Literary DevicesLiterary DevicesWe will be using these literary We will be using these literary

terms throughout the school terms throughout the school year. year.

There WILL be literary terms used There WILL be literary terms used on your FINAL EXAMS in June!!on your FINAL EXAMS in June!!

You need to keep up with your You need to keep up with your notes. notes.

We will use the following terms:We will use the following terms:DenotationDenotation Connotation Connotation

ImageryImagery MoodMood ToneToneConflict Conflict Flashback Flashback ForeshadowingForeshadowingMetaphorMetaphor SimileSimile OxymoronOxymoronPersonificationPersonification

AlliterationAlliteration HyperboleHyperboleOnomatopoeiaOnomatopoeia

RepetitionRepetition RhymeRhyme AnalogyAnalogy

AllusionAllusion EuphemismEuphemismParadoxParadox

SatireSatire SoliloquySoliloquy PunPunDialectDialect IronyIrony

DenotationDenotationThe denotation of a The denotation of a word is its dictionary word is its dictionary meaning.meaning.

ConnotationConnotationThe connotation of a word is the The connotation of a word is the

set of ideas associated with it in set of ideas associated with it in addition to its explicit meaning. addition to its explicit meaning.

Cars

Denotation versus Denotation versus ConnotationConnotation

Some examples – Some examples –

Cheap is Cheap is ““low in costlow in cost”” (denotation) but (denotation) but ““stingystingy”” or or ““poorly madepoorly made”” are the are the connotations of connotations of cheap cheap

ImageryImageryDescriptive Descriptive words or phrases words or phrases that appeal to one or more of that appeal to one or more of the five senses. Writers use the five senses. Writers use

imagery to describe how their imagery to describe how their subjects look, sound, feel, subjects look, sound, feel,

taste, and smell creating a taste, and smell creating a mental picture.mental picture.

““He leaped upon the rail and balanced He leaped upon the rail and balanced himself there, to get greater elevation; his himself there, to get greater elevation; his pipe, striking a rope, was knocked from pipe, striking a rope, was knocked from his mouth. He lunged for it; a short, his mouth. He lunged for it; a short, hoarse cry came from his lips as he hoarse cry came from his lips as he realized he had reached too far and had realized he had reached too far and had lost his balance. The cry was pinched off lost his balance. The cry was pinched off short as the blood-warm waters of the short as the blood-warm waters of the Caribbean Sea closed over his head.”Caribbean Sea closed over his head.”

“He struggle up to the surface and tried to “He struggle up to the surface and tried to cry out, but the wash from the speeding cry out, but the wash from the speeding yacht slapped him in the face and the salt yacht slapped him in the face and the salt water in his open mouth made him gag.”water in his open mouth made him gag.”

“The Most Dangerous Game”“The Most Dangerous Game” by Richard by Richard ConnellConnell

MOODMOODMoodMood is the way the literature is the way the literature

makes the makes the reader feelreader feel. . WriterWriter’’s use many devices to s use many devices to create mood, including images, create mood, including images,

dialogue, setting, and plot. dialogue, setting, and plot.

Often, the mood is carried Often, the mood is carried throughout. throughout.

Example Example

Charles Dickens creates a calm and peaceful Charles Dickens creates a calm and peaceful mood in his novel “Pickwick Papers”:mood in his novel “Pickwick Papers”:

•““The river, reflecting the clear blue of the sky, The river, reflecting the clear blue of the sky, glistened and sparkled as it flowed noiselessly glistened and sparkled as it flowed noiselessly on.”on.”

•The depiction of idyllic scenery imparts a The depiction of idyllic scenery imparts a serene and non-violent mood to the readers.serene and non-violent mood to the readers.

•Mary Poppins Original Mary Poppins

ToneToneTone, is the author’s or speakers attitude Tone, is the author’s or speakers attitude

toward the subject. Conveyed through the toward the subject. Conveyed through the choice of words or the viewpoint of a choice of words or the viewpoint of a writer on a particular subject.writer on a particular subject.

For example, word choice or phrasing may For example, word choice or phrasing may seem to convey respect, anger, seem to convey respect, anger, lightheartedness, or sarcasm.lightheartedness, or sarcasm.

““All morons hate it when you call them a All morons hate it when you call them a moron.”moron.”

FlashbackFlashbackA flashback is a literary device in A flashback is a literary device in

which an earlier episode, which an earlier episode, conversation, or event is inserted conversation, or event is inserted into the sequence of events. into the sequence of events. Often flashbacks are presented Often flashbacks are presented as a memory of the narrator or of as a memory of the narrator or of another character. another character. Video

The movie The movie TitanicTitanic is told almost is told almost entirely in a flashback. entirely in a flashback.

Movie clip

Flashback continued…

ForeshadowingForeshadowingForeshadowing is the authorForeshadowing is the author’’s use of s use of

clues to hint at what might happen clues to hint at what might happen later in the story. Used to build their later in the story. Used to build their readersreaders’’ expectations and to create expectations and to create suspense. suspense.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2qi0b_gb4U4https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imF-Ov1-Wfw

Can you think of Can you think of an element of an element of

foreshadowing?foreshadowing?

MetaphorMetaphorA metaphor compares two or more A metaphor compares two or more

things using a more descriptive word. things using a more descriptive word. A metaphor does NOT use A metaphor does NOT use likelike or or asas..

Example:Example:

Examples:

•Life is a bowl of cherries.•The world's a stage•He was a lion in battle•Drowning in debt •A sea of troubles.

Metaphors in Pop Culture

SimileSimileA Simile compares two things using A Simile compares two things using

the words the words likelike or or asas..

Example: Example:

• Her voice was like nails on a Her voice was like nails on a chalkboard.chalkboard.

• She felt like a wilted flower.She felt like a wilted flower.

• Like a bull in a china shop!Like a bull in a china shop!

Similes and MetaphorSimiles and Metaphor

•By the Bazillions

•Similes and Metaphors in songsong

•Ogres are like onions

OxymoronOxymoronAn Oxymoron is a figure of speech that is An Oxymoron is a figure of speech that is

a combination of seemingly a combination of seemingly contradictory words. contradictory words.

Examples:Examples: Same differenceSame difference

Pretty uglyPretty ugly

Roaring silenceRoaring silenceVideo

PersonificationPersonification• A figure of speech in A figure of speech in

which things or ideas which things or ideas are given human are given human attributes.attributes.

Example:Example:

• Dead leaves dance in the windDead leaves dance in the wind

• Blind justiceBlind justice

• Winter wrapped her cold fingers Winter wrapped her cold fingers around mearound me

• Tears began to fall from the Tears began to fall from the dark dark clouds.clouds.

“The high mountain wind coasted sighing through the pass and whistled on the edges big block of broken granite…”

“A scar of green grass cut across the flat. And behind the flat another mountain rose, desolate with dead rocks and starving little black bushes…”

“Flight” by John Steinbeck

                                              

Personification

Examples

In SongMovieIn Pop Music

AlliterationAlliterationAlliteration is the repetition of sounds Alliteration is the repetition of sounds

at the beginning of words. at the beginning of words. Alliteration gives emphasis to words.Alliteration gives emphasis to words.

Example: Peter Piper picked a peck of Example: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepperspickled peppers

HyperboleHyperbole

• A figure of speech in which A figure of speech in which exaggerationexaggeration is used for is used for emphasis or effect.emphasis or effect.

• An extravagant statement or figure of speech not An extravagant statement or figure of speech not intended to be taken literally.intended to be taken literally.

• Examples:Examples:

• I waited an eternity for summer to get here!I waited an eternity for summer to get here!

• He could have slept for a year.He could have slept for a year.

• This book weighs a ton.This book weighs a ton.

• Listen to the hyperbole of the next poem by Jack Listen to the hyperbole of the next poem by Jack

PrelutskyPrelutsky..

I am making a pizza the size of the sun,a pizza that’s sure to weigh more than a ton,a pizza too massive to pick up and toss,a pizza resplendent with oceans of sauce.

I’m topping my pizza with mountains of cheese,with acres of peppers, pimentos, and peas,with mushrooms, tomatoes, and sausage galore,with every last olive they had at the store.

My pizza is sure to be one of a kind,my pizza will leave other pizzas behind,my pizza will be a delectable treatthat all who love pizza are welcome to eat.

The oven is hot, I believe it will take a year and a half for my pizza to bake.I hardly can wait till my pizza is done,my wonderful pizza the size of the sun.

Jack Prelutsky

Hyperbole in movies

OnomatopoeiaOnomatopoeia A figure of speech in which words are used to imitate sounds.Examples : crashbuzzquack ZoomFigurative languageBatmanTigger

ONOMATOTODAYIn the morning

yawn, stretchto the bathroom

scratch, blinkin the shower

scrub, splashto the closet

whisk, rustledown the hall

thump, creakin the kitchen

clank, clinkto the car

click, slamon the road

honk, screechat the office

tick, ringout to lunch

munch, slurpreturn home

thug, moanon to bed

shuffle, snoreCathy Christensen

Repetition A word or line that is repeated, usually to evoke an emotion or create a rhythm.

“There were so many important moments. If I’d missed the ticket, I wouldn’t be here. If I hadn’t gone to the show, I wouldn’t be here. If I hadn’t stuck around to see what Steve was up to, I wouldn’t be here. If I hadn’t stolen Madam Octa, I wouldn’t be here. If I’d said no to Mr. Crepsley’s offer, I wouldn’t be here.

A world of “ifs”, but it made no difference. What was done was done. If I could go back in time…” ~Cirque Du Freak by Darren Shan

Rhyme The occurrence of the same sound at the end of two or more words.

Examples : cat / hatdesire / firesteak / fake

English is a Pain! (Pane)Rain, Reign, rein,English is a pain.

Although the words Sound just alike

The spelling’s not the same!

Bee, Be, BI’d rather climb a treeThan learn to spell The same old word,

Not just one way, but three!

Sight, Site, CiteI try with all my might.

No matter which I finally choose,

It’s not the one that’s right!

There, Their, They’re,Enough to make you swear.

Too many waysTo write one sound,

I just don’t think it’s fair!

To, Two, TooSo what’s a kid to do?

I think I’ll doTo live on Mars

And leave this mess with ewe! (you?)

By Shirlee Curlee Bingham

AnalogyAnalogy

A comparison made between two A comparison made between two things that may initially seem to things that may initially seem to have little in common to make have little in common to make things relatable.things relatable.

Used for illustration and/or argument. Used for illustration and/or argument.

Example:Example:Hand is to glove : Foot is to sockHand is to glove : Foot is to sockHappy is to sad : Hot is to coldHappy is to sad : Hot is to coldVideo, More videosVideo, More videos

AllusionAllusion• Reference something or personthat Reference something or personthat

is known from literature, history, is known from literature, history, religion, myth, politics, sports, religion, myth, politics, sports, science, or the artsscience, or the arts

• Examples:Examples:

"Christy didn't like to spend money. "Christy didn't like to spend money. She was no Scrooge, but she She was no Scrooge, but she seldom purchased anything except seldom purchased anything except the bare necessities". the bare necessities".

Allusion:

Ex: The students were sure that their teacher had drunk from the river Styx because of her complete inattention to their pranks.

Sour grapesAllusions

• Why are allusion powerful?Why are allusion powerful?– Provides examples.Provides examples.– Puts large amounts of meaning into very Puts large amounts of meaning into very

few words. few words.

• What are the limitations?What are the limitations?– It is only as powerful as the knowledge the It is only as powerful as the knowledge the

audience has. The previous knowledge of audience has. The previous knowledge of your audience is the barometer which your audience is the barometer which measures the power of your allusion. measures the power of your allusion.

• What are the allusions in the following?What are the allusions in the following?

• Billy Joel – We didn’t start the fireBilly Joel – We didn’t start the fire

• "We Didn't Start the Fire" is a song by Billy Joel. Its lyrics include brief, rapid-fire allusions to more than 100 headline events between 1949, the year of Joel's birth, and 1989.

To speak well in the place of To speak well in the place of the blunt, disagreeable, the blunt, disagreeable, terrifying or offensive term.terrifying or offensive term.Example: Example:

•Death becomes Death becomes ““to pass awayto pass away””•Letting someone go instead of firing someoneLetting someone go instead of firing someone

•Use the rest room instead of go to the bathroom Use the rest room instead of go to the bathroom

ExamplesExamples

• Charmin AdCharmin Ad

A seeming contradiction that A seeming contradiction that defies logic. defies logic. Examples: Examples: ““It was the best of times. It was the worst of times.It was the best of times. It was the worst of times.””““You shouldn't go in the water until you know how to You shouldn't go in the water until you know how to swim.”swim.” “ “Be cruel to be kind.”-Be cruel to be kind.”-from Hamlet by Shakespearefrom Hamlet by Shakespeare"Some day you will be old enough to start reading fairy tales "Some day you will be old enough to start reading fairy tales again.” (C.S. Lewis)again.” (C.S. Lewis)

ParadoxParadox

A A workwork that that makes fun makes fun of of somethingsomething or or someonesomeone. .

Examples:Examples:

““Weekend Update” from Saturday Night LiveWeekend Update” from Saturday Night Live

Most political cartoons in newspapers and magazinesMost political cartoons in newspapers and magazines

A A monologuemonologue in which a in which a character expresses character expresses his or her his or her thoughts thoughts to the to the audienceaudience and and does does not intend not intend the the other characters to hear them. other characters to hear them.

Examples: Examples:

““To be or not to be, that is the question.” To be or not to be, that is the question.” from from Hamlet written by ShakespeareHamlet written by Shakespeare

GrinchGrinch

Pun:Pun:

• The The use of a word use of a word in a way that in a way that playsplays on on its its different meaningsdifferent meanings. .

Pun:Pun:

Example:Example:

•Noticing the bunch of bananas, the hungry Noticing the bunch of bananas, the hungry gorilla went ape.gorilla went ape.

•I recently spent money on detergent to I recently spent money on detergent to unclog my kitchen sink. It was money down unclog my kitchen sink. It was money down the drain. Ikea Videothe drain. Ikea Video

Dialect

The language used by the people of a specific area, class or district. The term dialect involves the spelling, sounds, grammar and pronunciation.Ex. Chinook languageMuckamuckMuckamuck Cheechako PotlatchCheechako PotlatchSkookum Chuck

MesachieMesachie Tyee Tyee

Australian

Dialect

Australian

Doughnut instilGrey travelledDefenceHarbourCivilised

DialectDialect

Example – Huckleberry Finn Jim: “We’s safe, Huck, we’s safe! Jump up and crack yo’ heels. Dat’s de good ole Cairo at las’, I jis knows it.”

Huck: “I’ll take the canoe and go see, Jim. It mightn’t be, you know.”

• Havin' a timeHavin' a time: having fun : having fun [12][12]

• You knows yourselfYou knows yourself: Responding to statement in : Responding to statement in agreement.agreement.

• What are ye at?What are ye at?, or , or Wadda ya'at b'y?Wadda ya'at b'y?: What are you : What are you doing?doing?

• Wah?Wah?: what?: what?

• Luh!Luh!: Look!: Look!

• G'wan b'y!G'wan b'y!: Literally, "go on, b'y/boy?" Can be used as : Literally, "go on, b'y/boy?" Can be used as a term of disbelief or as sarcasm, like the term "No, a term of disbelief or as sarcasm, like the term "No, really?"really?"

• Hows you gettin' on, cocky?Hows you gettin' on, cocky?: "How are you today?": "How are you today?"

• You're a nice kind young fellerYou're a nice kind young feller: "You are a nice person": "You are a nice person"

• Me SonMe Son: a term of endearment, like "my friend" or "my : a term of endearment, like "my friend" or "my bud."bud."

• You're some crookedYou're some crooked: You are grouchy: You are grouchy

• Eh, b'yEh, b'y (also spelled 'Aye b'y' and 'ay b'y', and (also spelled 'Aye b'y' and 'ay b'y', and sometimes said as 'yes b'y): shortened form of sometimes said as 'yes b'y): shortened form of "yes, boy." It's a term used to agree with what "yes, boy." It's a term used to agree with what someone is saying.someone is saying.

• Yes, b'yYes, b'y: Yes boy. It is an expression of awe or : Yes boy. It is an expression of awe or disbelief. Also commonly used sarcastically to disbelief. Also commonly used sarcastically to mean yeah right. It is similar to "eh, b'y."mean yeah right. It is similar to "eh, b'y."

• Where ya at?Where ya at?: Where are you?: Where are you?

• Stay where you're to/at till I comes where ya're Stay where you're to/at till I comes where ya're at/to.at/to.: Wait there for me: Wait there for me

• Get on the goGet on the go: Let's go. It's also, a common : Let's go. It's also, a common euphemism for partying. euphemism for partying. on the goon the go by itself can by itself can also refer to a relationship - similar to a dating also refer to a relationship - similar to a dating stage, but more hazy. stage, but more hazy.

IronyIrony

The difference between what The difference between what we expect to have happen we expect to have happen

and what happens. and what happens.

Taking the escalator to the Taking the escalator to the gym. Didn’t see that coming.gym. Didn’t see that coming.

Can’t spell school. Can’t spell school.

Found it. Found it.

What would you say if you saw What would you say if you saw this on the bus?this on the bus?

No, it’s not.No, it’s not.

Why do we care about Why do we care about cockroaches?cockroaches?

Why would you give the dumb Why would you give the dumb one the wheel?one the wheel?

We are preaching peace. We are preaching peace.

We like kitties... Die everyone We like kitties... Die everyone else.else.

If you didn’t learn from the If you didn’t learn from the deathdeath the fine will make you the fine will make you change your mind.change your mind.

Circles go around and not over Circles go around and not over and over.and over.

I wouldn’t expect to find that in I wouldn’t expect to find that in the middle of the track. the middle of the track.

Quiz what is Ironic Here?Quiz what is Ironic Here?

IronyIrony

• The difference between what we The difference between what we expect to have happen and what expect to have happen and what happens. happens.

• videovideo