litcriticism

7/27/2019 LitCriticism

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LYUDMILA V. GUSHCHINA

MODERN ENGLISH LITERATURE:

LITERARY CRITICISM

(study guide)

Rosto!o"!Do"

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&EDERAL STATE EDUCATIONAL ESTA'LISHMENT O&

HIGHER RO&ESSIONAL EDUCATION

SOUTHERN &EDERAL UNIVERSITY*

MODERN ENGLISH LITERATURE:

LITERARY CRITICISM

(study guide)

Rostov-on-Don

2009

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;isG (H Itudy oGOCe=ensive guide PoC t=e QCd

-t= ye?Cs students t=?t de?Es Sit= EiteC?Cy >Citi>isG ?nd ? v?Ciety oP >Citi>?E

?OOCo?>=es; enE?Cging studentsT UnoSEedge in t=e sO=eCe oP GodeCn ngEis=

EiteC?tuCe on t=e S=oEe; >on>eCning soGe ?sOe>ts oP Eingu?E ?nd styEisti> tyOes oP

inteCOCet?tion. V=e oveC?EE go?E oP t=is study guide is to intCodu>e W?si> EiteC?Cy

t=eoCy ?nd >Citi>isG. V=is >ouCse =eEOs students g?in ? W?si> undeCst?nding oP soGe

EiteC?Cy >Citi>isG t=eoCies7 VeXtu?E; BoC?E Y J=iEosoO=i>?E; ZistoCi>?E; [iogC?O=i>?E

?OOCo?>=es; LoCG?EisG; \eS >Citi>isG; Russi?n LoCG?EisG; ItCu>tuC?EisG; B?CXist

FCiti>?E HOOCo?>=. JC?>ti>?E ?OOCo?>=es ?Ce OCovided to deveEoOing >Citi>?E vieSs

on EiteC?tuCe; >Eose Ce?ding ?nd unseens; >oGO?Cing diPPeCent >Citi>?E ?OOCo?>=es;

studying teXts in ?>>oCd?n>e to t=eG; >ouCseSoCU ?ssessGent ?nd tests.

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Co"te"ts

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I"toduBtio"

Io S=?t is EiteC?Cy >Citi>isG @iteC?Cy >Citi>isG des>CiWes t=e study; dis>ussion;

ev?Eu?tion; ?nd inteCOCet?tion oP EiteC?tuCe. @iteC?Cy >Citi>isG is G?de uO oP ?

nuGWeC oP diPPeCent tyOes oP >Citi>?E ?OOCo?>=es. FCiti>?E ?OOCo?>=es ?Ce veCy Gu>=

EiUe t=e Eens t=Coug= S=i>= Se vieS ?nd undeCst?nd ? Oie>e oP EiteC?tuCe. FCiti>?EEiteC?Cy t=eoCies >?n WCing >eCt?in fu?Eities oP ? SoCU oP EiteC?tuCe into Po>us oC >?EE

ouC ?ttention to O?Cti>uE?C issues.

V=is WooU OCesents itseEP ? Cese?C>= OCoe>t PoC Ee?Cning. hou SiEE We ?sUed to

eXOEoCe ?nd ev?Eu?te diPPeCent souC>es (Wot= EiteC?Cy ?nd onEine ones) CeE?ted to

youC study oP EiteC?Cy >Citi>isG. Kn O?Cti>uE?C; t=is WooU S?s designed to =eEO you

We>oGe GoCe P?GiEi?C Sit= t=e diPPeCent tyOes oP EiteC?Cy >Citi>isG ?nd

inteCOCet?tion t=eoCies. Kn ?ddition; you SiEE Ee?Cn t=e W?si> teCGinoEogy ?sso>i?ted

Sit= EiteC?Cy >Citi>isG ?s SeEE ?s =?ve t=e oOOoCtunity to OC?>ti>e ?OOEying v?Cious

EiteC?Cy >Citi>isG t=eoCies to youC study oP diPPeCent [Citis= ?nd HGeCi>?n WooUs.P >ouCse; you >?n ?sU ? fuestion7 j[ut S=y do K need to UnoS ?Wout diPPeCent

EiteC?Cy t=eoCiesT. V=eCe is ? gCe?t dePinition oP EiteC?Cy >Citi>isG Pound on t=e

@iteC?tuCe>E?ssi>s.>oG SeWsite S=i>= Ce?ds; j@iteC?Cy >Citi>isG is ?n eXtension oP

t=is so>i?E ?>tivity oP inteCOCetingT. Hs Se Ce?d ? teXt; Se ?Ce >onst?ntEy eng?ging

in t=e OC?>ti>e oP inteCOCet?tion ?s Se ?tteGOt to undeCst?nd ? O?Cti>uE?C SoCUTs

signiPi>?n>e ?nd Ge?ning. V=e >Citi>sT OuCOose G?y We to G?Ue v?Eue udgGents

on ? SoCU; to eXOE?in =is oC =eC inteCOCet?tion oP t=e SoCU; oC to OCovide ot=eC

Ce?deCs Sit= CeEev?nt =istoCi>?E oC WiogC?O=i>?E inPoCG?tion. Hs Ce?deCs Se use

>Citi>isG ?s ? S?y to >oGGuni>?te Sit= ot=eC Ce?deCs ouC ide?s Ceg?Cding ?

O?Cti>uE?C teXt. @iteC?Cy >Citi>isG =eEOs Ce?deCs to undeCst?nd t=e intCi>?>ies oP ?

teXt ?nd >oGGuni>?te Sit= ot=eC Ce?deCs ?Wout t=ose intCi>?>ies. Kt is iGOoCt?nt to

undeCst?nd =oS ? O?Cti>uE?C PoCG oP EiteC?Cy >Citi>isG G?y =eEO you undeCst?nd ?

teXt GoCe >Ee?CEy. ZoSeveC; >Citi>isG PCoG ot=eC souC>es s=ouEd neveC We ?

suWstitute PoC youC oCigin?E ide?s Ceg?Cding ? teXt. Knste?d; Ce?ding ot=eC >Citi>s G?y

=eEO you >E?CiPy youC oSn undeCst?nd ?nd ide?s.

Io; EetTs get st?Ctedk

Uk

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Modue . Litey CitiBisF

The overall goal is to study soGe >oCCesOonding teCGs EiUe literature; EiteC?Cy

>Citi>isG; et>.l ?iGs ?nd OuCOoses oP EiteC?Cy >Citi>isGl ?nd to enuGeC?te its G?in

s>=ooEs ?nd t=eoCies.

.. Litetue

!"era"#re is ? Wody oP SCitten SoCUs CeE?ted Wy suWe>t-G?tteC (e.g. t=e

EiteC?tuCe oP >oGOuting); Wy E?ngu?ge oC OE?>e oP oCigin (e.g. Russi?n EiteC?tuCe); oC

Wy OCev?iEing >uEtuC?E st?nd?Cds oP GeCit. Kn t=is E?st sense; jEiteC?tuCeT is t?Uen to

in>Eude oC?E; dC?G?ti>; ?nd WCo?d>?st >oGOositions t=?t G?y not =?ve Ween

OuWEis=ed in SCitten PoCG Wut S=i>= =?ve Ween (oC deseCve to We) OCeseCved.

Iin>e t=e 19t=>entuCy; t=e WCo?deC sense oP EiteC?tuCe ?s ? tot?EEy SCitten oC

OCinted SoCUs =?s given S?y to GoCe eX>Eusive dePinitions W?sed on >CiteCi? oPiG?gin?tive; >Ce?tive; oC ?Ctisti> v?Eue; usu?EEy CeE?ted to ? SoCUTs ?Wsen>e oP

P?>tu?E oC OC?>ti>?E CePeCen>e m its autotelic.Autotelic st?nds PoC =?ving; ?s ? SoCU

oP ?Ct; no end oC OuCOose Weyond its oSn eXisten>e. V=e teCG S?s used Wy

V.I. Eiot in 192Q ?nd ?doOted Wy \eS FCiti>isG to distinguis= t=e seEP-CePeCenti?E

n?tuCe oP EiteC?Cy ?Ct PCoG did?>ti>; O=iEosoO=i>?E; >Citi>?E; oC WiogC?O=i>?E SoCUs

t=?t invoEve OC?>ti>?E CePeCen>e to t=ings outside t=eGseEves7 in t=e SoCds oP t=e

HGeCi>?n Ooet HC>=iW?Ed B?>@eis=; jH OoeG s=ouEd not Ge?n [ut WeT. H siGiE?C

ide? is iGOEied in t=e t=eoCy oP t=e jOoeti> Pun>tionT Out PoCS?Cd in Russi?n

LoCG?EisG.

ven GoCe CestCi>tive =?s Ween t=e ?>?deGi> >on>entC?tion uOon OoetCy; dC?G?;

?nd Pi>tion. MntiE t=e Gid-20t=>entuCy; G?ny Uinds oP non-Pi>tion?E SCiting m in

O=iEosoO=y; =istoCy; WiogC?O=y; >Citi>isG; toOogC?O=y; s>ien>e ?nd OoEiti>s m SeCe

>ounted ?s EiteC?tuCel iGOEi>it in t=is WCo?deC us?ge is ? dePinition oP EiteC?tuCe ?s

t=?t Wody oP SoCUs S=i>= m PoC S=?teveC Ce?son m deseCves to We OCeseCved ?s O?Ct

oP t=e >uCCent CeOCodu>tion oP Ge?nings Sit=in ? given >uEtuCe (unEiUe yesteCd?yTs

neSsO?OeC; S=i>= WeEongs in t=e disOos?WEe >?tegoCy oP eO=eGeC?). V=is sense

seeGs GoCe ten?WEe t=?n t=e E?teC ?tteGOts to divide EiteC?tuCe m ?s >Ce?tive;

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iG?gin?tive; Pi>tion?E; oC non-OC?>ti>?E m PCoG P?>tu?E SCitings oC OC?>ti>?EEy

ePPe>tive SoCUs oP OCoO?g?nd?1; C=etoCi>2; oC did?>ti>QSCiting.

.#. Litey CitiBisF

!"erar$ %r!"!%!&'is t=e Ce?soned dis>ussion oP EiteC?Cy SoCUs; ?n ?>tivity S=i>=

G?y in>Eude soGe oC ?EE oP t=e PoEEoSing OCo>eduCes; in v?Cying OCoOoCtions7 t=edePen>e oP EiteC?tuCe ?g?inst GoC?Eists ?nd >ensoCs; >E?ssiPi>?tion oP ? SoCU

?>>oCding to its genCe; inteCOCet?tion oP its Ge?ning; ?n?Eysis oP its stCu>tuCe ?nd

styEe; udgeGent oP its SoCt= Wy >oGO?Cison Sit= ot=eC SoCUs; estiG?tion oP its

EiUeEy ePPe>t on Ce?deCs; ?nd t=e est?WEis=Gent oP geneC?E OCin>iOEes Wy S=i>=

EiteC?Cy SoCUs (Wot= individu?EEy ?nd in >?tegoCies; oC ?s ? S=oEe) >?n We ev?Eu?ted

?nd undeCstood.

FontC?Cy to t=e eveCyd?y sense oP >Citi>isG ?s jP?uEt-PindingT; Gu>= GodeCn

>Citi>isG (O?Cti>uE?CEy oP t=e ?>?deGi> Uind) ?ssuGes t=?t t=e SoCUs it dis>usses ?Ce

v?Eu?WEe. V=e Pun>tions oP udgeGent ?nd ?n?Eysis =?ving to soGe eXtent We>oGedivided WetSeen t=e G?CUet (S=eCe CevieSeCs ?sU jKs t=is SoCt= WuyingT) ?nd t=e

edu>?tion?E SoCEd (S=eCe ?>?deGi>s ?sU j=y is t=is so goodT).

iterary criticism is ? teCG ?OOEied sin>e t=e seventeent= >entuCy to t=e

s>ientiPi> investig?tion oP EiteC?Cy do>uGents in Ceg?Cd to su>= G?tteCs ?s oCigin;

teXt; >oGOosition; ?ndYoC =istoCy. V=is teCG CePeCs to studies devoted to t=e

>oGO?Cison; ?n?Eysis; inteCOCet?tion; ?nd ev?Eu?tion oP SoCUs oP EiteC?tuCe. V=e

teCG j>Citi>isGT is deCived PCoG t=e Citi>isG G?y We Oositive oC neg?tive; oC ? GiXtuCe oP Wot=. V=e

diPPeCent st?nd?Cds; oC >CiteCi?; Wy S=i>= EiteC?Cy >Citi>s =?ve udged SoCUs oP

EiteC?tuCe; =?ve Eed to t=e deveEoOGent oP v?Cious s>=ooEs oC v?Cieties oP EiteC?Cy

>Citi>isG.

@iteC?Cy >Citi>isG ?tteGOts to seCve t=e PoEEoSingpurposes7

eXOE?in ? SoCU ?nd its undeCEying OCin>iOEes to ?n un>oGOCe=ending ?udien>el

inteCOCet SoCUs to Ce?deCs S=o Gig=t ot=eCSise P?iE to undeCst?nd oC

?OOCe>i?te t=eGl

1(ro(aga)*!&' m t=e tenden>y to >oGOose EiteC?Cy SoCUs >=iePEy to seCve t=e OuCOose oP

OCoO?g?nd?; i.e. SCiting to OeCsu?de OeoOEe to suOOoCt ? O?Cti>uE?C CeEigious oC OoEiti>?E >?use.

JCoO?g?ndist SCiting is t=us ? Uind oP did?>ti> EiteC?tuCe diCe>ted toS?Cd >=?nging oC >onPiCGing

Ce?deCsT ?nd ?udien>esT ?EEegi?n>es. Kn EiWeC?E >Citi>isG; t=e teCG is used disO?C?gingEy oP EePt-

Sing EiteC?Cy PoCGs su>= ?s agitprop; social realism; oC t=e epic theatre of Brecht; Sit= t=e

suggestion t=?t t=ese ?Ce WetC?y?Es oP tCue HCt.2 rhe"or!%m t=e deEiWeC?te eXOEoit?tion oP eEofuen>e PoC t=e Gost OeCsu?sive ePPe>t in OuWEi>

sOe?Uing oC in SCiting. Kt S?s >uEtiv?ted ?s ?n iGOoCt?nt ?Ct ?nd s>ien>e in ?ntifuity; ?nd S?s ?n

essenti?E eEeGent oP Gediev?E univeCsity edu>?tion; invoEving t=e eE?WoC?te >?tegoCiping oP

PiguCes oP sOee>= toget=eC Sit= t=e ?Cts oP GeGoCy; ?CC?ngeGent; ?nd oC?toCi>?E deEiveCy. V=e

eGO=?sis on sin>eCity in t=e >uEtuCe oP RoG?nti>isG =eEOed to dis>Cedit C=etoCi>; so t=?t t=e usu?E

GodeCn sense oP t=e teCG iGOEies eGOty ?nd inePPe>tu?E gC?ndness in OuWEi> sOee>=. BodeCn

>Citi>s soGetiGes CePeC to t=e C=etoCi>?E diGension oP ? EiteC?Cy SoCU; Ge?ning t=ose ?sOe>ts oP

t=e SoCU t=?t OeCsu?de oC ot=eCSise guide t=e CesOonses oP Ce?deCs. H OC?>titioneC oC t=eoCist oPC=etoCi> is >?EEed ? rhetorician.Q*!*a%"!%m instCu>tivel designed to iGO?Ct inPoCG?tion; ?dvi>e; oC =oGe do>tCine oP GoC?Eity oC

O=iEosoO=y.

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dis>oveC ?nd ?OOEy OCin>iOEes S=i>= des>CiWe t=e Pound?tions oP jgood

EiteC?tuCeTl

ustiPy iG?gin?tive EiteC?tuCe in ? SoCEd t=?t Pinds its v?Eue fuestion?WEel

OCes>CiWe CuEes PoC Ce?deCs ?nd EegisE?te t?ste PoC t=e ?udien>el

udge SoCUs Wy >Ee?CEy dePined st?nd?Cds oP ev?Eu?tion.

Kn ?ddition; it ?Eso ?tteGOts to ?nsSeC t=e PoEEoSing fuestions ?Wout EiteC?tuCe7=?t is EiteC?tuCe

=?t does EiteC?tuCe do

=?t is EiteC?tuCe SoCt=

V=e v?Cious Uinds oP >Citi>isG P?EE into seveC?E oveCE?OOing >?tegoCies7

t=eoCeti>?E; OC?>ti>?E; iGOCessionisti>; ?PPe>tive; OCes>CiOtive; oC des>CiOtive.

FCiti>isG >on>eCned Sit= Ceve?Eing t=e ?ut=oCTs tCue Gotive oC intention

(soGetiGes >?EEed jeXOCessiveT >Citi>isG) eGeCged PCoG RoG?nti>isG to doGin?te

Gu>= 19t=- ?nd 20t=->entuCy >Citi>?E SCiting; Wut =?s tended to give S?y to

joWe>tiveT >Citi>isG; Po>using t=e SoCU itseEP (?s in \eS FCiti>isG ?ndstCu>tuC?EisG); ?nd to ? s=iPt oP ?ttention to t=e Ce?deC in Re?deC-CesOonse >Citi>isG.

J?Cti>uE?C s>=ooEs oP >Citi>isG ?Eso seeU to undeCst?nd EiteC?tuCe in teCGs oP its

CeE?tions to =istoCy; OoEiti>s; gendeC; so>i?E >E?ss; Gyt=oEogy; Einguisti> t=eoCy; oC

Osy>=oEogy; ?s Sit= Osy>=o?n?Eyti>?E >Citi>isG; B?CXist >Citi>isG; PeGinist

>Citi>isG; Gyt= >Citi>isG; eCo>Citi>isG; ?nd ot=eCs.

+e"a%r!"!%!&'is >Citi>isG oP >Citi>isGl t=?t is; t=e eX?Gin?tion oP t=e OCin>iOEes;

Get=ods; ?nd teCGs oP >Citi>isG eit=eC in geneC?E (?s in >Citi>?E t=eoCy) oC in t=e

study oP O?Cti>uE?C >Citi>s oC >Citi>?E deW?tes. V=e teCG usu?EEy iGOEies ?

>onsideC?tion oP t=e OCin>iOEes undeCEying >Citi>?E inteCOCet?tion ?nd udgeGent.

,ro-e%" Ta&&

1. XOEoCe in deOt= dePinitions oP EiteC?tuCe ?nd EiteC?Cy >Citi>isG.

2. HnsSeC t=e PoEEoSing fuestions7

=?t is EiteC?tuCe

=?t is EiteC?Cy >Citi>isG

=?t ?Ce t=e G?in OuCOoses oP EiteC?Cy >Citi>isG

=?t s>=ooEs oP >Citi>isG do you UnoS

Q. FCe?te ? OCesent?tion (CeOoCt) on @iteC?Cy FCiti>isG. houC OCesent?tion

s=ouEd >ont?in t=e PoEEoSing Ooints7

? titEel

? WCieP dePinition PoC youC toOi>l

W?si> W?>UgCound inPoCG?tion Ceg?Cding youC toOi>l

use teXtu?E eviden>e to suOOoCt youC >oGGent?Cy.

Te&" /0

V=e test >onsists oP b t?sUs. Kt CefuiCes Q Ginutes to soEve it. F=oose t=e

Cig=t ?nsSeC ?nd ti>U it in t=e WE?nU PoCG.

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1. What purpose does not belong to the purposes of literary criticism

1

eXOE?in ? SoCU ?nd its undeCEying

OCin>iOEes to ?n

un>oGOCe=ending?udien>e

2

inteCOCet SoCUs to Ce?deCs S=o

Gig=t ot=eCSise P?iE to undeCst?nd

oC ?OOCe>i?te t=eG

Q

unustiPy iG?gin?tive EiteC?tuCe

in ? SoCEd t=?t Pinds its v?Eue

fuestion?WEe

dis>oveC ?nd ?OOEy OCin>iOEes

S=i>= des>CiWe t=e Pound?tions

oP jgood EiteC?tuCeT

!. "he term #criticism$ is deri%ed from the ... &ord kritikos' meaning a #(udge$.

1 Citi>?E

*. iterary criticism is a term applied since the 1+th century to the scientific

in%estigation of literary documents in regard to such matters as: origin'

te,t' composition' and ... .

1 WioEogy 2 Osy>=oEogy

Q =istoCy G?t=s

-. "he %arious kinds of criticism fall into se%eral ... categories: theoretical'practical' impressionistic' affecti%e' prescripti%e' or descripti%e.

1 indeOendent 2 oveCE?OOing

Q G?teCi?E Osy>=oEogi>?E

. Which definition does not define the term literary criticism

1 t=e Ce?soned dis>ussion oP EiteC?Cy

SoCUs2 Ceve?E oP t=e ?ut=oCTs tCue Gotive

oC intention

Q

t=e eX?Gin?tion oP t=e OCin>iOEes;

Get=ods; ?nd teCGs oP

>Citi>isG eit=eC in geneC?E(?s in >Citi>?E t=eoCy) oC in

t=e study oP O?Cti>uE?C

>Citi>s oC >Citi>?E deW?tes

studies devoted to t=e >oGO?Cison;

?n?Eysis; inteCOCet?tion;?nd ev?Eu?tion oP SoCUs oP

EiteC?tuCe

1la) 2or'

q 1 2 Q N b

1

2Q

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10/61

!"era"#re

1. [?Edi>U F. XPoCd Di>tion?Cy oP @iteC?Cy VeCGs. XPoCd7 XPoCd MniveCsity

JCess; 2008.2. FCoPt I.; FCoss Z. @iteC?tuCe; FCiti>isG; ?nd ItyEe. \eS hoCU7 XPoCd

MniveCsity JCess; 200.Q. Ri>=?Cds r. R=etoCi>. \eS hoCU; 200c.

. RusseEE D.H.; inteCWottoG B. FE?ssi>?E @iteC?Cy FCiti>isG. \eS hoCU7

XPoCd MniveCsity JCess; 2008.N. ?ug= J. @iteC?Cy V=eoCy ?nd FCiti>isG7 Hn XPoCd YsiEv?

Modue #. Tetu CitiBisF

The overall goal is to study t=e t=eoCy oP VeXtu?E FCiti>isG; its t=Cee

Pund?Gent?E ?OOCo?>=es7 e>Ee>ti>isG; steG?ti>s ?nd >oOy-teXt editing.

#.. Tetu BitiBisF

Te3"#al %r!"!%!&' oC lo4er %r!"!%!&' is ? WC?n>= oPO=iEoEogy oC WiWEiogC?O=y

t=?t is >on>eCned Sit= t=e identiPi>?tion ?nd CeGov?E oP eCCoCs PCoG teXts.

\oCG?EEy; t=e OCodu>t oP teXtu?E >Citi>isG is ?n edited teXt t=?t t=e editoC WeEieves

>oGes ?s >Eose ?s OossiWEe to ? Eost oCigin?E (>?EEed t=e ?C>=etyOe); oC soGe ot=eC

veCsion oP ? teXt ?s it eXisted m oC S?s intended to eXist m in t=e O?st. V=is teCG is

used in >ontC?st Sit= =ig=eC >Citi>isG; S=i>= is t=e ende?vouC to est?WEis= t=e

?ut=oCs=iO; d?te ?nd OE?>e oP >oGOosition oP t=e teXt.

VeXtu?E >Citi>isG =?s Ween OC?>ti>ed PoC oveC tSo t=ous?nd ye?Cs. ?CEy teXtu?E

>Citi>s SeCe >on>eCned Sit= OCeseCving t=e SoCUs oP ?ntifuity; ?nd E?teC Sit=

Gediev?E?nd e?CEy GodeCnG?nus>CiOtSCitings. B?ny ?n>ient SoCUs; su>= ?s t=e

[iWEe?nd t=e oOies; ?nd t=e CeE?tions=iO

oP e?>= >oOy to t=e oCigin?E G?y We un>Ee?C; t=oug= t=e fuestion iP t=e [iWEe =?seveC =?d onEy one oCigin?E =?s Ween dis>ussed. VeXtu?E s>=oE?Cs =?ve deW?ted PoC

>entuCies S=i>= souC>es ?Ce Gost >EoseEy deCived PCoG t=e oCigin?E; ?nd S=i>=

Ce?dings in t=ose souC>es ?Ce >oCCe>t.

Kn t=e ngEis= E?ngu?ge; t=e SoCUs oP I=?UesOe?Ce =?ve Ween ? O?Cti>uE?CEy

PeCtiEe gCound PoC teXtu?E >Citi>isG m Wot= We>?use t=e teXts ?s tC?nsGitted >ont?in ?

>onsideC?WEe ?Gount oP eCCoC; ?nd We>?use t=e ePPoCt ?nd eXOense to OCodu>e

suOeCioC editions oP =is SoCUs =?s ?ES?ys Ween SideEy vieSed ?s SoCt=S=iEe. V=e

OCin>iOEes oP teXtu?E >Citi>isG; ?Et=oug= oCigin?EEy deveEoOed ?nd CePined PoC SoCUs

oP ?ntifuity; t=e [iWEe; ?nd I=?UesOe?Ce; =?ve Ween ?OOEied to t=e SoCUs oP G?ny?ut=oCs; CeOCesenting OeCiods PCoG ?n>ient tiGes to t=e tSentiet= >entuCy.

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http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/silvahttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=philologyhttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=bibliographyhttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=texthttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=archetypehttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=higher_criticismhttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=ancient_historyhttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=medievalhttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=early_modern_Europehttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=manuscripthttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=biblehttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=william_Shakespearehttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=biblehttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/silvahttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=philologyhttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=bibliographyhttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=texthttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=archetypehttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=higher_criticismhttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=ancient_historyhttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=medievalhttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=early_modern_Europehttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=manuscripthttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=biblehttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=william_Shakespearehttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=bible


11/61

=en >oGO?Cing diPPeCent do>uGents (oC; jSitnessesT) oP ? singEe teXt; it is not

?ES?ys ?OO?Cent S=i>= v?Ci?nt is oCigin?E ?nd S=i>= is ?n eCCoC. V=e teXtu?E >Citi>s

t?sU; t=eCePoCe; is to soCt t=Coug= t=e v?Ci?nts ?nd est?WEis= ? j>Citi>?E teXtT t=?t is

intended to West CeOCesent t=e oCigin?E Wy eXOE?ining t=e st?te oP ?EE eXt?nt

Sitnesses.

Io; t=e ide?E oP teXtu?E >Citi>isG is t=e est?WEis=Gent oP ?n authentic teXt; oC t=ejteXt S=i>= t=e ?ut=oC intendedT.

V=is ?iG is not so e?sy to ?>=ieve ?s one Gig=t t=inU; =oSeveC; ?nd it is ?

OCoWEeG not onEy Sit= oEdeC SoCUs; SeCe it nig=t We GoCe eXOe>ted; Wut ?Eso in

>onteGOoC?Cy EiteC?tuCe. V=eCe ?Ce >ountEess S?ys in S=i>= ? EiteC?Cy teXt G?y We

>oCCuOted PCoG S=?t t=e ?ut=oC intended. V=e ?ut=oCTs oSn G?nus>CiOt G?y

>ont?in oGissions ?nd eCCoCs in sOeEEing ?nd Ge>=?ni>sl t=ese Gist?Ues G?y We

OCeseCved Wy t=e teXt >oOyists; We t=ey s>CiWes; oC >oGOositoCs; oC s>?nneCs; S=o

G?y ?dd ? PeS oP t=eiC oSn. C; ?s =?s oPten =?OOened; >oOyists oC editoCs G?y

t?Ue it uOon t=eGseEves to iGOCove; >ensoC; oC >oCCe>t S=?t t=e ?ut=oC SCote. KP t=e?ut=oC oC soGeone S=o UnoSs S=?t t=e ?ut=oC intended does not >?t>= t=ese eCCoCs

duCing OCooPCe?ding; t=ey >?n We OuWEis=ed; disseGin?ted; ?nd OeCOetu?ted.

[ePoCe t=e invention oP OCinting; EiteC?Cy SoCUs =?d to We >oOied Wy =?nd; ?nd

e?>= tiGe ? G?nus>CiOt S?s >oOied; eCCoCs Gig=t We intCodu>ed Wy t=e =uG?n

s>CiWe. V=e ?ge oP OCinting Cedu>ed t=e need PoC =?ndSCitten >oOies; Wut OCinted

editions ?Ce suWe>t to G?ny oP t=e s?Ge Uinds oP eCCoCs. Knste?d oP ? s>CiWe

Gis>oOying =is souC>e; it is ? >oGOositoC oC ? OCinting s=oO.

B?ny ?ddition?E Gis=?Os >?n WeP?EE ? G?nus>CiOt in t=e >ouCse oP OCodu>ing

GuEtiOEe >oOies PoC t=e OuWEi> t=?t t=e joCdin?Cy =istoCy oP t=e tC?nsGission oP ?

teXt; Sit=out t=e inteCvention oP ?ut=oC oC editoC; is one oP OCogCessive

degeneC?tionT.

Io; in est?WEis=ing t=e >Citi>?E teXt it is iGOoCt?nt PoC t=e teXtu?E >Citi> to de?E

Sit= Wot= jeXteCn?ET eviden>e (t=e ?ge; OCoven?n>e; ?nd ?PPiEi?tion oP e?>= Sitness)

?nd jinteCn?ET >onsideC?tions (S=?t t=e ?ut=oC ?nd s>CiWes; oC OCinteCs; SeCe EiUeEy

to =?ve done).

VeXtu?E >Citi>isG OE?ys ?n esOe>i?EEy iGOoCt?nt CoEe in studying t=e genesis ?nd

deveEoOGent oP ? Oie>e oP EiteC?tuCe. V=us it =?s en?WEed us to see =oS; PoC

eX?GOEe; pC? JoundTs editoCi?E suCgeCy tC?nsPoCGed V.I. EiotTs "he Waste Land

PCoG ? >EuGsy ?nd diPPuse OoeG to ? GodeCn >E?ssi> (t=e OoeG stiEE OCesentsteXtu?E OCoWEeGs; =oSeveC; We>?use Eiot =iGseEP ?ut=oCiped veCsions >ont?ining

suWst?ntive diPPeCen>es) oC ot=eC P?Gous teXtu?E >?ses in>Eude Di>UensTs tSo

endings PoC /reat E,pectations (?PteC seeing t=e PiCst jun=?OOyT ending in OCooP;

Di>Uens SCote ?not=eC ?nd ?ut=oCiped onEy it. @?teC editoCs =?ve OuWEis=ed t=e PiCst

veCsion ?s =?ving GoCe ?est=eti> integCity; Wut Di>Uens neveC ?ut=oCiped it)l

?not=eC eX?GOEe is t=?t V=oG?s Z?Cdy G?de so G?ny suWst?ntive >=?C?>teC ?nd

OEot ?EteC?tions in t=e PouC veCsions oP "he 0eturn of the ati%e; ?EE oP S=i>= =e

?ut=oCiped PoC OuWEi>?tion WetSeen 18c8 ?nd 1912; t=?t r. V=oCOe undeCst?nd?WEy

?sUs; j=i>= is t=e Ce?E0eturn of the ati%eT.BoCeoveC; teXtu?E >Citi>isG is ?nyt=ing Wut ?n essenti?EEy Ge>=?ni>?E oOeC?tion.

HEt=oug= its OC?>titioneCs ?Ce veCy Gu>= >on>eCned Sit= ?>>ident?Es; i.e.; sOeEEing;

11


12/61

Oun>tu?tion; >?Oit?Eip?tion; it?Ei>ip?tion; ?nd O?C?gC?O=ing; in t=e est?WEis=Gent oP

?n ?ut=enti> teXt; t=ey de?E Sit= Gu>= GoCe t=?n >Eose OCooPCe?ding. V=ey Gust We

=ig=Ey sUiEEed in Einguisti>s; EiteC?Cy =istoCy; EiteC?Cy >Citi>isG; ?nd WiWEiogC?O=y; to

Gention onEy t=e Gost oWvious ?Ce?s.

ZoSeveC; t=oug= teXtu?E >Citi>s Gust ?nd do G?Ue ?est=eti> udgeGents; not

onEy in ?>>ident?Es Wut ?Eso in suWst?ntives (?>tu?E veCW?E Ce?dings); t=ey do so inoCdeC to est?WEis= Wy Ge?ns ?s s>ientiPi> ?s OossiWEe ?n ?ut=enti> teXt PoC t=e

EiteC?Cy >Citi>; S=o G?y t=en OCo>eed to inteCOCet ?nd ev?Eu?te. Kn t=is >?se teXtu?E

>Citi>isG >?n We tCe?ted not ?s ? tC?dition?E inteCOCetive ?OOCo?>= to EiteC?tuCe Wut ?s

?n indisOens?WEe tooE PoC PuCt=eC Ge?ningPuE ?n?Eysis. Io teXtu?E >Citi>s ?Ce not ?nd

s=ouEd not We >onsideCed s>ientists. V=ey =?ve no OCedeteCGined oC invioE?WEe E?Ss

t=?t t=ey >?n use to >oGe out Sit= ?n ?ut=enti> teXt. JeC=?Os it SouEd We GoCe

?>>uC?te to >on>ede t=?t teXtu?E >Citi>s ?Ce s>ientists oP soCtsl t=ey siGOEy ?Ce not

eX?>t s>ientists (i.e.; ones de?Eing in ?n eX?>t s>ien>e). V=ey ?Ce; GoCe OCe>iseEy; ?

>oGWin?tion oP s>ientist ?nd ?Ctist. Hs H.. ZousG?n s?ys; teXtu?E >Citi>isG is t=ejs>ien>e oP dis>oveCing eCCoC in teXts ?nd t=e ?Ct oP CeGoving itT.

n t=e S=oEe; teXtu?E >Citi>isG de?Es Sit= >utting Eosses; Cedu>ing t=e ?Gount

oP eCCoC; iGOCoving oC >E?CiPying t=e st?te oP teXtu?E ?PP?iCs ?nd ?OOCo?>=ing t=e

ide?E.

Io; tetu BitiBisF >?n We dePined ?s ? WC?n>= oP EiteC?Cy s>=oE?Cs=iO t=?t

?tteGOts to est?WEis= t=e Gost ?>>uC?te veCsion oP ? SCitten SoCU Wy >oGO?Cing ?EE

eXisting G?nus>CiOt ?nd Y oC OCinted veCsions so ?s to Ce>onstCu>t PCoG t=eG t=e

?ut=oCTs intention; eEiGin?ting >oOyistsT ?nd OCinteCsT eCCoCs ?nd ?ny >oCCuOt

inteCOoE?tionsl t=e te>=nifue oP CestoCing teXts ?s ne?CEy ?s OossiWEe to t=eiC oCigin?E

PoCG. VeXts in t=is >onne>tion ?Ce dePined ?s SCitings ot=eC t=?n PoCG?E do>uGents;

ins>CiWed oC OCinted on O?OeC; O?C>=Gent; O?OyCus; oC siGiE?C G?teCi?Es. V=e study

oP PoCG?E do>uGents su>= ?s deeds ?nd >=?CteCs WeEongs to t=e s>ien>e UnoSn ?s

diOEoG?ti>sl t=e study oP SCitings on stone is O?Ct oP eOigC?O=yl S=iEe

ins>CiOtions on >oins ?nd se?Es ?Ce t=e OCovin>e oP nuGisG?ti>s ?nd sigiEEogC?O=y.

V=e teXtu?E >Citi>s uEtiG?te oWe>tive is t=e OCodu>tion oP ? j>Citi>?E editionT.

V=is >ont?ins ? teXt Gost >EoseEy ?OOCoXiG?ting t=e oCigin?E; S=i>= is ?>>oGO?nied

Wy ?n apparatus criticus(oC critical apparatus) t=?t OCesents7 1) t=e eviden>e t=?t

t=e editoC >onsideCed (n?Ges oP G?nus>CiOts; oC ?WWCevi?tions >?EEedsigla)l 2) t=e

editoCs ?n?Eysis oP t=?t eviden>e (soGetiGes ? siGOEe EiUeEi=ood C?ting)l Q) ?Ce>oCd oP Cee>ted v?Ci?nts (oPten in oCdeC oP OCePeCen>e).

[ePoCe Ge>=?ni>?E OCinting; EiteC?tuCe S?s >oOied Wy =?nd; ?nd G?ny v?Ci?tions

SeCe intCodu>ed Wy >oOyists. V=e ?ge oP OCinting G?de t=e s>CiW?E OCoPession

ePPe>tiveEy Cedund?nt. JCinted editions; S=iEe Eess sus>eOtiWEe to t=e OCoEiPeC?tion oP

v?Ci?tions EiUeEy to ?Cise duCing G?nu?E tC?nsGission; ?Ce nonet=eEess not iGGune

to intCodu>ing v?Ci?tions PCoG ?n ?ut=oCs ?utogC?O=. Knste?d oP ? s>CiWe

Gis>oOying =is souC>e; ? >oGOositoC oC ? OCinting s=oO G?y Ce?d oC tyOeset ? SoCU

in ? S?y t=?t diPPeCs PCoG t=e ?utogC?O=. Iin>e e?>= s>CiWe oC OCinteC >oGGits

diPPeCent eCCoCs; Ce>onstCu>tion oP t=e Eost oCigin?E is oPten ?ided Wy ? seEe>tion oPCe?dings t?Uen PCoG G?ny souC>es. Hn edited teXt t=?t dC?Ss PCoG GuEtiOEe souC>es

is s?id to We eclectic. Kn >ontC?st to t=is ?OOCo?>=; soGe teXtu?E >Citi>s OCePeC to

12
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13/61

identiPy t=e singEe West suCviving teXt; ?nd not to >oGWine Ce?dings PCoG GuEtiOEe

souC>es.

=en >oGO?Cing diPPeCent do>uGents; oC jSitnessesT; oP ? singEe; oCigin?E teXt;

t=e oWseCved diPPeCen>es ?Ce >?EEed %ariant readings; oC siGOEy %ariants oC

readings. Kt is not ?ES?ys ?OO?Cent S=i>= singEe v?Ci?nt CeOCesents t=e ?ut=oCs

oCigin?E SoCU. V=e OCo>ess oP teXtu?E >Citi>isG seeUs to eXOE?in =oS e?>= v?Ci?ntG?y =?ve enteCed t=e teXt; eit=eC Wy ?>>ident (duOEi>?tion oC oGission) oC intention

(=?CGonip?tion oC >ensoCs=iO); ?s s>CiWes oC suOeCvisoCs tC?nsGitted t=e oCigin?E

?ut=oCs teXt Wy >oOying it. V=e teXtu?E >Citi>Ts t?sU; t=eCePoCe; is to soCt t=Coug= t=e

v?Ci?nts; eEiGin?ting t=ose Gost EiUeEy to We un-oCigin?E; =en>e est?WEis=ing ?

j>Citi>?E teXtT; oC >Citi>?E edition; t=?t is intended to West ?OOCoXiG?te t=e oCigin?E.

Ht t=e s?Ge tiGe; t=e >Citi>?E teXt s=ouEd do>uGent v?Ci?nt Ce?dings; so t=e CeE?tion

oP eXt?nt Sitnesses to t=e Ce>onstCu>ted oCigin?E is ?OO?Cent to ? Ce?deC oP t=e

>Citi>?E edition. Kn est?WEis=ing t=e >Citi>?E teXt; t=e teXtu?E >Citi> >onsideCs Wot=

jeXteCn?ET eviden>e (t=e ?ge; OCoven?n>e; ?nd ?PPiEi?tion oP e?>= Sitness) ?ndjinteCn?ET oC jO=ysi>?ET >onsideC?tions (S=?t t=e ?ut=oC ?nd s>CiWes; oC OCinteCs;

SeCe EiUeEy to =?ve done).

V=e >oEE?tion oP ?EE UnoSn v?Ci?nts oP ? teXt is CePeCCed to ?s ? 2ariorum;

n?GeEy ? SoCU oP teXtu?E >Citi>isG S=eCeWy ?EE v?Ci?tions ?nd eGend?tions ?Ce set

side Wy side so t=?t ? Ce?deC >?n tC?>U =oS teXtu?E de>isions =?ve Ween G?de in t=e

OCeO?C?tion oP ? teXt PoC OuWEi>?tion. V=e [iWEe ?nd t=e SoCUs oP iEEi?G

I=?UesOe?Ce=?ve oPten Ween t=e suWe>ts oP v?CioCuG editions; ?Et=oug= t=e s?Ge

te>=nifues =?ve Ween ?OOEied Sit= Eess PCefuen>y to G?ny ot=eC SoCUs; su>= ?s

?Et =itG?nsLea%es of /rass; ?nd t=e OCose SCitings oP dS?Cd LitpgeC?Ed.

#.#. Tetu BitiBisF: eBeBtiBisFP steFtiBs "d Boy!tet editi"g

V=eCe ?Ce t=Cee Pund?Gent?E ?OOCo?>=es to teXtu?E >Citi>isG7 e>Ee>ti>isG;

steG?ti>s ?nd >oOy-teXt editing. Ve>=nifues PCoG t=e WioEogi>?E dis>iOEine oP

>E?disti>s ?Ce noS ?Eso Weing used to deteCGine t=e CeE?tions=iO WetSeen

G?nus>CiOts.

#.#.. EBeBtiBisF

>Ee>ti>isG is t=e OC?>ti>e oP eX?Gining ? Side nuGWeC oP Sitnesses ?nd

seEe>ting t=e v?Ci?nt t=?t seeGs West. V=e OC?>ti>e is W?sed on t=e OCin>iOEe t=?t t=e

GoCe indeOendent tSo tC?nsGission =istoCies ?Ce; t=e Eess EiUeEy t=ey SiEE We to

CeOCodu>e t=e s?Ge eCCoCs. =?t one oGits; t=e ot=eC G?y Cet?inl S=?t one ?dds;

t=e ot=eC is unEiUeEy to ?dd. >Ee>ti>isG ?EEoSs inPeCen>es to We dC?Sn Ceg?Cding

t=e oCigin?E teXt; W?sed on t=e eviden>e oP >ontC?sts WetSeen Sitnesses.

>Ee>ti> Ce?dings ?Eso noCG?EEy give ?n iGOCession oP t=e nuGWeC oP Sitnesses

to e?>= ?v?iE?WEe Ce?ding. HEt=oug= ? Ce?ding suOOoCted Wy t=e G?oCity oP

Sitnesses is PCefuentEy OCePeCCed; t=is does not PoEEoS ?utoG?ti>?EEy. LoC eX?GOEe;? se>ond edition oP ? I=?UesOe?Ce OE?y G?y in>Eude ?n ?ddition ?EEuding to ?n

event UnoSn to =?ve =?OOened WetSeen t=e tSo editions. HEt=oug= ne?CEy ?EE

1Q
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variorumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Whitmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaves_of_Grasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Fitzgeraldhttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=cladisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variorumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Whitmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaves_of_Grasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Fitzgeraldhttp://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=cladistics


14/61

suWsefuent G?nus>CiOts G?y =?ve in>Euded t=e ?ddition; teXtu?E >Citi>s G?y

Ce>onstCu>t t=e oCigin?E Sit=out t=e ?ddition.

Iin>e t=e Gid-19t= >entuCy; e>Ee>ti>isG; in S=i>= t=eCe is no a prioriWi?s to ?

singEe G?nus>CiOt; =?s Ween t=e doGin?nt Get=od oP editing t=e CiOts; Weing oP t=e HEeX?ndCi?n teXt-

tyOe; ?Ce t=e Gost P?vouCed; ?nd t=e >Citi>?E teXt =?s ?n HEeX?ndCi?n disOosition.V=e CesuEt oP t=e OCo>ess oP e>Ee>tisG is ? teXt Sit= Ce?dings dC?Sn PCoG G?ny

Sitnesses. Kn ? OuCeEy e>Ee>ti> ?OOCo?>=; no singEe Sitness is t=eoCeti>?EEy

P?vouCed. Knste?d; t=e >Citi> PoCGs oOinions ?Wout individu?E Sitnesses; CeEying on

Wot= e,ternal?nd internale%idence.

E,ternal e%idence is eviden>e oP e?>= O=ysi>?E Sitness; its d?te; souC>e; ?nd

CeE?tions=iO to ot=eC UnoSn Sitnesses. FCiti>s SiEE oPten OCePeC t=e Ce?dings

suOOoCted Wy t=e oldest Sitnesses; ? ma(ority oP Sitnesses; t=e Gost

geographically di%erseSitnesses; oC t=e bestSitnesses. Re?dings t=?t deO?Ct PCoG

t=e UnoSn OC?>ti>e oP ? s>CiWe oC ? given OeCiod G?y We deeGed GoCe CeEi?WEe;sin>e ? s>CiWe is unEiUeEy on =is oSn initi?tive to =?ve deO?Cted PCoG t=e usu?E

OC?>ti>e.

3nternal e%idenceis eviden>e t=?t >oGes PCoG t=e teXt itseEP; indeOendent oP t=e

O=ysi>?E >=?C?>teCisti>s oP t=e do>uGent. A?Cious >onsideC?tions >?n We used to

de>ide S=i>= Ce?ding is t=e Gost EiUeEy to We oCigin?E. IoGetiGes t=ese

>onsideC?tions >?n We in >onPEi>t.

ne oP t=e te>=nifues is Lectio difficilior potior (jt=e =?CdeC Ce?ding is

stCongeCT); W?sed on t?Uing t=e GoCe diPPi>uEt Ce?ding ?s Weing GoCe EiUeEy to We t=e

oCigin?E. Kt is W?sed on t=e ide? t=?t >oOyists ?Ce GoCe EiUeEy to siGOEiPy ?nd sGoot=

? teXt t=ey do not PuEEy undeCst?nd. IoGe deveEoOing Cese?C>=; =oSeveC; suggests

t=?t t=is OCin>iOEe >?nnot We ?OOEied univeCs?EEy; ?s is t=e >?se Sit= t=e Book of

0e%elation.

Hnot=eC s>CiW?E tenden>y is >?EEed =oGeoteEeuton; Ge?ning js?Ge endingsT.

ZoGeoteEeuton o>>uCs S=en tSo SoCdsYO=C?sesYEines end Sit= t=e s?Ge sefuen>e

oP EetteCs. V=e s>CiWe; =?ving Pinis=ed >oOying t=e PiCst; sUiOs to t=e se>ond;

oGitting ?EE inteCvening SoCds. 4omeoarchy CePeCs to eye-sUiO S=en t=e

beginningsoP tSo Eines ?Ce siGiE?C.

V=e >Citi> G?y ?Eso eX?Gine t=e ot=eC SCitings oP t=e ?ut=oC to de>ide S=?t

SoCds ?nd gC?GG?ti>?E >onstCu>tions G?t>= =is styEe. V=e ev?Eu?tion oP inteCn?Eeviden>e ?Eso OCovides t=e >Citi> Sit= inPoCG?tion t=?t =eEOs =iG ev?Eu?te t=e

CeEi?WiEity oP individu?E G?nus>CiOts. V=us; t=e >onsideC?tion inteCn?E ?nd eXteCn?E

eviden>e is CeE?ted.

C"o"s oQ tetu BitiBisF. A?Cious s>=oE?Cs =?ve deveEoOed guideEines; oC

%a)o)& oP teXtu?E >Citi>isG; to guide t=e eXeC>ise oP t=e >Citi>s udgGent in

deteCGining t=e West Ce?dings oP ? teXt. ne oP t=e e?CEiest S?s5oha)) 6l7re%h"

1e)gel (1b8c-1cN2); S=o in 1cQ OCodu>ed ?n edition oP t=e oGGent?Cy; =e est?WEis=ed t=e CuEe ,ro%l!v! &%r!("!o)! (rae&"a"

ar*#a; jV=e diPPi>uEt Ce?ding is to We OCePeCCed to t=?t S=i>= is e?syT.5oha)) 5ao7 8r!e&7a%h(1cN-1812) OuWEis=ed seveC?E editions oP t=e \eS

Vest?Gent. Kn =is 1c9b edition; =e est?WEis=ed PiPteen >Citi>?E CuEes. HGong t=eG

1
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15/61

S?s ? v?Ci?nt oP [engeEs CuEe;Lectio difficilior potior; jt=e =?Cdest Ce?ding is WestT.

Hnot=eC S?sLectio bre%ior praeferenda; jt=e s=oCteC Ce?ding is West; W?sed on t=e

ide? t=?t s>CiWes SeCe GoCe EiUeEy to ?dd t=?n to deEete. V=is CuEe >?nnot We ?OOEied

un>Citi>?EEy; ?s s>CiWes G?y oGit G?teCi?E in?dveCtentEyT.

1rooe 2o&& 9e&"%o"" (182N-1901) ?nd 2e)"o) 5.6. :or" (1828-1892)

OuWEis=ed ?n edition oP t=e \eS Vest?Gent in 1881. V=ey OCoOosed nine >Citi>?ECuEes; in>Euding ? veCsion oP [engeEs CuEe; jV=e Ce?ding is Eess EiUeEy to We oCigin?E

t=?t s=oSs ? disOosition to sGoot= ?S?y diPPi>uEtiesT. V=ey ?Eso ?Cgued t=?t

jRe?dings ?Ce ?OOCoved oC Cee>ted Wy Ce?son oP t=e fu?Eity; ?nd not t=e nuGWeC; oP

t=eiC suOOoCting SitnessesT; ?nd t=?t jV=e Ce?ding is to We OCePeCCed t=?t Gost PitEy

eXOE?ins t=e eXisten>e oP t=e ot=eCsT.

B?ny oP t=ese CuEes; ?Et=oug= oCigin?EEy deveEoOed PoC [iWEi>?E teXtu?E

>Citi>isG; =?ve Side ?OOEi>?WiEity to ?ny teXt sus>eOtiWEe to eCCoCs oP tC?nsGission.

LiFittio"s oQ eBeBtiBisF. Iin>e t=e >?nons oP >Citi>isG ?Ce =ig=Ey sus>eOtiWEe

to inteCOCet?tion; ?nd ?t tiGes even >ontC?di>t e?>= ot=eC; t=ey >?n oPten WeeGOEoyed to ustiPy ?ny CesuEt t=?t Pits t=e teXt >Citi>s ?est=eti> oC t=eoEogi>?E

?gend?. It?Cting in t=e nineteent= >entuCy; s>=oE?Cs soug=t GoCe CigoCous Get=ods

to guide editoCi?E udgGent. [est-teXt editing (? >oGOEete Cee>tion oP e>Ee>ti>isG)

We>?Ge one eXtCeGe. IteGG?ti>s ?nd >oOy-teXt editing m S=iEe Wot= e>Ee>ti>; in

t=?t t=ey OeCGit t=e editoC to seEe>t Ce?dings PCoG GuEtiOEe souC>es m soug=t to

Cedu>e suWe>tivity Wy est?WEis=ing one oC ? PeS Sitnesses OCesuG?WEy ?s Weing

P?voCed Wy joWe>tiveT >CiteCi?.

#.#.#. SteFFtiBs

;"e''a"!%& oC &"e''a"olog$ is ? CigoCous ?OOCo?>= to teXtu?E >Citi>isG

deveEoOed Wy


16/61

HPteCselection; t=e teXt G?y stiEE >ont?in eCCoCs; sin>e t=eCe G?y We O?ss?ges

S=eCe no souC>e OCeseCves t=e >oCCe>t Ce?ding. V=e steO oP e,amination; oC

e,aminatiois ?OOEied to Pind >oCCuOtions. =eCe t=e editoC >on>Eudes t=?t t=e teXt

is >oCCuOt; it is >oCCe>ted Wy ? OCo>ess >?EEed jeGend?tionT; oC emendatio (?Eso

soGetiGes >?EEed di%inatio). Gend?tions not suOOoCted Wy ?ny UnoSn souC>e ?Ce

soGetiGes >?EEed con(ecturaleGend?tions.V=e OCo>ess oP selectio CeseGWEes e>Ee>ti> teXtu?E >Citi>isG; Wut ?OOEied to ?

CestCi>ted set oP =yOot=eti>?E =yO?C>=etyOes. V=e steOs oP e,aminatio ?nd

emendatioCeseGWEe >oOy-teXt editing. Kn P?>t; t=e ot=eC te>=nifues >?n We seen ?s

sOe>i?E >?ses oP steGG?ti>s; Wut in S=i>= ? CigoCous P?GiEy =istoCy oP t=e teXt

>?nnot We deteCGined Wut onEy ?OOCoXiG?ted. KP it seeGs t=?t one G?nus>CiOt is Wy

P?C t=e West teXt; t=en >oOy teXt editing is ?OOCoOCi?te; ?nd iP it seeGs t=?t ? gCouO

oP G?nus>CiOts ?Ce good; t=en e>Ee>ti>isG on t=?t gCouO SouEd We OCoOeC.

V=e Zodges-L?Cst?d edition oP t=e s PoC soGe OoCtions.LiFittio"s "d CitiBisF. V=e steGG?ti> Get=od ?ssuGes t=?t e?>= Sitness

is deCived PCoG one; ?nd onEy one; OCede>essoC. KP ? s>CiWe CePeCs to GoCe t=?n one

souC>e S=en >Ce?ting =is >oOy; t=en t=e neS >oOy SiEE not >Ee?CEy P?EE into ? singEe

WC?n>= oP t=e P?GiEy tCee. Kn t=e steGG?ti> Get=od; ? G?nus>CiOt t=?t is deCived

PCoG GoCe t=?n one souC>e is s?id to We %o)"a'!)a"e*.

V=e Get=od ?Eso ?ssuGes t=?t s>CiWes onEy G?Ue neS eCCoCs m t=ey do not

?tteGOt to >oCCe>t t=e eCCoCs oP t=eiC OCede>essoCs. =en ? teXt =?s Ween iGOCoved

Wy t=e s>CiWe; it is s?id to Wesophisticated; Wut jsoO=isti>?tionT iGO?iCs t=e Get=od

Wy oWs>uCing ? do>uGents CeE?tions=iO to ot=eC Sitnesses; ?nd G?Uing it GoCe

diPPi>uEt to OE?>e t=e G?nus>CiOt >oCCe>tEy in t=e steGG?.

V=e steGG?ti> Get=od CefuiCes t=e teXtu?E >Citi> to gCouO G?nus>CiOts Wy

>oGGon?Eity oP eCCoC. Kt is CefuiCed; t=eCePoCe; t=?t t=e >Citi> >?n distinguis=

eCConeous Ce?dings PCoG >oCCe>t ones. V=is ?ssuGOtion =?s oPten >oGe undeC

?tt?>U. .. CiWe G?Ues ? Gist?Ue =e SiEE inevit?WEy

OCodu>e nonsense is t=e t?>it ?nd S=oEEy unS?CC?nted ?ssuGOtionT.

V=e >Citi>5o&e(h 1=*!er(18b-19Q8) E?un>=ed ? O?Cti>uE?CEy Sit=eCing ?tt?>U

on steGG?ti>s in 1928. Ze suCveyed editions oP Gediev?E LCen>= teXts t=?t SeCe

OCodu>ed Sit= t=e steGG?ti> Get=od; ?nd Pound t=?t teXtu?E >Citi>s tended

oveCS=eEGingEy to OCodu>e tCees divided into ust tSo WC?n>=es. Ze >on>Euded t=?tt=is out>oGe S?s unEiUeEy to =?ve o>>uCCed Wy >=?n>e; ?nd t=?t t=eCePoCe; t=e

Get=od S?s tending to OCodu>e WiO?Ctite steGG?s Ceg?CdEess oP t=e ?>tu?E =istoCy

oP t=e Sitnesses. Ze susOe>ted t=?t editoCs tended to P?voC tCees Sit= tSo WC?n>=es;

?s t=is SouEd G?XiGipe t=e oOOoCtunities PoC editoCi?E udgGent (?s t=eCe SouEd We

no t=iCd WC?n>= to jWCe?U t=e tieT S=eneveC t=e Sitnesses dis?gCeed). Ze ?Eso noted

t=?t; PoC G?ny SoCUs; GoCe t=?n one Ce?son?WEe steGG? >ouEd We OostuE?ted;

suggesting t=?t t=e Get=od S?s not ?s CigoCous oC ?s s>ientiPi> ?s its OCoOonents

=?d >E?iGed.

V=e steGG?ti> Get=ods Pin?E steO is emendatio; ?Eso soGetiGes CePeCCed to ?sj>one>tuC?E eGend?tionT. [ut in P?>t; t=e >Citi> eGOEoys >one>tuCe ?t eveCy steO oP

t=e OCo>ess. IoGe oP t=e Get=ods CuEes t=?t ?Ce designed to Cedu>e t=e eXeC>ise oP

1b
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17/61

editoCi?E udgGent do not ne>ess?CiEy OCodu>e t=e >oCCe>t CesuEt. LoC eX?GOEe;

S=eCe t=eCe ?Ce GoCe t=?n tSo Sitnesses ?t t=e s?Ge EeveE oP t=e tCee; noCG?EEy t=e

>Citi> SiEE seEe>t t=e doGin?nt Ce?ding. ZoSeveC; it G?y We no GoCe t=?n PoCtuitous

t=?t GoCe Sitnesses =?ve suCvived t=?t OCesent ? O?Cti>uE?C Ce?ding. H OE?usiWEe

Ce?ding t=?t o>>uCs Eess oPten G?y; neveCt=eEess; We t=e >oCCe>t one.

@?stEy; t=e steGG?ti> Get=od ?ssuGes t=?t eveCy eXt?nt Sitness is deCived;=oSeveC CeGoteEy; PCoG ? singEe souC>e. Kt does not ?>>ount PoC t=e OossiWiEity t=?t

t=e oCigin?E ?ut=oC G?y =?ve Cevised =is SoCU; ?nd t=?t t=e teXt >ouEd =?ve eXisted

?t diPPeCent tiGes in GoCe t=?n one ?ut=oCit?tive veCsion.

#.#.. Coy!Tet Editi"g

it= >oOy-teXt editing; t=e teXtu?E >Citi> seEe>ts ? W?se teXt PCoG ? G?nus>CiOt

t=oug=t to We CeEi?WEe. Pten; t=e W?se teXt is seEe>ted PCoG t=e oEdest G?nus>CiOt oP

t=e teXt; Wut in t=e e?CEy d?ys oP OCinting; t=e >oOy teXt S?s oPten ? G?nus>CiOt t=?tS?s ?t =?nd.

Msing t=e >oOy-teXt Get=od; t=e >Citi> eX?Gines t=e W?se teXt ?nd G?Ues

>oCCe>tions (>?EEed eGend?tions) in OE?>es S=eCe t=e W?se teXt ?OOe?Cs SCong to t=e

>Citi>. V=is >?n We done Wy EooUing PoC OE?>es in t=e W?se teXt t=?t do not G?Ue

sense oC Wy EooUing ?t t=e teXt oP ot=eC Sitnesses PoC ? suOeCioC Ce?ding. FEose->?EE

de>isions ?Ce usu?EEy CesoEved in P?voC oP t=e >oOy-teXt.

V=e PiCst OuWEis=ed; OCinted edition oP t=e = S?s t=e W?sis PoC the0e%ised

2ersion oP t=e ngEis= WiWEe; ?Eso used t=e >oOy-teXt Get=od; using the Code,

2aticanus?s t=e W?se G?nus>CiOt.

+%& %o)%e(" o? %o($@"e3". V=e WiWEiogC?O=eC Ron?Ed [. B>eCCoS

intCodu>ed t=e teCG %o($@"e3"in =is 190 edition oP t=e SoCUs oP TJoFs NsJe;

dePining it ?s jt=e teXt used in e?>= O?Cti>uE?C >?se ?s t=e W?sis oP GineT. B>eCCoS

S?s ?S?Ce oP t=e EiGit?tions oP t=e steGG?ti> Get=od; ?nd WeEieved it S?s GoCe

OCudent to >=oose one O?Cti>uE?C teXt t=?t S?s t=oug=t to We O?Cti>uE?CEy CeEi?WEe;

?nd t=en to eGend it onEy S=eCe t=e teXt S?s oWviousEy >oCCuOt. V=e LCen>= >Citi>

roseO= [dieC EiUeSise We>?Ge disen>=?nted Sit= t=e steGG?ti> Get=od; ?nd>on>Euded t=?t t=e editoC s=ouEd >=oose t=e West ?v?iE?WEe teXt; ?nd eGend it ?s

EittEe ?s OossiWEe.

Kn B>eCCoSs Get=od ?s oCigin?EEy intCodu>ed; t=e >oOy-teXt S?s not

ne>ess?CiEy t=e e?CEiest teXt. Kn soGe >?ses; B>eCCoS SouEd >=oose ? E?teC

Sitness; noting t=?t jiP ?n editoC =?s Ce?son to suOOose t=?t ? >eCt?in teXt eGWodies

E?teC >oCCe>tions t=?n ?ny ot=eC; ?nd ?t t=e s?Ge tiGe =?s no gCound PoC

disWeEieving t=?t t=ese >oCCe>tions; oC soGe oP t=eG ?t Ee?st; ?Ce t=e SoCU oP t=e

?ut=oC; =e =?s no >=oi>e Wut to G?Ue t=?t teXt t=e W?sis oP =is CeOCintT.

[y 19Q9; in =is 5rolegomena for the 6,ford 7hakespeare; B>eCCoS =?d>=?nged =is Gind ?Wout t=is ?OOCo?>=; ?s =e Pe?Ced t=?t ? E?teC edition m even iP it

>ont?ined ?ut=oCi?E >oCCe>tions m SouEd jdevi?te GoCe SideEy t=?n t=e e?CEiest OCint

1c
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18/61

PCoG t=e ?ut=oCs oCigin?E G?nus>CiOt.T Ze t=eCePoCe >on>Euded t=?t t=e >oCCe>t

OCo>eduCe SouEd We jOCodu>ed Wy using t=e e?CEiest jgoodT OCint ?s >oOy-teXt ?nd

inseCting into it; PCoG t=e PiCst edition S=i>= >ont?ins t=eG; su>= >oCCe>tions ?s

?OOe?C to us to We deCived PCoG t=e ?ut=oCT. [ut; Pe?Cing t=e ?CWitC?Cy eXeC>ise oP

editoCi?E udgGent; B>eCCoS st?ted t=?t; =?ving >on>Euded t=?t ? E?teC edition =?d

suWst?ntive Cevisions ?ttCiWut?WEe to t=e ?ut=oC; jSe Gust ?>>eOt ?EE t=e ?EteC?tionsoP t=?t edition; s?ving ?ny S=i>= seeG oWvious WEundeCs oC GisOCintsT.

9.9. 8reg>& ra"!o)ale o? %o($@"e3". HngEo-HGeCi>?n teXtu?E >Citi>isG in t=e

E?st =?EP oP t=e tSentiet= >entuCy >?Ge to We doGin?ted Wy ? E?ndG?CU ess?y Wy IiC

?EteC . ?nt; oC ?s K s=?EE >?EE t=eG jsuWst?ntiveT; Ce?dings oP t=e teXt;

t=ose n?GeEy t=?t ?PPe>t t=e ?ut=oCs Ge?ning oC t=e essen>e oP =is eXOCession; ?nd

ot=eCs; su>= in geneC?E ?s sOeEEing; Oun>tu?tion; SoCd-division; ?nd t=e EiUe;

?PPe>ting G?inEy its PoCG?E OCesent?tion; S=i>= G?y We Ceg?Cded ?s t=e ?>>idents;

oC ?s K s=?EE >?EE t=eG j?>>ident?EsT; oP t=e teXt.oGOositoCs ?t OCinting s=oOs tended to PoEEoS t=e

jsuWst?ntiveT Ce?dings oP t=eiC >oOy P?it=PuEEy; eX>eOt S=en t=ey devi?ted

unintention?EEyl Wut t=?t j?s Ceg?Cds ?>>ident?Es t=ey SiEE noCG?EEy PoEEoS t=eiC

oSn =?Wits oC in>Ein?tion; t=oug= t=ey G?y; PoC v?Cious Ce?sons ?nd to v?Cying

degCees; We inPEuen>ed Wy t=eiC >oOyT.

Ze >on>Euded; jV=e tCue t=eoCy is; K >ontend; t=?t t=e >oOy-teXt s=ouEd goveCn

(geneC?EEy) in t=e G?tteC oP ?>>ident?Es; Wut t=?t t=e >=oi>e WetSeen suWst?ntive

Ce?dings WeEongs to t=e geneC?E t=eoCy oP teXtu?E >Citi>isG ?nd Eies ?Etoget=eC

Weyond t=e n?CCoS OCin>iOEe oP t=e >oOy-teXt. V=us it G?y =?OOen t=?t in ? >Citi>?E

edition t=e teXt Cig=tEy >=osen ?s >oOy G?y not Wy ?ny Ge?ns We t=e one t=?t

suOOEies Gost suWst?ntive Ce?dings in >?ses oP v?Ci?tion. V=e P?iEuCe to G?Ue t=is

distin>tion ?nd to ?OOEy t=is OCin>iOEe =?s n?tuC?EEy Eed to too >Eose ?nd too geneC?E

? CeEi?n>e uOon t=e teXt >=osen ?s W?sis PoC ?n edition; ?nd t=eCe =?s ?Cisen S=?t

G?y We >?EEed t=e tyC?nny oP t=e >oOy-teXt; ? tyC?nny t=?t =?s; in Gy oOinion;

viti?ted Gu>= oP t=e West editoCi?E SoCU oP t=e O?st geneC?tionT.

oOy-teXt >?n We ?EEoSed no oveC-Ciding oC

even OCeOondeC?nt ?ut=oCity so P?C ?s suWst?ntive Ce?dings ?Ce >on>eCned.T V=e

>=oi>e WetSeen Ce?son?WEe >oGOeting Ce?dings; =e s?id; jSiEE We deteCGined O?CtEy

Wy t=e oOinion t=e editoC G?y PoCG CesOe>ting t=e n?tuCe oP t=e >oOy PCoG S=i>=e?>= suWst?ntive edition S?s OCinted; S=i>= is ? G?tteC oP eXteCn?E ?ut=oCityl O?CtEy

Wy t=e intCinsi> ?ut=oCity oP t=e seveC?E teXts ?s udged Wy t=e CeE?tive PCefuen>y oP

G?niPest eCCoCs t=eCeinl ?nd O?CtEy Wy t=e editoCs udgeGent oP t=e intCinsi> >E?iGs

oP individu?E Ce?dings to oCigin?Eity m in ot=eC SoCds t=eiC intCinsi> GeCit; so Eong

?s Wy jGeCitT Se Ge?n t=e EiUeEi=ood oP t=eiC Weing S=?t t=e ?ut=oC SCote C?t=eC

t=?n t=eiC ?OOe?E to t=e individu?E t?ste oP t=e editoCT.

HEt=oug= =oose WetSeen >oGOeting suWst?ntive Ce?dings; =e suggested t=?t ?n editoC s=ouEd

dePeC to t=e >oOy-teXt S=en jt=e >E?iGs oP tSo Ce?dings...?OOe?C to We eX?>tEyW?E?n>ed.... Kn su>= ? >?se; S=iEe t=eCe >?n We no Eogi>?E Ce?son PoC giving

OCePeCen>e to t=e >oOy-teXt; in OC?>ti>e; iP t=eCe is no Ce?son PoC ?EteCing its Ce?ding;

18


19/61

t=e oWvious t=ing seeGs to We to Eet it st?ndT. V=e jeX?>tEy W?E?n>edT v?Ci?nts ?Ce

s?id to We indifferent.

ditoCs S=o PoEEoS e eclectic editions; in t=?t t=e

?ut=oCity PoC t=e j?>>ident?EsT is deCived PCoG one O?Cti>uE?C souC>e (usu?EEy t=e

e?CEiest one) t=?t t=e editoC >onsideCs to We ?ut=oCit?tive; Wut t=e ?ut=oCity PoC t=e

jsuWst?ntivesT is deteCGined in e?>= individu?E >?se ?>>oCding to t=e editoCsudgGent. V=e CesuEting teXt; eX>eOt PoC t=e ?>>ident?Es; is >onstCu>ted Sit=out

CeEying OCedoGin?ntEy on ?ny one Sitness.

8reg A 1o4er& A Ta)&elle. .. oOy-teXt to ?ny ?>tu?E editions oP SoCUs. Zis C?tion?Ee S?s ?doOted

?nd signiPi>?ntEy eXO?nded Wy 2re*&o) 1o4er& (190Nm1991). It?Cting in t=e

19c0s; ?nt >ontCiWutions oP =is oSn. ti>ed Wy [oSeCs ?nd

V?nseEEe =?s >oGe to We UnoSn ?s thej/reg 9 Bo&ersT oC thej/reg 9 Bo&ers 9

"anselle$ method.AiBtio" to os oQ eiods. Kn =is 19b ess?y; 7ome 5rinciples for

7cholarly Editions of ineteenth8Century American Authors; [oSeCs s?id t=?t jt=e

t=eoCy oP >oOy-teXt OCoOosed Wy IiC ?EteC yT S?s in >ontC?st to E?iG t=?t jBy

desiCe is C?t=eC to OCovoUe dis>ussion t=?n to E?y doSn t=e E?ST.

=eCe?s e

dC?G?; S=eCe =is eXOeCtise E?y; [oSeCs ?Cgued t=?t t=e C?tion?Ee S?s jt=e Gost

SoCU?WEe editoCi?E OCin>iOEe yet >ontCived to OCodu>e ? >Citi>?E teXt t=?t is

?ut=oCit?tive in t=e G?XiGuG oP its det?iEs S=et=eC t=e ?ut=oC We I=?UesOe?Ce;

DCyden; LieEding;\?t=?nieE Z?St=oCne; oC IteO=en FC?ne. V=e OCin>iOEe is sound

Sit=out Ceg?Cd PoC t=e EiteC?Cy OeCiodT.

LoC SoCUs S=eCe ?n ?ut=oCs G?nus>CiOt suCvived m ? >?se onsideCed m [oSeCs >on>Euded t=?t t=e G?nus>CiOt s=ouEd geneC?EEy seCve ?s

>oOy-teXt. Fiting t=e eX?GOEe oP \?t=?nieE Z?St=oCne; =e noted; j=en ?n

?ut=oCs G?nus>CiOt is OCeseCved; t=is =?s O?C?Gount ?ut=oCity; oP >ouCse. het t=e

P?EE?>y is stiEE G?int?ined t=?t sin>e t=e PiCst edition S?s OCooPCe?d Wy t=e ?ut=oC; it

Gust CeOCesent =is Pin?E intentions ?nd =en>e s=ouEd We >=osen ?s >oOy-teXt.

JC?>ti>?E eXOeCien>e s=oSs t=e >ontC?Cy. =en one >oEE?tes t=e G?nus>CiOt oP "he

4ouse of the 7e%en /ables?g?inst t=e PiCst OCinted edition; one Pinds ?n ?veC?ge oPten to PiPteen diPPeCen>es OeC O?ge WetSeen t=e G?nus>CiOt ?nd t=e OCint; G?ny oP

t=eG >onsistent ?EteC?tions PCoG t=e G?nus>CiOt systeG oP Oun>tu?tion;

>?Oit?Eip?tion; sOeEEing; ?nd SoCd-division. Kt SouEd We Cidi>uEous to ?Cgue t=?t

Z?St=oCne G?de ?OOCoXiG?teEy t=Cee to PouC t=ous?nd sG?EE >=?nges in OCooP; ?nd

t=en SCote t=e G?nus>CiOt oP "he Blithedale 0omance ?>>oCding to t=e s?Ge

systeG ?s t=e G?nus>CiOt oP t=e 7e%en /ables; ? systeG t=?t =e =?d Cee>ted in

OCooPT.

LoEEoSing e ?ny oP t=e G?nus>CiOt Ce?dings

Sit= suWst?ntives PCoG OCinted editions t=?t >ouEd We CeEi?WEy ?ttCiWuted to t=e?ut=oC7 jWviousEy; ?n editoC >?nnot siGOEy CeOCint t=e G?nus>CiOt; ?nd =e Gust

suWstitute PoC its Ce?dings ?ny SoCds t=?t =e WeEieves Z?St=oCne >=?nged in OCooPT.

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20/61

U"i"Que"Bed Qi" utJoi i"te"tio". B>eCCoS =?d ?Cti>uE?ted teXtu?E

>Citi>isGs go?E in teCGs oP jouC ide?E oP ?n ?ut=oCs P?iC >oOy oP =is SoCU in its Pin?E

st?teT. [oSeCs ?sseCted t=?t editions Pounded on t oP t=e ?ut=oCs Pin?E intentionsT. [oSeCs

st?ted siGiE?CEy t=?t t=e editoCs t?sU is to j?OOCoXiG?te ?s ne?CEy ?s OossiWEe ?n

inPeCenti?E ?ut=oCi?E P?iC >oOyT (fuoted in7 V?nseEEe; 19cb7 1b8). V?nseEEe notest=?t; jVeXtu?E >Citi>isG...=?s geneC?EEy Ween undeCt?Uen Sit= ? vieS to

Ce>onstCu>ting; ?s ?>>uC?teEy ?s OossiWEe; t=e teXt Pin?EEy intended Wy t=e ?ut=oCT.

[oSeCs ?nd V?nseEEe ?Cgue PoC Cee>ting teXtu?E v?Ci?nts t=?t ?n ?ut=oC inseCted

?t t=e suggestion oP ot=eCs. [oSeCs s?id t=?t =is edition oP IteO=en FC?nes PiCst

noveE;Maggie; OCesented jt=e ?ut=oCs Pin?E ?nd uninPEuen>ed ?Ctisti> intentionsT. Kn

=is SCitings; V?nseEEe CePeCs to jun>onstC?ined ?ut=oCi?E intentionT oC j?n ?ut=oCs

uninPEuen>ed intentionsT. V=is G?CUs ? deO?CtuCe PCoG ?n

Ce?son?WEy We suOOosed to =?ve suWstituted PoC t=e PoCGeCT; not iGOEying ?nyPuCt=eC infuiCy ?s to &hyt=e ?ut=oC =?d G?de t=e >=?nge.

V?nseEEe dis>usses t=e eX?GOEe oP ZeCG?n BeEviEEes "ypee. HPteC t=e noveEs

initi?E OuWEi>?tion; BeEviEEes OuWEis=eC ?sUed =iG to soPten t=e noveEs >Citi>isGs oP

Gission?Cies in t=e Iout= Ie?s. HEt=oug= BeEviEEe OConoun>ed t=e >=?nges ?n

iGOCoveGent; V?nseEEe Cee>ted t=eG in =is edition; >on>Euding t=?t jt=eCe is no

eviden>e; inteCn?E oC eXteCn?E; to suggest t=?t t=ey ?Ce t=e Uinds oP >=?nges

BeEviEEe SouEd =?ve G?de Sit=out OCessuCe PCoG soGeone eEseT.

[oSeCs >onPConted ? siGiE?C OCoWEeG in =is edition oPMaggie. FC?ne oCigin?EEy

OCinted t=e noveE OCiv?teEy in 189Q. Vo se>uCe >oGGeC>i?E OuWEi>?tion in 189b;

FC?ne ?gCeed to CeGove OCoP?nity; Wut =e ?Eso G?de styEisti> Cevisions. [oSeCss

?OOCo?>= S?s to OCeseCve t=e styEisti> ?nd EiteC?Cy >=?nges oP 189b; Wut to CeveCt to

t=e 189Q Ce?dings S=eCe =e WeEieved t=?t FC?ne S?s PuEPiEEing t=e OuWEis=eCs

intention C?t=eC t=?n =is oSn. V=eCe SeCe; =oSeveC; inteCGedi?te >?ses t=?t >ouEd

Ce?son?WEy =?ve Ween ?ttCiWuted to eit=eC intention; ?nd soGe oP [oSeCss >=oi>es

>?Ge undeC PiCe m Wot= ?s to =is udgGent; ?nd ?s to t=e SisdoG oP >onPE?ting

Ce?dings PCoG t=e tSo diPPeCent veCsions oPMaggie.

Z?ns weEEeC ?Cgued t=?t it is iGOossiWEe to te?se ?O?Ct t=e >=?nges FC?ne G?de

PoC EiteC?Cy Ce?sons ?nd t=ose G?de ?t t=e OuWEis=eCs insisten>e7

LiCstEy; in ?nti>iO?tion oP t=e >=?C?>teC oP t=e eXOe>ted >ensoCs=iO; FC?ne >ouEdWe Eed to undeCt?Ue ?EteC?tions S=i>= ?Eso =?d EiteC?Cy v?Eue in t=e >onteXt oP t=e

neS veCsion. Ie>ondEy; We>?use oP t=e systeG?ti> >=?C?>teC oP t=e SoCU; OuCeEy

>ensoCi?E ?EteC?tions sO?CUed oPP PuCt=eC ?EteC?tions; deteCGined ?t t=is st?ge Wy

EiteC?Cy >onsideC?tions. Hg?in in >onsefuen>e oP t=e systeGi> >=?C?>teC oP t=e

SoCU; t=e >ont?Gin?tion oP t=e tSo =istoCi>?E veCsions in t=e edited teXt gives Cise

to ? t=iCd veCsion. V=oug= t=e editoC G?y indeed give ? C?tion?E ?>>ount oP =is

de>ision ?t e?>= Ooint on t=e W?sis oP t=e do>uGents; neveCt=eEess to ?iG to

OCodu>e t=e ide?E teXt S=i>= FC?ne SouEd =?ve OCodu>ed in 189b iP t=e OuWEis=eC

=?d EePt =iG >oGOEete PCeedoG is to Gy Gind ust ?s un=istoCi>?E ?s t=e fuestion oP=oS t=e PiCst oCEd ?C oC t=e =istoCy oP t=e Mnited It?tes SouEd =?ve deveEoOed

iP ?used t=e MIH to enteC t=e S?C in 191c Wy unEiGited

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21/61

suWG?Cine >oGW?t. V=e nonsOe>iPi> PoCG oP >ensoCs=iO des>CiWed ?Wove is one oP

t=e =istoCi>?E >onditions undeC S=i>= FC?ne SCote t=e se>ond veCsion oP Maggie

?nd G?de it Pun>tion. LCoG t=e teXt S=i>= ?Cose in t=is S?y it is not OossiWEe to

suWtC?>t t=ese PoC>es ?nd inPEuen>es; in oCdeC to oWt?in ? teXt oP t=e ?ut=oCs oSn.

Kndeed K Ceg?Cd t=e juninPEuen>ed ?Ctisti> intentionsT oP t=e ?ut=oC ?s soGet=ing

S=i>= eXists onEy in teCGs oP ?est=eti> ?WstC?>tion. [etSeen inPEuen>es on t=e?ut=oC ?nd inPEuen>es on t=e teXt ?Ce ?EE G?nneC oP tC?nsitions.

[oSeCs ?nd V?nseEEe Ce>ognipe t=?t teXts oPten eXist in GoCe t=?n one

?ut=oCit?tive veCsion. V?nseEEe ?Cgues t=?t7 jtSo tyOes oP Cevision Gust We

distinguis=ed7 t=?t S=i>= ?iGs ?t ?EteCing t=e OuCOose; diCe>tion; oC >=?C?>teC oP ?

SoCU; t=us ?tteGOting to G?Ue ? diPPeCent soCt oP SoCU out oP itl ?nd t=?t S=i>=

?iGs ?t intensiPying; CePining; oC iGOCoving t=e SoCU ?s t=en >on>eived (S=et=eC oC

not it su>>eeds in doing so); t=us ?EteCing t=e SoCU in degCee Wut not in Uind. KP one

G?y t=inU oP ? SoCU in teCGs oP ? sO?ti?E Get?O=oC; t=e PiCst Gig=t We E?WeEed

jveCti>?E CevisionT; We>?use it Goves t=e SoCU to ? diPPeCent OE?ne; ?nd t=e se>ondj=oCipont?E CevisionT; We>?use it invoEves ?EteC?tions Sit=in t=e s?Ge OE?ne. [ot=

OCodu>e Eo>?E >=?nges in ?>tive intentionl Wut Cevisions oP t=e PiCst tyOe ?OOe?C to

We in PuEPiEEGent oP ?n ?EteCed OCogC?GG?ti> intention oC to CePEe>t ?n ?EteCed ?>tive

intention in t=e SoCU ?s ? S=oEe; S=eCe?s t=ose oP t=e se>ond do notT.

Ze suggests t=?t S=eCe ? Cevision is j=oCipont?ET (i.e.; ?iGed ?t iGOCoving t=e

SoCU ?s oCigin?EEy >on>eived); t=en t=e editoC s=ouEd ?doOt t=e ?ut=oCs E?teC

veCsion. [ut S=eCe ? Cevision is jveCti>?ET (i.e.; Pund?Gent?EEy ?EteCing t=e SoCUs

intention ?s ? S=oEe); t=en t=e Cevision s=ouEd We tCe?ted ?s ? neS SoCU; ?nd edited

seO?C?teEy on its oSn teCGs.&oFt Qo tus. [oSeCs S?s ?Eso inPEuenti?E in dePining t=e PoCG oP

>Citi>?E ?OO?C?tus t=?t s=ouEd ?>>oGO?ny ? s>=oE?CEy edition. Kn ?ddition to t=e

%o)"e)"oP t=e ?OO?C?tus; [oSeCs Eed ? GoveGent to CeEeg?te editoCi?E G?tteC to

?OOendi>es; Ee?ving t=e >Citi>?EEy-est?WEis=ed teXt jin t=e >Ee?CT; i.e. PCee oP ?ny

signs oP editoCi?E inteCvention. V?nseEEe eXOE?ined t=e C?tion?Ee PoC t=is ?OOCo?>=;

jKn t=e PiCst OE?>e; ?n editoCs OCiG?Cy CesOonsiWiEity is to est?WEis= ? teXtl S=et=eC

=is go?E is to Ce>onstCu>t t=?t PoCG oP t=e teXt S=i>= CeOCesents t=e ?ut=oCs Pin?E

intention oC soGe ot=eC PoCG oP t=e teXt; =is essenti?E t?sU is to OCodu>e ? CeEi?WEe

teXt ?>>oCding to soGe set oP OCin>iOEes. ReEeg?ting ?EE editoCi?E G?tteC to ?n

?OOendiX ?nd ?EEoSing t=e teXt to st?nd Wy itseEP seCves to eGO=?sipe t=e OCiG?>yoP t=e teXt ?nd OeCGits t=e Ce?deC to >onPCont t=e EiteC?Cy SoCU Sit=out t=e

distC?>tion oP editoCi?E >oGGent ?nd to Ce?d t=e SoCU Sit= e?se. H se>ond

?dv?nt?ge oP ? >Ee?C teXt is t=?t it is e?sieC to fuote PCoG oC to CeOCint. HEt=oug= no

devi>e >?n insuCe ?>>uC?>y oP fuot?tion; t=e inseCtion oP syGWoEs (oC even Pootnote

nuGWeCs) into ? teXt OE?>es ?ddition?E diPPi>uEties in t=e S?y oP t=e fuoteC.

LuCt=eCGoCe; Gost fuot?tions ?OOe?C in >onteXts S=eCe syGWoEs ?Ce in?OOCoOCi?tel

t=us S=en it is ne>ess?Cy to fuote PCoG ? teXt S=i>= =?s not Ween UeOt >Ee?C oP

?OO?C?tus; t=e WuCden oP OCodu>ing ? >Ee?C teXt oP t=e O?ss?ge is OE?>ed on t=e

fuoteC. ven Pootnotes ?t t=e WottoG oP t=e teXt O?ges ?Ce oOen to t=e s?GeoWe>tion; S=en t=e fuestion oP ? O=otogC?O=i> CeOCint ?CisesT.

21


22/61

IoGe >Citi>s WeEieve t=?t ? >Ee?C-teXt edition gives t=e edited teXt too gCe?t ?

OCoGinen>e; CeEeg?ting teXtu?E v?Ci?nts to ?OOendi>es t=?t ?Ce diPPi>uEt to use; ?nd

suggesting ? gCe?teC sense oP >eCt?inty ?Wout t=e est?WEis=ed teXt t=?n it deseCves.

Hs I=iEEingsWuCg notes; jngEis= s>=oE?CEy editions =?ve tended to use notes ?t t=e

Poot oP t=e teXt O?ge; indi>?ting; t?>itEy; ? gCe?teC Godesty ?Wout t=e jest?WEis=edT

teXt ?nd dC?Sing ?ttention GoCe PoC>iWEy to ?t Ee?st soGe oP t=e ?EteCn?tive PoCGs oPt=e teXtT.

#.#.K. CdistiBs

Cladisticsis ? te>=nifue WoCCoSed PCoGWioEogy; S=eCe it is used to deteCGine

t=e evoEution?CyCeE?tions=iOs WetSeen diPPeCentspecies. V=e teXt oP ? nuGWeC oP

diPPeCent G?nus>CiOts is enteCed into ? >oGOuteC; S=i>= Ce>oCds ?EE t=e diPPeCen>es

WetSeen t=eG. V=e G?nus>CiOts ?Ce t=en gCouOed ?>>oCding to t=eiC s=?Ced

>=?C?>teCisti>s. V=e diPPeCen>e WetSeen >E?disti>s ?nd GoCe tC?dition?E PoCGs oPst?tisti>?E ?n?Eysis is t=?t; C?t=eC t=?n siGOEy ?CC?nging t=e G?nus>CiOts into Coug=

gCouOings ?>>oCding to t=eiC oveC?EE siGiE?City; >E?disti>s ?ssuGes t=?t t=ey ?Ce O?Ct

oP ? WC?n>=ing P?GiEy tCee ?nd uses t=?t ?ssuGOtion to deCive CeE?tions=iOs WetSeen

t=eG. V=is G?Ues it GoCe EiUe ?n ?utoG?ted ?OOCo?>= to steGG?ti>s. ZoSeveC;

S=eCe t=eCe is ? diPPeCen>e; t=e >oGOuteC does not ?tteGOt to de>ide S=i>= Ce?ding

is >EoseC to t=e oCigin?E teXt; ?nd so does not indi>?te S=i>= WC?n>= oP t=e tCee is t=e

jCootT m S=i>= G?nus>CiOt tC?dition is >Eosest to t=e oCigin?E. t=eC tyOes oP

eviden>e Gust We used PoC t=?t OuCOose.

V=e G?oC t=eoCeti>?E OCoWEeG Sit= ?OOEying >E?disti>s to teXtu?E >Citi>isG is

t=?t >E?disti>s ?ssuGes t=?t; on>e ? WC?n>=ing =?s o>>uCCed in t=e P?GiEy tCee; t=e

tSo WC?n>=es >?nnot Ceoinl so ?EE siGiE?Cities >?n We t?Uen ?s eviden>e oP >oGGon

?n>estCy. =iEe t=is ?ssuGOtion is ?OOEi>?WEe to t=e evoEution oP Eiving >Ce?tuCes; it

is not ?ES?ys tCue oP G?nus>CiOt tC?ditions; sin>e ? s>CiWe >?n SoCU PCoG tSo

diPPeCent G?nus>CiOts ?t on>e; OCodu>ing ? neS >oOy Sit= >=?C?>teCisti>s oP Wot=.

\onet=eEess; soPtS?Ce deveEoOed PoC use in WioEogy =?s Ween ?OOEied Sit= soGe

su>>ess to teXtu?E >Citi>isGl PoC eX?GOEe; it is Weing used Wy t=e Ba)"er7#r$ Tale&

,ro-e%" to deteCGine t=e CeE?tions=iO WetSeen t=e 8 suCviving G?nus>CiOts ?nd

PouC e?CEy OCinted editions oP t=e Ba)"er7#r$ Tale&.

A SFe oQ tJe Tetu CitiBisF i" BtiBe:

To :!& Bo$ +!&"re&&Qte A"de Me

V=eCe ?Ce seveC?E teXtu?E OCoWEeGs in HndCeS B?CveEETs "o 4is Coy Mistress.

ne oP t=ese OCoWEeGs de?Es Sit= t=e E?st SoCd in t=e PoEEoSing >ouOEet7

o& therefore' &hile the youthful hue

7its on thy skin like morning de&.

Knste?d oP jdeST; t=e PiCst edition oP t=e OoeG =?d jgEeST; S=i>= is Ceg?Cded

noS ?s ? di?Ee>ti>?E v?Ci?nt oP jgEoST; ?Et=oug= it S?s e?CEieC t=oug=t to We ?not=eCsOeEEing oP jgEueT; ? senseEess Ce?ding in t=e >onteXt. j@eST (di?Ee>ti>?E jS?CGt=T)

S?s ?Eso suggested ?s ? OossiWiEity. [ut S=en soGeone >one>tuCed jdeST;

22
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23/61

OCoW?WEy in t=e 18t= >entuCy; it S?s ?OO?CentEy so =?OOy ?n eGend?tion t=?t

viCtu?EEy ?EE teXtWooUs =?ve Eong OCinted it Sit=out ?ny eXOE?n?tion. [ut seveC?E

GodeCn teXts CestoCe t=e e?CEiest Ce?ding. [ot= @ouis B?CtpTsAnchor Anthology of

7e%enteenth8Century 2erse ?nd


24/61

XOE?in S=?t >E?disti>s is.

Te&" /C

V=e test >onsists oP b t?sUs. Kt CefuiCes Ginutes to soEve it. F=oose t=e


1. What definition doesn$t define the "e,tual criticism

1

? WC?n>= oP Jioogy oC

iiogJy t=?t is

>on>eCned Sit= t=e

identiPi>?tion ?nd CeGov?E

oP eCCoCs PCoG tets

2

t=e est?WEis=Gent oP ?n authentic

teXt; oC t=e teXt S=i>= t=e ?ut=oC

intended

Q

? WC?n>= oP EiteC?Cy s>=oE?Cs=iO

t=?t ?tteGOts to est?WEis=

t=e Gost ?>>uC?te veCsion

oP ? SCitten SoCU Wy

>oGO?Cing ?EE eXisting

G?nus>CiOt ?nd Y oC OCinted

veCsions so ?s to

Ce>onstCu>t PCoG t=eG t=e

?ut=oCTs intention;

eEiGin?ting >oOyistsT ?nd

OCinteCsT eCCoCs ?nd ?ny>oCCuOt inteCOoE?tions

t=e te>=nifue oP CestoCing teXts ?s

ne?CEy ?s OossiWEe to t=eiC

oCigin?E PoCG

!. 4o& are different documents called &hich are studied to re8create a single te,t

1 G?nus>CiOts 2 editoCi?Es

Q >Citi>?E teXts Sitnesses

). What (udgements do te,tual critics make

1 G?teCi?E 2 syGWoEi>

Q ?est=eti> >E?ssi>?E

*. What point does not belong to #e,ternal$ e%idence

1 ?ge 2 ?PPiEi?tion oP e?>= Sitness

Q OCoven?n>e O=ysi>?E >onsideC?tion

-. What is ecclectism

1

t=e OC?>ti>e oP eX?Gining ? Side

nuGWeC oP Sitnesses ?nd

seEe>ting t=e v?Ci?nt t=?t

seeGs West

2

it SoCUs PCoG t=e OCin>iOEe t=?t

>oGGunity oP eCCoC

iGOEies >oGGunity oP

oCigin

Q Msing it; t=e >Citi> eX?Gines t=eW?se teXt ?nd G?Ues

>oCCe>tions (>?EEed

? te>=nifue WoCCoSed PCoGioogy; S=eCe it is used to

deteCGine t=e

2
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eGend?tions) in OE?>es

S=eCe t=e W?se teXt

?OOe?Cs SCong to t=e >Citi>

eoutio"y CeE?tions=iOs

WetSeen diPPeCent &(e%!e&

. Who became the #father$ of stemmatics

1 oJ"" AeBJt 'e"ge 2 'ooe &oss estBott

Q ?CE @?>=G?nn ro=?nn r?UoW =

1la) 2or'

q 1 2 Q N b

1

2

Q

!"era"#re

1. HE?nd .; HE?nd [. V=e VeXt oP t=e \eS Vest?Gent. [CiEE; 198c.

2. [?Edi>U F. V=e XPoCd Di>tion?Cy oP @iteC?Cy VeCGs. \h7 XPoCd

MniveCsity JCess; 2008.

Q. [ent=?G iOEes PoC I>=oE?CEy ditions oP \ineteent=-FentuCy

HGeCi>?n Hut=oCsYY Itudies in [iWEiogC?O=y 1c. 19b. m JO.22Q-228.N. [oSeCs L. BuEtiOEe Hut=oCity7 \eS JCoWEeGs ?nd Fon>eOts oP FoOy-VeXt YY

@iWC?Cy; LiPt= IeCies xxAKK (2). 19c2. m JO.81-11N.

b. [C?dEey I. @e?ves oP ounteCing t=e B?nus>CiOts7 Hn KntCodu>tion to \eS

Vest?Gent J?EeogC?O=y VeXtuC?E FCiti>isG. [Z JuWEis=ing =es to @iteC?tuCe. Nt=ed. \h; XPoCd7 XPoCd

MniveCsity JCess; 200N.

1Q. Z?Ctin J.r.; JetpeC r.Z.; B?nning [. VeXt ?nd KnteCOCet?tion7 \eSHOOCo?>=es in t=e FCiti>isG oP t=e \eS Vest?Gent. [CiEE; 2001.

2N
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1. ZouseG?n H.. V=e HOOEi>?tion oP V=oug=t to VeXtu?E FCiti>isG YY HCt ?nd

CCoC7 BodeCn VeXtu?E diting. [EooGington7 Kndi?n? MniveCsity JCess; 19c0.1N. B??s J. VeXtu?E FCiti>isG. XPoCd7 XPoCd MniveCsity JCess; 19N8.1b. B>F?CteC . VeXtu?E >Citi>isG7 Ce>oveCing t=e teXt oP t=e ZeWCeS [iWEe.

Binne?OoEis7 LoCtCess JCess; 198b.

1c. B>?; \.h7

FoCneEE MniveCsity JCess; 2000.22. I=iEEingsWuCg J. Hn KnfuiCy into t=e Io>i?E It?tus oP VeXts ?nd Bodes oP

VeXtu?E FCiti>isGYY Itudies in [iWEiogC?O=y 2. 1989. m JO.NN-c8.

2Q. V?nseEEe iOEes PoC ditoCi?E HOO?C?tus YY Itudies in

[iWEiogC?O=y 2N. 19c2. m JO.1-88.

2. V?nseEEe ?E ditingYY Itudies in [iWEiogC?O=y Q9.

198b. m JO.1-b.2b. V?nseEEe isG. 1989.2c. V?nseEEe; =oE?CEy diting7 H =. \eS hoCU7 V=e BodeCn @?ngu?ge

Hsso>i?tion oP HGeCi>?; 199N.

28.V=oCOe r. JCin>iOEes oP VeXtu?E FCiti>isG. I?n B?Cino; FH7 V=e Zuntington

@iWC?Cy; 19c2.29. Vov . VeXtu?E >Citi>isG oP t=e ZeWCeS [iWEe. Binne?OoEis7 LoCtCess; 2001.Q0. iEson \.R.; ReynoEds @. I>CiWes ?nd s>=oE?Cs7 ? guide to t=e tC?nsGission

oP = to t=e FCiti>?E Fonstitution oP @iteC?Cy VeXts YY

Itudies in [iWEiogC?O=y 28; 19cN. m JO.2Q1-2b.Q2. =ttO7YYSSS.WiWEe-Cese?C>=eC.>oGYCuEes.=tGE|[engeE

QQ. =ttO7YYSSS.WiWEe-Cese?C>=eC.>oGYCuEes.=tGE|=

Q. =ttO7YYSSS.WiWEe-Cese?C>=eC.>oGYCuEes.=tGE|ZoCt

QN. =ttO7YYSSS.WCit?nni>?.>oG

Qb. =ttO7YYSSS.oGniOeE?gos.>oGYentCyn}teXtu?E~>Citi>isG

Modue . HistoiB "d 'iogJiB AoBJes

The overall goalis to study t=e ZistoCi>?E ?nd [iogC?O=i>?E HOOCo?>=esl dePinet=eiC siGiE?Cityl study its >onteXt; G?in OCin>iOEes ?nd t=e CoEe in GodeCn EiteC?tuCe.

2b
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HEt=oug= t=e =istoCi>?E ?nd WiogC?O=i>?E ?OOCo?>=es =?ve Ween evoEving oveC

G?ny ye?Cs; its W?si> ten?nts ?Ce OeC=?Os Gost >Ee?CEy ?Cti>uE?ted in t=e SCitings oP

t=e 19t=->entuCy LCen>= >Citi> ZiOOoEyte H. V?ine; S=ose O=C?se race' milieu' et

moment' eE?WoC?ted in =is 4istory of English Literature; We?sOe?Us ? =eCedit?Cy

?nd enviConGent?E deteCGinisG.

V=e W?si> OCeGise oP4istorical Criticismis t=?t EiteC?Cy Ge?ning is gCounded int=e ?ut=oC. V=e ?ut=oC is t=e >onteXt in S=i>= t=e SoCU is studied ?nd is t=e >?use

oP t=e SoCUs Ge?ning. ZistoCi>?E >Citi>isG is t=e se?C>= PoC t=e ?ut=oCs oCigin?E

intention. Vo ?sU S=?t ? EiteC?Cy SoCU Ge?ns; ?>>oCding to t=e =istoCi>?E >Citi>; is to

?sU S=?t t=e ?ut=oC Ge?nt S=en =e oC s=e >Ce?ted it. Kn oCdeC to study t=e ?ut=oC ?s

>onteXt; it is ne>ess?Cy PoC t=e =istoCi>?E >Citi> to eX?Gine t=e SoCU ?g?inst its

=istoCi>?E suCCoundings ?nd deteCGine =oS t=ese suCCoundings SoCUed Sit= t=e

individu?Eity oP t=e ?ut=oC ?nd t=e individu?Eity oP t=e ?ge to >Ce?te ?nd dePine t=e

teXt.

n t=e S=oEe; 4istorical Criticism?ssuGes t=?t t=e CeE?tions=iO WetSeen ?Ct?nd so>iety is oCg?ni>l vieSs ? EiteC?Cy SoCU in CeE?tion to t=e st?nd?Cds ?nd so>i?E

GiEieu oP t=e OeCiod in S=i>= it S?s OCodu>ed.Biographical Criticism?ssuGes t=?t

Wy eX?Gining t=e P?>ts ?nd Gotives oP ?n ?ut=oCs EiPe; t=e Ge?ning ?nd intent oP

=isY=eC EiteC?Cy SoCU >?n We iEEuGin?ted.

Kn ot=eC SoCds; t=is Uind oP >Citi>isG sees ? EiteC?Cy SoCU >=iePEy; iP not

eX>EusiveEy; ?s ? CePEe>tion oP its ?ut=oCTs EiPe ?nd tiGes oC t=e EiPe ?nd tiGes oP t=e

>=?C?>teCs in t=e SoCU.

LoC eX?GOEe; ro=n BiEtonTs sonnet 6n the Late Massacre in 5iedmont

iEEustC?tes t=e toOi>?E fu?Eity t=?t gCe?t EiteC?tuCe G?y ?nd oPten does Oossess. V=is

OoeG >oGGeGoC?tes t=e sE?ug=teC in 1bNN oP t=e ?Edenses; GeGWeCs oP ?

JCotest?nt se>t Eiving in t=e v?EEeys oP noCt=eCn Kt?Ey. noSEedge oP t=is

W?>UgCound >E?CiPies ?t Ee?st one C?t=eC P?>tu?E CePeCen>e ?nd tSo ?EEusions in t=e

OoeG. IeveC?E oP BiEtonTs ot=eC sonnets ?Eso CePEe>t events in =is EiPe oC tiGes. VSo

su>= ?Ce 6n 4is Blindness; West undeCstood S=en one Ce?Eipes t=?t t=e Ooet We>?Ge

tot?EEy WEind S=en =e S?s ; ?nd 6n 4is eceased Wife; ? tCiWute to =is se>ond

SiPe; ?t=eCine ood>o>U. BiEton S?s ?ECe?dy WEind S=en =e G?CCied =eC; ? P?>t

t=?t eXOE?ins t=e Eine; jZeC P?>e S?s veiEedT. Kn P?>t; BiEton ?PPoCds us ?n eX>eEEent

eX?GOEe oP ?n ?ut=oC S=ose SoCUs CePEe>t O?Cti>uE?C eOisodes in =is EiPe.

H =istoCi>?E noveE is EiUeEy to We GoCe Ge?ningPuE S=en eit=eC its GiEieu oC t=?toP its ?ut=oC is undeCstood. r.L. FooOeCTs Last of the Mohicans; . I>ottTs

3%anhoe; F=. Di>UensTs "ale of "&o Cities; ?nd r. IteinWe>UTs /rapes of Wrath?Ce

>eCt?inEy WetteC undeCstood Wy Ce?deCs P?GiEi?C Sit=; CesOe>tiveEy; t=e LCen>= ?nd

Kndi?n ?C (?nd t=e HGeCi>?n PContieC eXOeCien>e geneC?EEy); HngEo-\oCG?n

[Cit?in; t=e LCen>= RevoEution; ?nd t=e HGeCi>?n DeOCession. Kn ?ddition; t=eCe is

? veCy Ce?E sense in S=i>= t=ese WooUs ?Ce ?Wout t=ese gCe?t =istoCi>?E G?tteCs; so

t=?t t=e ?ut=oC is inteCested in t=e >=?C?>teCs onEy to t=e eXtent t=?t t=ey ?Ce GoEded

Wy t=ese events.

V=e s?Ge t=ing >?n We s?id esOe>i?EEy ?Wout ideoEogi>?E oC OCoO?g?ndist noveEs.LoC eX?GOEe; Z.[. ItoSeTs ;ncle "om$s Cabin; L. \oCCisTs "he 6ctopus;

M. Iin>E?iCTs "he ?se G?y We) to t=ose S=o

2c


28/61

UnoS ?Wout t=e ?nteWeEEuG Iout=; C?iECo?d eXO?nsion in t=e E?te 19t=>entuCy; ?nd

s>?nd?Es in t=e HGeCi>?n Ge?t-O?>Uing industCy in t=e e?CEy 20t=>entuCy.

Ad"tges: V=is ?OOCo?>= SoCUs SeEE PoC soGe SoCUs m EiUe t=ose oP

HEeX?ndeC JoOe; ro=n DCyden; ?nd BiEton m S=i>= ?Ce oWviousEy OoEiti>?E in

n?tuCe. ne Gust UnoS BiEton S?s WEind; PoC inst?n>e; PoC j6n 4is BlindnessT to

=?ve ?ny Ge?ning. Hnd one Gust UnoS soGet=ing ?Wout t=e X>Eusion [iEE FCisisto ?OOCe>i?te ro=n DCydens jAbsalom and AchitophelT. Kt ?Eso is ne>ess?Cy to t?Ue

? =istoCi>?E ?OOCo?>= in oCdeC to OE?>e ?EEusions in t=eCe OCoOeC >E?ssi>?E; OoEiti>?E;

oC WiWEi>?E W?>UgCound.

Disd"tges:\eS FCiti>s CePeC to t=e =istoCi>?E Y WiogC?O=i>?E >Citi>s WeEieP

t=?t t=e Ge?ning oC v?Eue oP ? SoCU G?y We deteCGined Wy t=e ?ut=oCs intention ?s

jt=e intention?E P?EE?>yT. V=ey WeEieve t=?t t=is ?OOCo?>= tends to Cedu>e ?Ct to t=e

EeveE oP WiogC?O=y ?nd G?Ue it CeE?tive (to t=e tiGes) C?t=eC t=?n univeCs?E.

A SFe oQ tJe HistoiB 'iogJiB AoBJ i" BtiBe:W:#%le7err$ 2!))X Qte M. Ti"

e UnoS PCoG B. VS?inTs ?utoWiogC?O=i>?E SCitings ?nd PCoG s>=oE?CEy

studies oP =iG; OCin>iO?EEy t=ose oP [eCn?Cd De Aoto; H.[. J?ine; ?nd

DiXon e>teC; t=?t t=e Gost sens?tion?E =?OOenings ?nd >oEouCPuE >=?C?>teCs in

4uckleberry =inn?Ce W?sed on ?>tu?E events ?nd OeCsons VS?in s?S in Z?nniW?E;

BissouCi; S=eCe =e gCeS uO; ?nd in ot=eC toSns uO ?nd doSn t=e BississiOOi. LoC

eX?GOEe; t=e s=ooting oP Ed [oggs Wy FoEoneE I=eCWuCn is dC?Sn PCoG t=e UiEEing

oP one jMn>Ee I?GT IG?CC Wy iEEi?G SsEey in t=e stCeets oP Z?nniW?E on

r?nu?Cy 2; 18N. V=e ?tteGOted Eyn>=ing oP I=eCWuCn is ?Eso ?n e>=o oP

soGet=ing t=?t B?CU VS?in s?S ?s ? Woy; PoC =e de>E?Ced in E?teC EiPe t=?t =e on>e

js?S ? WC?ve gentEeG?n deCide ?nd insuEt ? zEun>={ GoW ?nd dCive it ?S?yT. DuCing

t=e suGGeC oP 18c [enson [E?nUens=iO; oEdeC WCot=eC oP t=e OCototyOe Zu>U;

se>CetEy ?ided ? Cun?S?y sE?ve Wy t?Uing Pood to =iG ?s =is =ideout on ?n isE?nd

?>Coss t=e CiveC PCoG Z?nniW?E. [enson did t=is PoC seveC?E SeeUs ?nd CesoEuteEy

CePused to We enti>ed into WetC?ying t=e G?n PoC t=e CeS?Cd oPPeCed PoC =is >?OtuCe.

V=is is undouWtedEy t=e =istoCi>?E souC>e oP Zu>UTs Eoy?Ety to riG t=?t Pin?EEy

CesuEted in =is eEe>ting to jgo to ZeEET in dePi?n>e oP E?S; so>iety; ?nd CeEigion

C?t=eC t=?n tuCn in =is PCiend.

,ro-e%" Ta&&

1. XOEoCe in deOt= t=e ZistoCi>?E ?nd [iogC?O=i>?E HOOCo?>=es.

2. HnsSeC t=e suggested fuestions7

=?t is t=e ZistoCi>?E FCiti>isG

=?t is t=e [iogC?O=i>?E FCiti>isG

=?t do t=ey de?E Sit=

=?t is t=e >onteXt in S=i>= t=e SoCU is studied ?nd is t=e >?use oP t=eSoCUs Ge?ning

28


29/61

=?t is t=e CoEe oP t=ese ?OOCo?>=es in GodeCn EiteC?tuCe

Q. FCe?te ? OCesent?tion (CeOoCt) to eXOE?in youC gCouOs ?ssigned EiteC?Cy t=eoCy

(ZistoCi>?E oC [iogC?O=i>?E HOOCo?>=es). houC OCesent?tion s=ouEd >ont?in t=e

PoEEoSing7

? titEe to intCodu>e youC EiteC?Cy t=eoCyl

? WCieP dePinition PoC youC t=eoCyl W?si> W?>UgCound inPoCG?tion Ceg?Cding youC t=eoCy; su>= ?s7 S=?t does

youC t=eoCy Po>us on; S=y SouEd soGeone We Gost EiUeEy use youC ?OOCo?>=;

S=?t fuestions does youC ?OOCo?>= ?ddCessl

OCos7 =y SouEd soGeone use youC ?ssigned ?OOCo?>=l

>ons7 =?t ?Ce dis?dv?nt?ges to youC ?OOCo?>=l

use teXtu?E eviden>e to suOOoCt youC >oGGent?Cy.

. Cite ? s=oCt >Citi>?E ?Cti>Ee ?>>oCding to =istoCi>?E ?nd WiogC?O=i>?E ?OOCo?>=es

on eit=eC Z.[. ItoSeTs j;ncle "om$s CabinT; oC r. @ondonTs jMartin EdenT(see7 H

I?GOEe oP t=e ZistoCi>?E ?nd [iogC?O=i>?E HOOCo?>= in JC?>ti>e).

29


30/61

Te&" /D

V=e test >onsists oP b t?sUs. Kt CefuiCes Q Ginutes to soEve it. F=oose t=e


1. When &ere the basic tenants of the 4istorical > Biographical Approach most

clearly articulated

1 19t=>entuCy 2 1ct=>entuCy

Q 20t=>entuCy 1bt=>entuCy

!. Whose &ritings contain the basic tenants of the 4istorical > Biographical

Approach most clearly articulated

1 ro=n BiEton 2 ZiOOoEyte H. V?ine

Q HEeX?ndeC JoOe r.L. FooOeC

). What is the disad%antage of the 4istorical > Biographical Approach

1

Kt OE?>es ?EEusions in t=eCe OCoOeC

>E?ssi>?E; OoEiti>?E; oC WiWEi>?E

W?>UgCound2

H =istoCi>?E noveE is EiUeEy to We

GoCe Ge?ningPuE S=en

eit=eC its GiEieu oC t=?t oP

its ?ut=oC is undeCstood

Q

V=is ?OOCo?>= SoCUs SeEE PoC

soGe SoCUs m EiUe t=ose oP

HEeX?ndeC JoOe; ro=n DCyden; ?nd

BiEton m S=i>= ?Ce oWviousEy

OoEiti>?E in n?tuCe

\eS FCiti>s CePeC to t=e =istoCi>?E Y

WiogC?O=i>?E >Citi>s WeEieP

t=?t t=e Ge?ning oC v?Eue

oP ? SoCU G?y We

deteCGined Wy t=e ?ut=oCsintention ?s jt=e

intention?E P?EE?>yT

*. What is the definition of the 4istorical Criticism

1

it ?ssuGes t=?t t=e CeE?tions=iO

WetSeen ?Ct ?nd so>iety is oCg?ni>l

vieSs ? EiteC?Cy SoCU in CeE?tion to

t=e st?nd?Cds ?nd so>i?E GiEieu oP

t=e OeCiod in S=i>= it S?s

OCodu>ed

2 it seeUs to est?WEis= t=e OCoOeC teXt

PoC study oP ? EiteC?Cy SoCU

Q

it ?n?Eypes ? EiteC?Cy SoCU

?>>oCding to ? set oP geneC?E

OCin>iOEes

it vieSs ? EiteC?Cy SoCU ?s ?n

iGit?tion oC CePEe>tion oP

t=e SoCEd ?nd =uG?n EiPel

?OOEies t=e >CiteCion oP

jtCut=T to t=e suWe>t

G?tteC S=i>= t=e SoCU

CeOCesents

-. What is the conte,t in &hich the &ork is studied in the 4istorical > Biographical

criticism and is the cause of the &ork?s meaning

1 t=e ?ut=oC 2 t=e ?udien>e

Q t=e SoCU itseEP =istoCi>?E events

Q0


31/61

. 3t is necessary for the historical critic to e,amine the &ork against its ...

surroundings.

1 so>i?E 2 WiogC?O=i>?E

Q =istoCi>?E G?teCi?E

1la) 2or'

q 1 2 Q N b

1

2

Q

!"era"#re

1. FCoPt I.; FCoss Z. @iteC?tuCe; FCiti>isG; ?nd ItyEe. \eS hoCU7 XPoCd

MniveCsity JCess; 200.

2. ?E HOOCo?>=es to @iteC?tuCe. Nt=ed. \h; XPoCd7 XPoCd

MniveCsity JCess; 200N.

Q. ?ug= J. @iteC?Cy V=eoCy ?nd FCiti>isG7 Hn XPoCd E?ssi

litcriticism

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