Purpose: •  To present both sides of the argument fairly. •  To use examples to back up your argument. •  To come to a clear conclusion.  

Introduction

•  Introduce the subject to the reader. •  Tell the reader the two sides of the argument you are going to explain.

1st Paragraph

•  Explain the first side of the argument. •  Find an example to back up your argument.

Tip – Using ‘firstly’, ‘secondly’, ‘in addition’ will help you structure the

argument. 2nd Paragraph

•  Explain the counter argument. •  Find an example to back this up.

Tip – Using ‘although’, ‘however’

‘furthermore’ will help you structure

the counter argument.

Conclusion

•  Discuss your opinion on the subject. •  Conclude with a closing opinion about the subject- which side of the argument you think is right and why.

Tip – Using ‘therefore’, ‘as a result’ ‘furthermore’, ‘in conclusion’, ‘to sum up’ will

help you make a clear conclusion.

Don’t forget to read back your work. Pretend that you know nothing about the subject –

have you presented both

sides of the argument fairly and have you

used examples?

Purpose: •  To present your ideas or opinions convincingly. •  To get the reader to agree with you.

Introduction

•  Introduce your subject to the reader.

Following Paragraphs

•  Explain the reasons for your ideas or opinions being the best!

Tips - Be definite – your idea is the best –

convince yourself and you’ll be able to convince the reader.

-  Be positive – it’s always better to hear how good your idea is rather than how bad other people’s are. Write about your ideas in their

best light.

Don’t forget to read back your work. Pretend that you are sceptical about the subject – would it convince you?

Repeat yourself This really emphasises the points you make to the reader. Repeat the

points with new evidence.

Conclusion

•  Sum up your main points. •  Try to conclude by relating the subject to the reader.

Be personal Using words such as ‘we’ or ‘I’ always sounds a lot more convincing – We all

know that don’t we!

Use questions Why would you use

questions? Well they make people think. They also get your readers involved in

what you are writing.

Be emotional Use feelings to push

ideas – words are your ammunition! In seconds

they can make your friends laugh or your

teacher angry, so why not use them properly to persuade your readers?

Purpose: •  To give readers guidance on a subject.

Introduction

•  Introduce your subject to the reader.

Following Paragraphs

•  Take one paragraph for every main idea – explain the idea and give examples. •  You should try to answer these advice questions – who, what, why, where, when, how.

Tips - Make it personal – relate the advice to the reader and their experiences.

Also use ‘we’ and ‘you’ to include the reader in the subject. -  Have empathy – connect with the readers feelings, try to understand their

point of view.

Don’t forget to read back your work. Pretend that know nothing about the

subject – would the advice be usefully?

Conclusion

•  Sum up your main ideas.

Useful language... might, can, should,

could, ought to, may, maybe, don’t worry if, make sure that, you should, be careful to,

think about, one solution might be, you

might be able to.

Purpose: •  To keep the reader engaged and intrigued in your original ideas.  

Language Devices to use...

•  Similes – comparison using ‘like’ or ‘as’ •  Metaphor – a direct comparison •  Alliteration – repetition of sound at the beginning of words •  Assonance – repetition of sounds in the middle of words •  Personification – giving objects human or animal qualities •  Onomatopoeia – words that sound like their action

What you need ...

•  Original ideas

•  Original words

•  Appeal to the

senses

Original Ideas There is no formula for

having a brilliant idea. A good trick is to start with a simple or obvious idea

then turning it into something unusual.

Original Words 1. Vary your

vocabulary – don’t use the same

words all the time. 2. Use a thesaurus –

try to find more interesting words

to use.

Appeal to the Senses Think about describing

your setting and characters using the senses; sight, touch,

taste, smell and hearing.

Tips for writing short stories

•  Have only one or two main characters. •  Make your characters and plot realistic. •  Get straight to the point - creative writing should mean creative reading too!

Purpose: •  Inform readers of the facts in a way which is easy to understand with a clear structure.

Introduction

•  Introduce your subject to the reader.

Don’t forget to read back your work. Pretend that know nothing about the subject – would the information help

you understand it clearly?

Conclusion

•  Sum up your main points.

Following Paragraphs

•  Take one paragraph for every piece of information – explain the point to the reader in the simplest way possible. •  You should try to answer these questions – what, when, who, and where – these are questions which give the reader information and therefore informs them.

TIPS To help you structure

your work clearly you

could use thinking maps

to organise your main

points.

Purpose: •  Inform readers of the facts in a way which is easy to understand with a clear structure. •  To give reasons for the above information

Introduction

•  Introduce your subject to the reader.

Conclusion

•  Sum up your main ideas.

Following Paragraphs

•  Take one paragraph for every piece of information – explain the point to the reader in the simplest way possible. •  You should try to answer these questions – what, when, who, where, how, and why – these are questions which give the reader information and then the final two questions explain the reasons.

Don’t forget to read back your work. Pretend that know nothing about the subject – would the information help you understand it clearly? Do the

reasons you have given make sense?

TIPS

To help you understand

and organise the

explanations you give

you could use some

thinking maps.

Purpose: •  Give the reader lots of detail. •  Make the words interesting. •  Help the reader to ‘see’ what you are describing.

Start by thinking about what you want to describe

– what are the most interesting or intriguing features that you could point out to the reader?

To help you use more interesting vocabulary write a list full of words that come to

your mind when you think about the subject/thing.

Try to use your senses to help you.

Try to use language devices to describe

these things

Language Devices to use...

•  Similes – comparison using ‘like’ or ‘as’ •  Metaphor – a direct comparison •  Alliteration – repetition of sound at the beginning of words •  Assonance – repetition of sounds in the middle of words •  Personification – giving objects human or animal qualities •  Onomatopoeia – words that sound like their action

Sounds are an important part of memory and using them in descriptions helps the reader stay interested.

Try not to be obvious when describing what you can see – pick up on small details or odd features – again this keeps the reader interested.

Use direct descriptions of taste or ones that can be connected to through comparison or theme, for example, if I were talking about a hot summer’s day I might talk about the taste of fresh strawberries as these are a summer fruit.

Smell is a strong sense which can be used to connect ideas, themes or descriptions. For example the description of a newborn baby might be enhanced by talking about the smell of baby lotion and talcum powder – these are smells that most people can connect with.

Try not to be obvious when describing what feel or touch – pick up on small details or odd features – again this keeps the reader interested.

Purpose: •  Structure your sentences •  Make your writing more readable •  Make your ideas clear

Always use CAPITAL LETTERS at the start

of sentences & for titles.

Always use CAPITAL

LETTERS for proper nouns.

A proper noun is a

noun which refers to a person, place or thing. �

�Examples

Europe, Titanic, Shakespeare, The Fast & The Furious

Always use END STOP punctuation at

the end of a sentence.

End stop punctuation can be a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark.

Using commas.

ONLY use a comma for:�

Lists of adjectives�List of items�

To separate main and subordinate clauses�To add a tag on

question to the end of a sentence�

Purpose: •  Structure your essays •  Make your writing more readable •  Make your ideas clear & logical

SPEAKER New/different

person is speaking.

PLACE Move to a new/different place.

INFORMATION New information or

a new topic.

TIME Move to a new/different time.

openers are words to begin a

sentence

The... Next... Then... When... After... I... We... They... It... First... Secondly...

Once... On... During... Soon... My... So... If... Despite... Meanwhile... However... Although...

Before... As time... Eventually... Regardless of... Fortunately... Unfortunately.. Afterwards... The last time... Even though... Having decided... I felt as...

adjectives are words which

describe

adorable adventurous aggressive annoying beautiful clumsy confident considerate excitable glamorous grumpy helpful important intimidating obnoxious odd talented thoughtless timid handsome

Objects bright clear colourful distinct drab elegant filthy gleaming grotesque long magnificent muddy precious sparkling spotless strange unsightly unusual valuable

Good feelings brave calm cheerful comfortable courageous determined eager elated encouraged energetic enthusiastic excited exuberant fantastic fine healthy joyful pleasant relieved

angry annoyed anxious ashamed awful bewildered bored clumsy confused defeated defiant depressed disgusted disturbed dizzy embarrassed envious frightened hungry lonely

feelings Size big colossal enormous gigantic great huge immense large little long mammoth massive mini miniscule puny short tall teeny tiny

ancient brief early fast late modern old quick rapid short slow swift young

People Bad

Time

nouns are words which name

things

lamp clock chest chair table picture door window clothes light money paper wallet football television computer kettle drawers camera

father mother son brother sister uncle aunt grandfather grandmother friend baby crowd audience policeman policewoman astronaut firefighter clown

city town village house home church school playground swimming pool park station supermarket fairground castle library forest coast beach hotel office theatre

car lorry truck coach minibus wagon trailer bus speedboat chariot submarine flying saucer wheel traffic

jacket coat trousers jeans t-shirt blouse shorts shirt skirt socks shoes trainers hat cap

Locations Clothes

breakfast vegetables cake

potato carrots sandwich

orange pear pineapple

cheese yoghurt dessert

fruit lunch dinner

objects Everyday

People Vehicles

Food

verbs are action words

bounce carry collapse crawl dance dash drive hit hop hurry jump push pull roll rotate run shake skip sneak spin split

Voice giggle hum laugh rap scream shout sigh sing sob talk whisper yawn

bend break burn close control crush fold melt mend mould open repair smash stretch throw twist

admire bawl blubber cry despair frown grin laugh love sigh smile smirk tremble weep wince worry

Emotion caress eat feel hear lick listen observe smell sniff taste touch

Thought comprehend conceive contemplate daydream dream evaluate lament mediate ponder reflect speculate think visualise

stroll stumble tap throw trudge turn wander wave wind zoom

Movement I love words!! Objects Senses

Other interesting verbs change collect design

focus find identify

locate plan prevent

report suggest search

select terminate visit

adverbs are words which describe

actions

When? afterwards again before beforehand early lately never now often punctually recently soon then today tomorrow yesterday

always annually constantly daily hourly monthly never occasionally often once regularly repeatedly sometimes usually yearly

above around away below down downstairs everywhere here inside outside there up wherever

almost completely entirely little much rather totally very

How?

Other interesting verbs additionally appropriately consequently

fittingly hence however

insufficiently suitably therefore

angrily anxiously cautiously cheerfully courageously crossly cruelly defiantly doubtfully elegantly enthusiastically foolishly frantically gently gladly gracefully happily hungrily

How often? Where?

How much?

connectives link clauses or sentences together

When? afterwards as at that moment finally first just then last later meanwhile soon subsequently then until when while

Why? as a result because consequently for this reason in the end so therefore

Opinion fortunately happily luckily sadly unfortunately

But... alternatively although anyway aside from besides but despite however in spite of nevertheless on the other hand since whereas yet

And... also and as well as furthermore in addition moreover with