LITERARY ELEMENT

LITERATURE AS STRUCTURE

• ELEMENTS• RELATION• UNITY

NATURE OF STRUCTURE

• UNITY• SELF REGULATION• SELF TRANSFORMATION

ELEMENT

• INTRINSIC ELEMENT• EXTRINSIC ELEMENT

POETRY

Because there is language there is poetry

MAIN CHARACTERISTIC

• PREMIUM LANGUAGE STYLE ()/Gesture(Wainwright,2004: 2)

• qualities we employ to signal our meaning strongly by emphasizing particular word sounds, rhythmic sequences or patterns.– diction, syntax, voice, tone, and effective use of

figures and tropes.

GENRE

• NARRATIVE POETRY: poetry which tells stories with clearly developed, structured plot, for examples: epic long poem, the romance, and the ballad

• LYRIC POETRY: shorter poetry which is mainly concerned with one event, impression, or idea (Klarer, 1999: 28)

INTRINSIC ELEMENT

• lexical-thematic dimension– diction– rhetorical figures– Theme

• visual dimension– stanzas – concrete poetry

• rhythmic-acoustic dimension– rhyme and meter– Onomatopoeia(Klarer, 1999:30)

lexical-thematic dimension

Diction

• Diction is the choice of words used in a literary work

rhetorical figures• simile is a comparison betweentwo different things which are

connected by “like,” “than,” “as,” or “compare,” • Metaphor is The equation of one thing with another without actual

comparison.• Metonymy (Greek for "a change of name") the literal term for one thing

is applied to another with which it has become closely associated be-cause of a recurrent relationship in common experience.

• Synecdoche (Greek for "taking together"), a part of something is used to signify the whole, or (more rarely) the whole is used to signify a part.

• personification, or in the Greek term, prosopopeia, in which either an inanimate object or an abstract concept is spoken of as though it were endowed with life or with human attributes or feelings

Theme

• Theme is a salient abstract idea that emerges from a literary work's treatment of its subject-matter; or a topic recurring in a number of literary works.

Visual dimension

The AltarA broken Altar, Lord, Thy servant rears,Made of a heart and cemented with tears;Whose parts are as Thy Hand did frame;No workman’s tool hath touched the same.A heart aloneIs such a stone,As nothing butThy power doth cut.Wherefore each partOf my hard heartMeets in this frameTo praise Thy frameTo praise Thy name,That if I chance to hold my peace,These stones to praise Thee may not cease.Oh, let Thy blessed sacrifice be mine,And sanctify this altar to be Thine.

rhythmic-acoustic dimension

Meter

• Meter is the recurrence, in regular units, of a prominent feature in the sequence of speech-sounds of a language.

Kinds of Meter

(1) Iambic (the noun is "iamb"): an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.• The cúr I few tolls I the knéll I of par I ting day. I– (Thomas Gray, "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard")

(2) Anapestic (the noun is "anapest"): two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable.• The Äs syr I iän came down I like ä wólf I on the fold. I– (Lord Byron,"The Destruction of Sennacherib")

Kinds of Meter

(3) Trochaic (the noun is "trochee"): a stressed followed by an unstressed syllable.• There they I are, my I fif ty I men and I wó men. I(Robert Browning, "One Word More")(4) Dactylic (the noun is "dactyl"): a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.• Eve, with her I bas kët, was I• Deep in the I bells and grass. I– (Ralph Hodgson, "Eve")

Kinds of Meter

• Spondaic (the noun is "spondee"): two successive syllables with approximately equal strong stresses, as in each of the first two feet of this line:

• Good stróngl thick stulpë fyl ing inlcënse smóke.I– (Browning, "The Bishop Orders His Tomb")

• Pyrrhic (the noun is also "pyrrhic"): a foot composed of two successive syllables with approximately equal light stresses, as in the second and fourth feet in this line:

• My way I is to I be gin I with the I be gin ningl– (Byron, Don Juan)

Rhyme

• the repetition, in the rhyming words, of the last stressed vowel and of all the speech sounds following that vowel: láte-fáte; fóllow-hóllow.

rhyme

True ease in writing comes from art, not chance,As those move easiest who have learned to dance.’Tis not enough no harshness gives offense,The sound must seem an echo to the sense:Soft is the strain when Zephyr gently blows,and the smooth stream in smoother numbers flows;But when loud surges slash the sounding shore,The hoarse, rough verse should like the torrent roar.

Onomatopoeia

• In the narrow and most common use, onomatopoeia designates a word, or a combination of words, whose sound seems to resemble closely the sound it denotes: "hiss," "buzz," "rattle," "bang– The snow softly falling as it “hushes” and

“shushes” the cars that drive in the street.

Onomatopoeia

• Here comes a pale horse click, clack, click, clack Upon it sits Death click, clack, click, clack. Death rides down the street, He stops, he looks For the man with no heart beat, He enters more silently than the best of crooks.

Exercise 1

Pot ( 1970 )

Pot apa pot itu pot kaukah pot akuPot pot potYang jawab pot pot pot pot kaukah pot ituYang jawab pot pot pot pot kaukah pot akuPot pot potPotapa potitu potkaukah potaku ?

Exercise 2

l(aleaffalls)onel

REFERENCES

• Abrams. M.H. 1999. Glossary of Literary Terms. Boston: Heinle&Heinle

• Baldick, Christ. 2001. Oxford Concise Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press

• Klarer, Mario. 1999. Introduction to Literary Study. London& New York: Routledge

• Wainwright, Jeffrey. 2004. Poetry The Basic. London& New York: Routledge