) 10, 44f, 143, 595, 606,

608f -, Artenreichtum 398 -, Dominanz-kontrollierte 383 -,Eidechsen 268 -, Elastizität ( resilience) 399 -, Gezeitenzone 385 -, Gründer-kontrollierte 383 -, Interaktionen 594 -,Klassifizierung 170 -,Manipulation 392 -, resilience siehe Elastizität -, resistence siehe Widerstandsfähigkeit -, Strukturierung 269 -, Sukzession --,Brachen 386 --,Konkurrenz 387 -,tropische Riffe 383 -, Vereinheitlichung 28 -,Widerstandsfähigkeit (resistence) 399 Lebensraum siehe auch Extrem-Lebensraum -,ephemerer 251 -, -größe 592, 600 -, -verlust 611 -, -Zerstörung 577 Lebensspanne 122 Lebenszyklus 123, 165 -, -Strategie 197 Leiolopisma grande 582 Lemming 168 Lemmus 168 Lemur 153

638

Lepidodactylus lugubris 236 Lepomis macrochirus 336 Leptinotarsa decemlineata 100 Lepus americanus 342 Lianen 161 Lichtpflanzen 114 LIFE (Lower input farming and environment) 527 Life-consumer system siehe Konsumentensystem Life history 159, 197 Lignin 125, 468 Limenitis archippus 130 Linde 162 Linnaeus 56 Liriodendron tulipifera 149 LISA (Low input sustainable agriculture) 527 Lithosphäre 475 Litoral 175 Littorina obtusata 325 Littorina littorea 356 Logistische Gleichung 220, 246 Lolium multijlorum 118 Lolium perenne 63 Lößboden 512 Lotka 340 Lotka-Volterra-Modell 244, 246, 340ff -, Gleichungen 340 -, Isokline 341 -, neutrale Stabilität 342 -, Nullisokline 340 Loxodonta africana 600 Luftverschmutzung 38 Lutra lutra 602 Lygus hesperus 525, 526 Lymantria dispar 129 Lyme-Borreliose 376 Lymnaea elodes 251 Lynx canadensis 343

M MacArthur 380, 429 Macchie 156 Madagaskar-Immergrün 580 Magnesium 476 Mahonia 304 Maisblattbrand 511 Makroparasiten 280 Makrophagen 300 Malaria 293 Maleinsäure 116 Malthus 54 Management ohne Datengrundlage (data-less

management) 509 Mangroven 179 Marley-Wood-Laubwald 266 Marshallagia marshalli 133 Marsham, Robert 108

Martha's Vineyard 591 Masern 347 Massensterben, natürliches 578 Mauersegler 365 Maul- und Klauenseuche 511 Maximaler Dauerertrag 502, 504ff, 53lf Maximum sustainable yield (MSY) 504 Mayr, Ernst 71 -,Test 72 Meereshöhe 120 Meerespalme 245 Meeresstrom 144 Megafauna 583 Melitaea cinxia 379 Mercurialis annua 118 Merkmalsverschiebung 253, 255 Metapopulation -,Computersimulationen 350 -, Definition 379 -, -(s)dynamik 376 -,Kontinuum 381 -,Modelle 379 -, Patchiness des Lebensraumes 350 -, Stabilisierung 350 -, Theorie 380 Methan 180, 556 Methylbromid 561 Methylquecksilber 569 Miconia 161 Miesmuschel 392 Migration siehe auch Wanderbewegung 110, 442 -, Plankton 216 -,Vögel 216 Mikroben, thermophile (wärmeliebende) 112 Mikrobivor 466 Mikroorganismen 112 Mikroparasiten 280 Milbe 351 Mimikry 129 Mineraldünger 528 Mineralisation 465 Mineralstoffe 119 Minimum viable population siehe Population,

minimale überlebensfähige Missing Sink 556 Mistel 583, 589 Mittelwert 18 Modelle, mathematische 13, 40,44 Modul 194 Mojave-Wüste 264 Monarchfalter 129 Monokultur 509, 512, 518, 531 Monophagie 122 Monotremata 87 Moor -,Hoch- 151

Personen- und Sachwortverzeichnis

-, -Schneehuhn 13 -,Torf- 149 Mortalität 132 -, -(s)raten 583 Motte, Himbeermark- 124 Mukoviszidose 587 Mülldeponie 542 Mundwerkzeuge 123 Musca vetustissima 473 Muschel siehe auch Dreikant-, Enten-, Mies- 353,

418 Mutualismus -, Definition 280 -, fakultativer 468 -,obligater 468 Mykorrhiza -, Definition 280 -,Vorkommen 291 Mysis relicta 594, 595 Mytilus californianus 245, 392 Mytilus californicus 418 Myxomatose -,Anopheles annulipes 309 -,Evolution der Resistenz 309 -, Hauptvektoren 309 -, Virulenzstufen 308

N Nachhaltigkeit (sustainability) 489, 492, 494, 515,

518, 522, 53lf -,Definition 491 -,(aus) ökologischer und ökonomischer Sicht 527 Nachtigall 108 Nachzucht 599, 602, 609, 611 Nadelwald 145 -, borealer 153 Nagetiere, samenfressende 242 Nährstoff(e) 512 -, -aufhahme 38, 119 -, -kreislauf 596 Nahrung -, -(s)kette 120 -, -(s)netze 391 --, Bottom-up-Kontrolle 394 --,Komplexität 398 - -, Stabilität 398 --,Top-down-Kontrolle 394 - -, Verknüpfungsgrad 398 -, -(s)pyramide 418 -, -(s)spektrum - -, Gleichungen 334 --,optimale Breite - - -, Modell 334 - -, optimales -- -, theorie 334 - -, Umfang von Nahrungstypen 334

639 Ii'

Personen- und Sachwortverzeichnis

--,Vorhersagen 334 -, -(s)suche - -, optimale Strategie 334 Nandu 83 Napfschnecken 392 Natürliche Feinde 501 Natürliche Selektion 587 Naturreservate, Grundregeln 605 Naturschutz 390, 575, 609 Nekrophorese 538 Nektar 124 Nesameletus ornatus 24 Nettoprimärproduktion 28 Nettorate der Energieaufnahme 331 Nettorekrutierungsrate 503f Nettoreproduktionsrate 497 Nettozuwachsrate 503 Neunbinden-Gürteltier 580 Neuseeland 23, 403 Neutrale Modelle 268, 270 Nicholson, A. J. 367 Nichtschädling 518 Nichtzielorganismen 532 Niederschlag 146 Nil 517 -, -barsch 585 Nische(n) -, -breite 412 -, -differenzierung 257, 261, 266 --, Aufteilung von Ressourcen 261 - -, räumliche 261 --,unterschiedliche Ressourcennutzung 261 - -, zeitliche 261 -,fundamentale 240 -,ökologische 134 -, realisierte 240 -, -überlappung 412 Nitrat 30, 38, 119 Nitrogenase 476 Nullhypothese 15, 271 Nutzorganismen 321

0 Ökoenergetik 453 Ökologie 49 -, angewandte 7, 44 -, Definitionen 5 -, Grundlagenforschung 44 -,offene Fragen 8 -,Vorhersagen 9 Ökologische Baumeister ( ecological engineers) 282 Ökologische Redundanz 595 Ökologische Sukzession 11 Ökologische Wirtschaft 580 Ökonomische Schadensschwelle (ÖSS) 518, 518f,

531,533

I~

Ökophysiologie 23 Ökosystem 44f, 453, 595, 608 -, Funktionsweise 469 -, Tiefseeschlote 78 Ökotourismus 580, 584, 594 Ökotypen 89 Ölpest 552 Ölverschmutzung 570 Onchorhynchus mykiss 131 Onchorhynchus nerka 594 Onitis uncinatus 473 Onitis virdualus 473 Operophthera brumata 128 Optimal foraging siehe Suchverhalten Opuntia 74 Organischer Anbau 528 Organophosphate 520 Oryctolagus cuniculus 308 Oryx leucoryx 602 ÖSS siehe Ökonomische Schadensschwelle Otago Skink 582 Ovis canadensis 592 Ozon 180,556,561

p Pampa 164 Papilio 129 Paracantha culta 524 Paradox of enrichment siehe Paradoxon der

Anreicherung Paradoxon der Anreicherung (paradox of

enrichment) 416 Parasit(en) siehe auch Endo-, Hemi-, Holo-, Human-,

Makro-, Mikro-, Pflanzenparasiten 122, 286 -, basale Reproduktionsrate 346 -, -befall --, Fortpflanzungserfolg 319 -, Diversität 277 -,fakultative 296 -, Intensität der Infektion 302 -, intraspezifische Konkurrenz 348 -, Koevolution 306 -, Lebenszyklen --,Bandwurm 304 --, Schwarzstammrost 305 -,Makro- 318 -,Mikro- 318 - -, Bakterien 346 - -, Viren 346 -, obligate 296 -,pathogene Keime 318 -,Reaktion von Wirtspflanzen 296 -, Schwellendichte 347 -,tierische 318 -,Übertragung 329 - -, Formen 330

- -, Gesamtrate 330 --, -(s)rate 346 --, -(s)schwelle 346 -,Vektor 305 -,Veränderungen im Wirtsverhalten 298 -,Verteilung 301 Parasitierung 320 Parasitoide, Definition 318 Parus ater 266, 355 Parus caeruleus 266, 348 Parus cristatus 355 Parus major 201, 266, 336 Parus montanus 266, 355 Parus palustris 266 Pasteuria ramosa 133 Patch 149, 245 -,Dynamik 377, 382 -,ephemerer 251 -,Fluktuation 350 -, Struktur 377 Pazifiklachs 13 2 Pekari siehe auch Halsband-, Weißbartpekari Perenne 197 -,Arten 200 Permafrost 167 Peromyscus leucopus 332 Peruanisehe Sardelle 506f Pestizid 491, 519, 522, 526, 531 -,chemisches 520f, 530 -,Kosten-Nutzen-Verhältnis 521 -, natürliches 528 -, -resistenz 520 -, synthetisches 527f Pflanze(n) -,abwehrende Reaktionen - -, Phlorotannine 325 -, Abwehrstrukturen 325 -, -fresser 326 -, Kompensation 323 -,Nachwachsen 323 -, -nährstoffe 30 -, -parasiten 278 -, -stoffe - -, sekundäre 128 Phagozytische Zellen 299 Phanerophyten 156 Phänologie 108 Phlox drummondii 208 Phoeniconaias minor 477 Phosphat 30, 119, 529 Phosphor 119, 476, 513 Photoperiode 102 Photosynthese 113 Phyllobius at;gentatus 328 Phyllosphäre 283 Physagyrina 251

Personen- und Sachwertverzeichnis

Phytoalexine 301 Phytophtora infestans 511 Phytoplankton 175, 423 -, -Lebensgemeinschaften - -, Diversität 256 Phytoseiulus persimilis 523 Picea 167 Picea abies 48 5 Picea critchfeldii 82 Pinus 164 Pinus aristata 81 Pinus flexilis 81 Pinus monophylla 81 Pinus ponderosa 81 Pinus strobus 151 Pisaster ochraceus 418 Plankton 177 Plasmodium 292 -, azurophilum 323 Plazentalia 87 Plebejus at;gus 378 Plectonema nostocorum 112 Plectrocnemia conspersa 329 Plodia interpunctella 321 Plutonium 563 Poa annua 259 Poecilia reticulata 63 Polarkabeljau 548 Pollenanalyse 79 Pollicipes polymerus 392 Polychlorierte Biphenyle (PCB) 548, 549 Polyphagie 122 Popillia japonica 547 Population 10, 44f, 132, 191 -, -(s)abnahme 587 -, Altersstruktur 497 -, biologische Interaktionen 367 -,Dichte 213 -,Differentialgleichungen 222 -, -(s)dynamik 46, 320, 337, 590, 592 --, Cakile edentula 214 -,Emigranten 216 -, Fluktuation 320, 365 -, Geburten 196 -, Gesamt- 593 - -, -größe 321 -, -(s)größe 195, 503, 590f, 601 --,Abnahme 610 --,Abschätzung (der) 195 --,effektive 587 - -, Fortpflanzungsfähigkeit 587 --,negative Korrelation 587 -,große 587 -,Gründer- 77 --, -effekt 77 -, Immigranten 216

641 Ii'

Personen- und Sachwortverzeichnis

-,isolierte 587 -, kleine 590f - -, genetische Probleme 586 -,Meta- 591ff, 606 -, Mindestgröße 594, 597 -, minimale überlebensfähige 597 -, -(s)ökologie 608 -,Regulation 218 -, Stabilität 365 -, Sub- 591, 593 -,Todesfälle 197 -, Unter- 592 -, Verteilung --, aggregierte (geklumpte) 212 --,gleichmäßige 212 --,regelmäßige 212 - -, zufällige 212 -, -(s)wachstum 54, 222 -, Zyklen 168, 320, 338 Population viability analysis siehe auch Simulations-

modell 600 Populus 167 Posidonia 179 Postelsia palmaeformis 245 Prädarion 412 -,Intensität (der) 413 -, Konkurrenzausschluß 354 -, Populationsdynamik 337 -,selektive 356 -, Struktur von Lebensgemeinschaften 354 Prädator siehe auch Räuber 122 -, Abundanz 320 -, Ansitzjagd 329 -, Ausbeutungskonkurrenz 348 -,Beute 320 -,-Beute- siehe auch Räuber-Beute---, -Ökologie 339 -, Blüten- 327 -,Definition 317 -, -(en)dichte 348 - -, -abhängige Regulation 348 -,echter --,Definition 317 -, Entscheidung 331 -,gegenseitige Beeinträchtigung 348 -, Generalisten 334 -, Interferenz (mutual interference) --, Prädationsrate 348 -,Konsument 317 -, Konsumptionsrate 329, 348 -, Kontaktaufnahme 329 -,Lauerjagd 329 -,mutual interference siehe Interferenz -,Parasit --,Definition 317 -, Parasitaide 318

642

I

-,Ressourcen 317 -, Samen- 327 -,Spezialisten 334 -, Suchverhalten 329 -,Übertragung 329 -,Übervölkerung 348 -,Verhalten 329 -, Weidegänger --,Definition 317 Präferenzen 106 Prärie 164 -, -huhn 591 Prävalenz 302 Predator siehe Prädator Predator-mediated coexistence siehe Koexistenz Primärproduktion 172, 453 -, Brutto- 453 -, Netto- 453 Primärproduzent 459 Produktivität 168, 413, 596 Pro-Kopf-Nahrungsmittelproduktion 510 Pronghornantilope 165 Protein 120 Protozoen 126 Proximate Erklärung 8 Prozessionsspinner, Eichen- 127 Przewalski-Pferd 602 Pseudotsuga menziesii 226 Pteropus 594 P-Wert 15, 17 Pyrodictium occultum 100

Q Quecksilber 569 Quote, feste (fixed quota) 505, 53lf

R Rabe 108 Radiation 7 4 -, adaptive 441 Radium 564 Radon 564 Rang-Abundanz-Diagramm 410 Rangifer tarandus 168 Ranunculus repens 365, 366 Räuber siehe auch Prädator 122, 317 Räuber-Beute-Interaktionen -,Störungen 342 -,Synchronisation 343 Räuber-Beute-Kreisläufe -, Theorie 339 Räuber-Beute-System -, Asynchronisanon 350 -, Dispersion 350 Räuber-Beute-Verhältnis -, Abundanzoszillationen 339

-, gekoppelte Oszillationen 338 -, Populationsdynamik 339 -,Übervölkerung 338 -, Zyklen 338 --,Modell 339 Räuber-Beute-Zyklus, zyklische Gradationen

344 Räuber- und Beutepopulation -, Dynamik 329 Raunkiaer 156 Reaktionskurven 99 Reduktion, dichteabhängige 583 Regen -,saurer 38, 45 -,-schatten 145 -, -wald 145 --,tropischer 153 -, -WÜrmer 166 Rehabilitation 608 Reinigungsstufe -,biologische 541 -,chemische 542 -,mechanische 540 Rekrutierungsrate siehe auch Nettorekrutierungs-

rate 505 Renaturierung (restauration) 606ff, 613 Rentier 168 Replacement siehe Ersatzmaßnahme Reproduktionskapazität 583 Reproduktionsrate 207f Resistenz 491, 526, 531 Resource depletion zonesiehe Ressourcen-

verarmungszone Respiration 482 Ressource(n) 502 -, begrenzende 242 -,limitierende 256 -, -verarmungszone (RVZ, resource depletion

zone) 117 Restauration siehe Renaturierung Rhea americana 86 Rhinocyllus conicus 524 Rhizobium 292 -, Lebenszyklus 294 Rhizosphäre 283 Rhododendron lapponicum 203 Ribes spec. 81 Ricklefs 5 Riesenschildkröte 395 Riesenweta 390, 582 Ringeltaube 326 Rittersporn 241 Rivulus hartii 65 r/K-Konzept 228 Rodolia cardinalis 523 Rotalge 356

Personen- und Sachwortverzeichnis

Rotbärtiger Mönchsaffe 612 Rote Feuerameise 28 Rotenon 529 Roter Spießhirsch 612 Roter Wakariaffe 612 Rote Trespe 264 Rotzeder, Virginische 152 r-Strategen 227 Rumen 126 Rumex crispus 322 Rumex obtusifolius 322 Rüsselkäfer 321, 328

s Sabah 598 Sacadodes pyralis 520 Sackträgermotte, Binsen- 105 Sagina procumbens 118 Sahara-Senf 264 Saisonalität 164 Saitenwurm 298 Salazaria mexicana 118 Salinität 136 Salix alba 580 Salix cinerea 224 Salix cordata 319 Salmo trutta 23, 169 Salvelinus leucomaenis 106, 237 Salvelinus malma 106, 237 Salvia dorrii 118 Salvinia molesta 321 Salzsee 177 Samen 103 -, -pflanzen 441 Sammler (collector-gatherer) 174 Sammler-Filtrierer ( collector-filterer) 467 San Joaquin Valley 525, 526f Sandgarnele 136 Saphir-Gänsekresse 57 Sardelle 177 Sauerstoff 168 -, -bedarf, biologischer 168 Säugetiere 87 Saugrüssel 123 Saurer Regen siehe auch Regen, saurer 551, 613 Savanne 145, 153 Schädling 522 -, -(s)art 518 -,Ausrottung 518 -,(an) Baumwolle 520 -, -(s)bekämpfung siehe auch Biologische Schädlings-

bekämpfung 490, 518, 531 -,Insekten 518 -, -(s)population 518, 520, 531 - -, Wiederanstieg ( target pest resurgence) 519 -,potentieller 518

Personen- und Sachwertverzeichnis

-, Primär- 520 -,Sekundär- 520, 525, 526, 531 Schattenpflanzen 114 Schätzwert 22 Scheckenfalter 593, 593 Schermaus 378 Schlangengelege 227 Schlenke 152 Schlüsselarten (keystone species) 394, 604 Schlüsselfaktorenanalyse -, Androsace septentrionalis 375 -,Kartoffelkäfer 370 -, Nordischer Mannsschild 375 -, Waldfrosch 373 Schmeißfliege 296 Schmetterling -, Birkenspanner 66 Schnabeligel 87 Schnabeltier 87 Schnecke siehe auch Napf-, Spitzkreiselschnecke -,Weg- 128 Schneeglöckchen 108 Schneeschuhhase 342 Schottisches Moorschneehuhn 323 Schutzgebiete 611 -, Anzahl 604 -, Gesamtfläche 604 -, Grundregeln 605 -, marine 604 Schutztracht 129 Schwalbe 108 Schwalbenschwanz, Schwarzer 129 Schwammspinner 129 Schwärmer 125 Schwarzbär 336 Schwarzes Aguti 612 Schwebgarnele 594, 595 Schwefeldioxid (SOz) 558 Schweinepest 511 See, endorheischer 477 Seeanemone 60 Seekuh 580 Seeotter 220 Seepocke 418 Seeschwalbe, Küsten- 110 Seestern 353, 418 Seidenpflanze 129 Sekundärproduktion 453 Sekundärschädling siehe Schädling Selbourne 365 Selektion -,(durch den) Menschen 55 -,natürliche 132 - -, (in) Aktion 66 --,Definition 51 --,Modelle 70

I~

-,selektive Kräfte 63 -,Zuchtwahl 90 Seltenheit 5 79 Semelpare Arten 199 Senecio 122 Shannon 410 -, -Weaver 410 Shifting cultivation siehe Wanderfeldbau Shredder siehe Zerkleinerer Sichtweise -, Optimist 69 -,Pessimist 69 Signifikanz -, statistische l8f -, -test(s) 15 Silber 567 Silikat 131 -, (als) begrenzende Ressource 236 Simulationsmodell, mathematisches 600 Simuliidae 467 Small watershed technique 36 Solenopsis invicta 28 Sonnwendflockenblume 28 Spaltöffnung 114 Spanische Grippe 307 Spanner, Kleiner Frost- 128 Sparaxis grandiflora 197 Spartina 179 Spektrum -,(der) Lebensformtypen 158 -,(der) ökologischen Diversität 159 Spencer, Herbert -, survival of the fittest 55 Sperber 550 Sperlingskauz 355 Spezialisierung 112, 123 Spezialist 107, 112 Speziation 7l Spezies 71, 72 Spezifische natürliche Wachstumsrate 219 Sphagnum 151 Sphagnum cuspidatum 152 Sphagnum papillosum 152 Sphagnum pulchrum 152 Spinnerraupen, Massenvermehrung 345 Spinnmilben 523 Spitzkreiselschnecke 509 Spodoptera exigua 525 Springaffe 612 Sprungschicht 175 Stabilität 596 Standard error 18 Standardfehler l8ff Starrding crop siehe Biomasse, stehende Static life table siehe Stationäre Lebenstafel Stationäre Lebenstafel 204

Statistik 14 Statistischer Test -, Irrtumswahrscheinlichkeit 15 -, Nullhypothese 15 -, P-Wert 15 -, Standardfehler 18 -, Vertrauensbereiche 18 Statistische Schärfe 20ff Staunässe 117 Stechpalme 127 Steinfliege 468 Steißhühner 83 Stellaria media 259 Steppe 164 Sterberate 495, 497ff -,Abnahme 496 Sterna paradisaea 110 Stichprobe -,geschichtete 20 -, -(n)nahme 20 -,repräsentative 19 -, -(n)urnfang 22 -, zufällige - -, geschichtete 20f -,Zufalls- 20 Stickoxid(e) 180 Stickstoff 33, 45, 119, 513 -, -fixierung 292 -,-gaben, künstliche 34 -, -oxide (NOx) 558 Stoma 114 Störhäufigkeit, Hypothese der mittleren

( intermediate disturbance hypothesis) 424 Störung 171 Strahlung, Sonnen- 113 Stratified random sampling 20 Stratifikation 150 Strauß 83 Streifengnu 224 Streu siehe auch Laubstreu 168 -, -fall 163 Strobe 151 Strontium 564 Struthio camelus 86 Suchverhalten (optimal foraging) 329, 331 -, Erfolg 331 -, evolutionärer Ansatz (zum) 331 -, Formen 330 -, Habitat 332 -, Nettorate der Energieaufuahme 331 -,optimales 331 -, Patches 332 -, Risiko 332 -, Suchentscheidungen 332 --,unterschiedliche Formen 333 -,theoretischer Ansatz 332

Personen- und Sachwortverzeichnis

-, Theorie 331 -, Verhaltensökologie 331 Sukkulenten 116 Sukkulenz 115 Sukzession 31, 32, 33f, 44f, 151, 385 -, Störungen 31 -, -(s)untersuchungen 31 -,Veränderungen der Artenzusammensetzung 34 Sulfat 38, 482 Sumatra-Nashorn 598, 599 Sumpfmeise 266 Süßwasserdiatomeen, Konkurrenz 235 Sustainability siehe Nachhaltigkeit Sylvanit 529 Sylvilagus brasiliensis 307 Symbiodinium 295 Symbionten 295 Symbiose 277, 476 Symphoricarpus albus 81 Synedra ulna 235 Synökologie 608

T Taieri-Fluß 25 Taiga 153 Tanne siehe auch Remlockstaune -,Balsam- 149 Tannenmeise 266, 355 Tannin 128 Tansley 5 Target pest resurgence siehe Schädlingspopulation Tautliege 76, 432 Tectus niloticus 509 Temperatur 99 Termitendarm 11 Terrassierung 514 Tetraethylblei 569 Teufelskreis des Aussterbens ( extinction vortex) 590 Thailand 598 Thaumetopoea processionea 127 Therioaphis trifolii 519 Thermokline 175 Thermophile 112 Therophyten 158 Thiobacillus ferrooxidans 112 Thiobacillus thiooxidans 112 Thomson-Gazelle 329 Thorium 563 Thuja occidentalis 149 Tidestromia oblongifolia 115 Tiefseeschlot( e) 78 Tilia 162 Toleranz 112, 115 Tolerators siehe Toleranz Topographie 145 Totenkopfaffe 612

645 Ii'

Personen- und Sachwortverzeichnis

Toxin 128 Transition countfies -, early 496 -, late 496 -, pre- 496 Transpiration 115, 478 Trauerschnäpper 319 Treibhauseffekt 82 Treibhausgas(e) 82, 121 Triage 608, 613 Trichechus manatus 580 Trichocorixa verticalis 395 Trichoplusia ni 525, 526 Trichostrongylis tenuis 323 Trifolium repens 62, 128, 128 Trifolium subterraneum 261, 262 Trilepida adamsii 583 Trockenheit 115 Trockenstreß 117 Tropen 153 Trophieebene 392, 395, 459 Trypanosoma 319 Tsavo-Nationalpark 600 Tsuga canadensis 149 Tuberkulose 307 Tulpenbaum 149 Tundra 153 Turdus 550 Turgor 115 Tympanchus cupido cupido 591 Typhlodromus occidentalis 351 Tyria jacobaeae 122

u Überfischung 506f Überhitzung 116 Überleben 99 -, -(s)chancen 319 -, -(s)kurven 209, 211 --,Typ I 211 --,Typ II 212 - -, Typ III 212 -, -(s)rate 134, 586 -, -(s)wahrscheinlichkeit 597 Übernutzung 502, 531, 576, 583, 589, 590, 610 Übertragung 329 -, -(s)schwelle --,Ableitung 346 --,Definition 346 Übervölkerung 338, 348 -, dämpfender Einfluß 348 Überweidung 515, 531 Ufervegetation 172 Ultimate Erklärung 8 Ulva 424 Umlaufbahn der Erde 143

- 646

I

Umwelt -, -faktoren 591 -,Heterogenität 245 -, -kapazität 503 - -, globale 498, 500, 530 --,Schätzwerte 500 -, -verschmutzung 34, 66 - -, saurer Regen 38 - -, Schwermetalltoleranz 68 - -, Stickstoff 34 -, -Zerstörung 590 Unitare Organismen 194 Unterernährung 509 Unternutzung 502 Ursus americanus 336 Ursus aretos 336, 595

V Vanuatu 509 Variabilität 57 Variationen, geographische 57 Vedaliakäfer 523 Vegetationstyp 145 Vektor 511 Venturia canescens 320 Verbreitung 5, 44, 57 -, -(s)muster 77 Verdauungskanal 286 Verdauungstrakt 287 Verhaltensökologie 23 Vermeidung 112, 115 Vernetzung 606 Versalzung 515f, 529, 531 Versauerung 558 Versehrnutzung 610 Verteidigung 127 -,Beute 323 Vertrauensbereich, 95-%- 18 Yetivergras 514 Vetiveria zizanioides 514 Viktoriasee 585 Vital rates siehe Eigenschaften, vitale Valterra 340 -,-Modell 246ff Vorhersage(n) 9 Vulkanschlote 178 -, hydrothermale 178 Vulpia fasciculata 132, 132

w Wachstum 99 -,exponentielles 499, 530 -, -(s)rate 495, 586 -, überexponentielles 529 Wahrscheinlichkeit 15 Wal 583

Wald siehe auch Laub-, Nadel-, Regenwald 80 -, -sterben 559 Waldmaus 277 Wallace 51 Wanderbewegung 212 Wanderfalke 550, 582, 602 Wanderfeldbau (shifting cultivation) 439 Wandertaube 285 Wärme, respiratorische 453, 461 Wärmekapazität 150 Wasser siehe auch Grundwasser 512, 531 -, -aufnahme 116 --,-vermögen 143 -, -bilanz 115 -, -defizit 115 -, -einzugsgebiet 36 -, -farn 321 -, -nutzung --,Effizienz 114 -, Ressource 515 -,Verbrauch 516 -, Versehrnutzung 517 Wechselwirkungen 5 Wegener 83 Weidegänger 122, 323 -, Fraßschäden 323 Weidenmeise 266, 355 Weißbartpekari 612 Weiße Fliege 523 Weißer Gänsefuß 40 Weiße Rübe 108 Weißes Straußgras 60 Weißklee 62 WeißkopfSeeadler 594, 595 -, DDT 191 Weißstirnkapuzineraffe 612 Weltbevölkerung 492, 502, 509 -, Altersstruktur 492 -,Verbreitung 492 -,Wachstumsrate 492 --,exponentiell 495 --, überexponentiell 495 Weltgesamtbevölkerung 496 Went, Fritz 165 Westmalaysia 598 Wickler (Schmetterling), Fichtentrieb- 167 Wiederbesiedlung 606 -, -(s)raten 606 Wiedereinbürgerung 602, 611

Personen- und Sachwertverzeichnis

Wilson 380, 429 Winderosion 513 Winterschlaf 110 Wirt -, Infektion 323 -, Neuinfektionen 346 -, -(s)wechsel 304 Wit, C. T. de 500 Wollaffe 612 Wollsackschildlaus 522f Wurzel 117 -, -architektur 117 -,-haar 117 -, -system 117 Wüste 118, 153 -, -(n)bildung 515, 529, 531 -, -Schildkröte 265

y Yellowstone-Nationalpark 400

z Zebraschwanz-Eidechse 265 Zeburinder 356 Zecken 376 Zehn-Prozent-Gesetz 463 Zeiraphera diniana 326 Zelluloseabbau 289 Zerkleinerer (Shredder) 172, 466 Zersetzer (decomposer) 122, 454 -, -system (decomposer system) 453 Zersetzung 38, 466 Zitronenfalter 108 Zone -, euphorische 458 -, photische 438 Zonierung 178 Zoologische Gärten 602 Zooplankton 423 Zostera 179 Zucker 126 -, -riibe 40, 46 --,genetisch veränderte 41 --, -(n)eule 525f -, -vögel 77 Zugvögel 164 Zwergaguti 612 Zyklische Gradationen 344 Zyklus, saisonaler 107