list of states
TRANSCRIPT
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Argentina – Argentine RepublicSpanish: Argentina – República ArgentinaBuenos Aires
Republic None
Argentina is a federation of 23 provinces and 1 autonomous city.Argentina claims sovereignty over the Falkland Islandsand SouthGeorgia and the South SandwichIslands, which are administered bythe United Kingdom.[4] ArgentinaclaimsArgentine Antarctica as part of its national territory, officially adepartment of the province of Tierra
del Fuego, Antarctica, and SouthAtlantic Islands, which overlaps withthe claims of the UK and Chile.[Note 9][5]
Armenia – Republic of Armenia Armenian: Hayastani Hanrapetut’yunYerevan
Republic NoneArmenia is not recognised by one UNmember: Pakistan.
Australia – Commonwealth of Australia English: Australia – Commonwealth of AustraliaCanberay
Constitutionalmonarchy
None
Australia is a Commonwealthrealm and a federationof 6 states and10 territories. The external territoriesof Australia are:
Ashmore and Cartier
Islands
Australian Antarctic
Territory
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling)
Islands
Coral Sea Islands Territory
Heard Island and
McDonald Islands
Norfolk Island
Austria – Republic of AustriaGerman: Österreich – Republik ÖsterreichViena
Republic NoneMember of the EU.[Note 4] Austria isa federation of 9states(Bundesländer).
Azerbaijan – Republic of Azerbaijan Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan – AzərbaycanRespublikasıBaku
Republic None
Azerbaijan contains 2 autonomousregions, Nakhchivan and Nagorno-Karabakh ( Dağlıq Qarabağ ). In Nagorno-Karabakh, a de facto statehas been established (see Nagorno-
Karabakh).
Bahamas – Commonwealth of TheBahamas English: Commonwealth of The Bahamas Nassau
Constitutionalmonarchy
None
The Bahamas is a Commonwealthrealm.
Bahrain – Kingdom of Bahrain Arabic: Al Bahrayn – Mamlakat al BaraynManama
Constitutionalmonarchy
None
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Bangladesh – People's Republic of Bangladesh Bengali: Ganaprajātantrī BānglādeshDacca
Republic None
Barbados
English: BarbadosBridge town
Constitutionalmonarchy
None
Barbados is a Commonwealth realm.[Note 6]
Belarus – Republic of Belarus Belarusian: Respublika Bielarus' Minsk
Republic None
Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium Dutch: België – Koninkrijk BelgiëBrussels
BrusselsConstitutionalmonarchy
None
Member of the EU.[Note 4] Belgium isa federation divided into linguisticcommunities and regions.
Belize
English: BelizeBelmopan
BelmopanConstitutionalmonarchy
None
Belize is a Commonwealth realm.[Note
6]
Benin – Republic of Benin French: Bénin – République du BéninPorto Novo
Porto Novo Republic None
Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan Dzongkha: → Druk Yul – Druk Gyalkhap
Thimphu
Constitutionalmonarchy
None
Bolivia – Plurinational State of BoliviaSpanish: Bolivia – Estado Plurinacional deBolivia
Lapaz & Sucre
Republic None
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian: Bosna i HercegovinaSarajevo Republic None
Bosnia and Herzegovina is afederation of 2 constituent units:the Federation of Bosnia andHerzegovina and theRepublikaSrpska.[Note 11]
Botswana – Republic of BotswanaTswana: Botswana – Lefatshe la BotswanaGaborone
Republic None
Brazil – Federative Republic of Brazil Portuguese: Brasil – República Federativa doBrasil
Brasilia
Republic None
Brazil is a federation of 26 states and1 federal district.
Brunei – State of Brunei, Abode of PeaceMalay: Brunei – Negara Brunei DarussalamBandar Seribegawan
Absolutemonarchy
None
Brunei claims sovereignty over partof the Spratly Islands.[Note 12]
Bulgaria – Republic of Bulgaria Bulgarian: Republika BǎlgarijaSofia
Republic NoneMember of the EU.[Note 4]
Burkina Faso French: Burkina Faso Republic
None
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Ouagadougou
Burma – Republic of the Union of Myanmar Burmese → Myanma – Pyidaungzu Myanma NaingngandawYangon
Republic None
Burundi – Republic of Burundi Kirundi: Uburundi – Republika y'UburundiDujumbura
Constitutionalmonarchy
None
Cambodia – Kingdom of CambodiaFenompenh Republic None
Cameroon – Republic of CameroonYaounde Constitutional
monarchy None
Canada Ottawa Republic None
Canada is a Commonwealthrealm and a federationof 10 provincesand 3 territories.
Cape Verde – Republic of Cape Verde Portuguese: Cabo Verde – República de CaboVerdePraia
Republic None
Central African Republic Bangul Republic None
Chad – Republic of Chad
French: Tchad – République du Tchad Arabic: Tshād – Jumhūrīyat Tshād N’ djamena
Republic None
Chile – Republic of ChileSantiago
Republic None
Easter Island and the Juan FernándezIslands are "special territories" of Chile in the Valparaíso Region. Chileclaims part of Antarctica as acommune in its Magallanes andAntártica Chilena Region. Its claimoverlaps with those of the UK andArgentina.
China – People's Republic of China
Chinese: Zhōnggúo – Zhōnghuá RénmínGònghéguóBeijing
Republic
Claimed by
the Republicof China
The People's Republic of China(PRC) contains five autonomousregions, Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia,Xinjiang and Tibet. Additionally, it has sovereigntyover the Special AdministrativeRegions of:
Hong Kong
Macao
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It also claims:
Taiwan and associated
islands, Kinmen, Matsu,
thePratas and Itu Aba, which are
governed by the Republic of
China (which claims sovereignty
over the whole of China);
The Paracel
Islands (disputed);
The Spratly
Islands (disputed);[Note 12]
South Tibet (governed
by India as part of Arunachal
Pradesh).
Aksai Chin, controlled by the PRC, is
claimed by India as a part of Jammu
and Kashmir . As of 2011 the PRC
was not recognised by 22 UN
member states and the Holy See,
which instead recognise the ROC.
China, Republic of (Taiwan) → Taiwan Republic
Colombia – Republic of ColombiaSpanish: Colombia – República de ColombiaBogota Republic None
Colombia's department of the Archipelago of San Andrés,Providencia and Santa Catalina is thesubject of a territorial disputewith Nicaragua.[4]
Comoros – Union of the Comoros Arabic: Juzur al Qamar – Jumhūrīyat al Qamar al MuttahidahMoroni Republic None
Comoros is a federation of 3 islands, and claims Mayotte, currently part of France, as a fourth. Comoros alsodisputes French sovereignty over the Glorioso Islandsand Banc du
Geyser .
Congo, Democratic Republic of
the(Congo-Kinshasa)Kinshasa
Republic None
Congo, Republic of the (Congo-Brazzaville)Brazzaville
Republic None
Costa Rica – Republic of Costa RicaSan Jose Republic
None
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Côte d'Ivoire – Republic of Côte d'Ivoire(Ivory Coast)Yamoussoukro
Republic None
Croatia – Republic of Croatia Croatian: Hrvatska – Republika HrvatskaZagreb
Constitutional
monarchy None
Cuba – Republic of CubaSpanish: Cuba – República de CubaHavana
Republic None
Cyprus – Republic of CyprusTurkish: Kıbrıs – Kıbrıs CumhuriyetiLefkosia Republic None
Member of the EU.[Note 4] Thenortheastern part of the island isthe de facto state of Northern Cyprus. Cyprus is not recognised by one UNmember: Turkey.[Note 24]
Czech Republic
Czech: Česko – Česká republikaPrague Republic None
Member of the EU.[Note 4]
Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark Danish: Danmark – Kongeriget Danmark
Copenhagen
Republic None
Member of the EU.[Note 4]
The Kingdom of Denmark also
includes two self-governing countries.
[Note 26]
Faroe
Islands (Føroyar/Færøerne)
Greenland (Kalaallit
Nunaat/Grønland)
Djibouti – Republic of Djibouti Arabic: Jībūtī – Jumhūrīyat Jībūtī Djiboti
Republic None
Dominica – Commonwealth of Dominica English: Dominica – Commonwealth of DominicaRoseau
n/a None
Dominican Republic
Taíno: Quisqueya Republic None
East Timor – Democratic Republic of Timor-LesteTetum: Timor Lorosa'e – RepúblikaDemokrátika Timor Lorosa'eDili
Republic None
Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador Spanish: Ecuador – República del Ecuador Quito
Republic None
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Egypt – Arab Republic of Egypt Arabic: Mişr – Jumhūrīyat Mişr al ‘ArabīyahCairo
Republic None
El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador Spanish: El Salvador – República de El Salvador San Salvador
Republic None
Equatorial Guinea – Republic of Equatorial Guinea
Spanish: Guinea Ecuatorial – República deGuinea EcuatorialMalabo
n/a None
Eritrea – State of Eritrea Arabic: Irītrīyā – Dawlat IrītrīyāAsmara
Republic None
Estonia – Republic of Estonia Estonian: Eesti – Eesti Vabariik Tallinn
Republic NoneMember of the EU.[Note 4]
Ethiopia – Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Amharic: Ityop'iya – Ityop'iya Federalawi ̱ ̱ Dimokrasiyawi Ripeblik ̱Addiss Ababa
Republic None
Ethiopia is a federation of 9 regionsand 2 chartered cities.
Fiji – Republic of Fiji Fijian: Viti – Matanitu ko VitiSuva
Republic NoneFiji contains 1 autonomousregion, Rotuma.[Note 7][13][14]
Finland – Republic of FinlandSwedish: Finland – Republiken FinlandHelsinki
Republic None
Member of the EU.[Note 4]
Åland is a neutral and
demilitarised autonomous region
of Finland.[Note 7][ Note 28]
France – French Republic French: France – République françaiseParis
Republic None Member of the EU.[Note 4] French
overseas regions/departments (FrenchGuiana, Guadeloupe,Martinique, Mayotte and Réunion) are full, integral parts of France.
The French Republic also includes
the overseas territories of:
Clipperton Island
French Polynesia New Caledonia
Saint-Barthélemy
Saint Martin
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Wallis and Futuna
French Southern and
Antarctic Lands (includes the
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Antarctic claim of Adélie Land).
Clipperton Island is a possession of
the government. French sovereignty
over Banc du Geyser , Bassas da
India, Europa Island, Glorioso
Islands, Juan de Nova Island,
Mayotte, andTromelin Island is
disputed in part
by Madagascar , Mauritius,
Seychelles and the Comoros.
Gabon – Gabonese Republic French: Gabon – République gabonaiseLiberville
Republic None
The Gambia – Republic of The Gambia
English: The Gambia – Republic of The GambiaBanjul
Republic None
Georgia
Georgian: Sak’art’veloTibilisi
Constitutionalmonarchy
None
Georgia contains 2 autonomousregions, Adjara andAbkhazia. In Abk hazia and South Ossetia, de factostates have been formed.
Germany – Federal Republic of GermanyGerman: Deutschland – Bundesrepublik DeutschlandBerlin
Republic None
Member of the EU. Germany isa federation of 16 federatedstates (Länder).
Ghana – Republic of Ghana
English: Ghana – Republic of GhanaAccra
Republic None
Greece – Hellenic RepublicGreek : Elláda – Ellinikí DimokratíaAthens Republic None
Member of the EU. Mount Athos isan autonomous part of Greece that is jointly governed by the multinational"Holy Community" on the mountainand a civil governor appointed by theGreek government.
Grenada
English: GrenadaSt. George’s
Republic NoneGrenada is a Commonwealth realm.
Guatemala – Republic of GuatemalaSpanish: Guatemala – República de GuatemalaGuatemala
Republic None
Guinea – Republic of Guinea French: Guinée – République de GuinéeConakry
Republic None
Guinea-Bissau – Republic of Guinea-Bissau Portuguese: Guiné-Bissau – República daGuiné-BissauBissau
Republic None
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Guyana – Co-operative Republic of Guyana English: Guyana – Co-operative Republic of GuyanaGeorgetown
Republic None
A substantial part of Guyana, fromthe west of the Essequibo River, isclaimed by Venezuela.
Haiti – Republic of Haiti
Haitian Creole: Ayiti – Repiblik d’Ayiti
Port-au-prince
Republic None
Haiti claims the uninhabited UnitedStates possession of Navassa Island.
Holy See → Vatican CityRepublic
Honduras – Republic of HondurasSpanish: Honduras – República de Honduras Tegucigalpa Republic None
Hungary – Republic of Hungary Hungarian: Magyarország – Magyar
Köztársaság
UN member
state
Republic NoneMember of the EU.[Note 4]
Iceland – Republic of Iceland Icelandic: Ísland – Lýðveldið Ísland
UN member state
Republic None
India – Republic of India Hindi: Bhārat – Bhāratīya Ga arājyaṇ Kashmiri: ناتسودِ ہ → Hindustān UN member
state Republic None
India is a federation of 28 states and 7union territories. Indian sovereigntyover Arunachal Pradesh is disputed by thePeople's Republic of China.[4] India claims sovereignty over thewhole of Kashmir , but administersonly part of it as the federated stateof Jammu and Kashmir .[Note 20]
Indonesia – Republic of Indonesia Indonesian: Indonesia – Republik Indonesia UN member
stateRepublic None
Indonesia has 3 provinces withofficial special autonomystatus: Nanggroe AcehDarussalam, Papua, and West Papua.[Note 7]
Iran – Islamic Republic of Iran Persian: Īrān – Jomhūrī-ye Eslāmī-ye Īrān UN member
stateConstitutionalmonarchy
None
Iraq – Republic of Iraq Arabic: Al Irāq – Jumhūrīyat al Irāqʿ Kurdish: Îraq – Komara Îraqę
UN member state
Constitutionalmonarchy
None
Iraq is a federation[ Note 22] [18] of 18governorates, 3 of which make up theautonomous Iraqi Kurdistan.[Note 7]
Ireland
Irish: Éire
UN member state
Constitutionalmonarchy
None
Member of the EU.[Note 4]
Israel – State of Israel Hebrew: Yisra'el – Medinat Yisra'el Arabic: Isrā'īl – Dawlat Isrā'īlإ
UN member state Republic
None Israel annexed East Jerusalem, andoccupies the Golan Heights[19] and parts of the West Bank . These areasare not internationally-recognised as being part of Israel.[4] Israel no longer has a permanent military presence in
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the Gaza Strip, following its unilateral disengagement, but is still arguablyconsidered the occupying power under international law. As of 2011 Israel was not recognised as astate by 20 members of the UN.
Italy – Italian Republic Italian: Italia – Repubblica Italiana UN member
stateRepublic None
Member of the EU.[Note 4] Italy has 5autonomous regions,AostaValley, Friuli-Venezia
Giulia, Sardinia, Sicily andTrentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.[Note 7]
Ivory Coast → Côte d'IvoireRepublic
Jamaica
English: Jamaica UN member state Republic None
Jamaica is a Commonwealth realm.[Note 6]
Japan
Japanese: Nihon/Nippon – Nihon-koku/Nippon-koku
UN member state
Constitutionalmonarchy
None
Japan disputes Russian administrationof the Kuril Islands.
Jordan – Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Arabic: Al Urdun – Al Mamlakah al Urdunīyahal Hāshimīyah
UN member state Republic None
Kazakhstan – Republic of Kazakhstan Kazakh: Qazaqstan – Qazaqstan Respūblīkasy
UN member state Republic None
Kenya – Republic of KenyaSwahili: Kenya – Jamhuri ya Kenya
UN member state Republic None
Kiribati – Republic of Kiribati
Gilbertese: Kiribati – Ribaberiki Kiribati
UN member
state Republic None
Korea, North – Democratic People'sRepublic of Korea Korean: Chosŏn – Chosŏn-minjujuŭi-inmin-konghwaguk
UN member state
Constitutionalmonarchy
Claimed bySouthKorea
North Korea is not recognised by twoUN members: Japanand South Korea.[Note 32][25]
Korea, South – Republic of Korea Korean: Han’guk – Taehan Min’guk
UN member state
Republic
Claimed by NorthKorea
South Korea contains 1 autonomousregion, Jeju-do.[Note 7][26] South Koreais not recognised by one UN member: North Korea.[Note 32]
Kosovo → KosovoRepublic
Kuwait – State of Kuwait Arabic: Al Kuwayt – Dawlat al Kuwayt UN member
stateConstitutionalmonarchy
None
Kyrgyzstan – Kyrgyz Republic Kyrgyz: Kyrgyzstan – Kyrgyz Respublikasy
UN member state Republic
None
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Laos – Lao People's Democratic Republic Lao: Lao – Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxôn Lao
UN member state
Constitutionalmonarchy
None
Latvia – Republic of Latvia
Latvian: Latvija – Latvijas Republika UN member state Republic None
Member of the EU.[Note 4]
Lebanon – Lebanese Republic Arabic: Lubnān – Al Jumhūrīyah al Lubnānīyah French: Liban – République libanaise
UN member state
Republic None
Lesotho – Kingdom of LesothoSotho: Lesotho – Mmuso wa Lesotho
UN member state
Republic None
Liberia – Republic of Liberia English: Liberia – Republic of Liberia UN member
stateConstitutionalmonarchy
None
Libya – Great Socialist People's LibyanArab Jamahiriya Arabic: Lībyā – Al Jamāhīrīyah al ‘Arabīyah al Lībīyah ash Sha‘bīyah al Ishtirākīyah al ‘Uzmmá
UN member state Republic None
Liechtenstein – Principality of LiechtensteinGerman: Liechtenstein – FürstentumLiechtenstein
UN member state
Republic None
Lithuania – Republic of Lithuania
Lithuanian: Lietuva – Lietuvos RespublikaUN member state Republic None
Member of the EU.[Note 4]
Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg –GroussherzogdemLëtzebuerg French: Luxembourg – Grand-Duché duLuxembourg
UN member state
Republic None
Member of the EU.[Note 4]
Macedonia – Republic of MacedoniaMacedonian: Makedonija – RepublikaMakedonija Albanian: Maqedonia - Republika e Maqedonisë
UN member state
Republic None
Because of the Macedonia namingdispute, the country is referred to bythe UN and a number of states andinternational organizations as "the
former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia".
Madagascar – Republic of Madagascar Malagasy: Madagasikara – Repoblikan'iMadagasikara
UN member state
Republic None
Madagascar claims the Frenchterritories of Banc du Geyser ,Juan de Nova Island, and the GloriosoIslands.[4]
Malawi – Republic of Malawi English: Malawi – Republic of MalawiChewa: Malaŵi – Dziko la Malaŵi
UN member state
Republic None
Malaysia
Malay: MalaysiaUN member state Republic
None Malaysia is a federation of 13 statesand 3 federal territories. Malaysia
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Tamil : Malēciyā claims part of the Spratly Islands.[Note
12]
Maldives – Republic of Maldives Dhivehi: Dhivehi Raajje – Dhivehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa
UN member state
Republic None
Mali – Republic of Mali French: Mali – République du Mali UN member
state
Constitutional
monarchy None
Malta – Republic of MaltaMaltese: Malta – Repubblika ta' Malta
UN member state Republic None
Member of the EU.[Note 4]
Marshall Islands – Republic of theMarshall IslandsMarshallese: Aelōn in Majeļ – Aolepān AorōkinMajeļ
UN member state
Republic None
Under Compact of FreeAssociation with the United States. The Marshall Islands claim the U.S.territory of Wake Island.[4]
Mauritania – Islamic Republic of Mauritania
Arabic: Mūrītāniyā – Al Jumhūrīyah al Islāmīyah al Mūrītānīyah
UN member
state
Constitutional
monarchy None
Mauritius – Republic of MauritiusMauritian Creole: Moris – Repiblik Moris UN member
stateRepublic None
Mauritius has an autonomousisland, Rodrigues.[Note 7]Mauritiusclaims the British Indian OceanTerritory and the French islandof Tromelin.[4]
Mexico – United Mexican StatesSpanish: México – Estados Unidos Mexicanos UN member
stateRepublic None
Mexico is a federation of 31 statesand 1 federal district.
Micronesia, Federated States of
English: Federated States of MicronesiaUN member state Republic None
Under Compact of FreeAssociation with the United States. The Federated States of Micronesia isa federation of 4 states.
Moldova – Republic of Moldova Romanian: Moldova – Republica Moldova UN member
stateRepublic None
Moldova has the autonomous regionsof Gagauzia andTransnistria, thelatter of which has established a de factostate.
Monaco – Principality of MonacoMonegasque: Múnegu – Principatu de Múnegu Italian: Monaco – Principato di Monaco
UN member state
Republic None
Mongolia
Mongolian: Монгол улс → Mongol uls UN member
state
Constitutional
monarchy None
Montenegro
Montenegrin: Црна Гора → Crna Gora UN member state
Constitutionalmonarchy
None
Morocco – Kingdom of Morocco Arabic: Al Maghrib – Al Mamlakah al Maghribīyah
UN member state Republic
None Morocco claims sovereignty over the Western Sahara and controls mostof it, which is disputed bythe Sahrawi Arab DemocraticRepublic. Morocco
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Netherlands.
The designation "Netherlands" can
refer to either one of the Kingdom's
constituent countries or to the short
name for the Kingdom (e.g. in
international organizations). TheKingdom of the Netherlands as a
whole is a member of the EU, but EU
law applies only to the Netherlands
proper.
New Zealand
English: New Zealand
Māori: Aotearoa
UN member state Republic
None New Zealand is a Commonwealthrealm[ Note 6] and has responsibilities for (but haven´t any sovereignty over)two freely associated states:
Cook Islands
Niue
Cook Islands and Niue are recognized
by number of states. They established
diplomatic relatations with 31 and 6
UN members respectively.[29][30][31]
Cook Islands and Niue are sovereign
subjects of international law. UNrecognized the full treaty-making
capacity of the Cook Islands in 1992
and that of Niue in 1994.[32]
Cook Islands and Niue are members
of UN specialized agencies without
any specifications or limitations.
Cook Islands is member
of FAO, ICAO, IFAD, IMO, UNESCO, WHO,WMO nad Niue is member
of FAO, IFAD, UNESCO, WHO,W
MO.
New Zealand also has the dependent
territories of:
Ross Dependency [Note 9]
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Tokelau
The Tokelauan government claims
sovereignty over Swains Island, part
of American Samoa, a territory of the
United States.[33] New Zealand does
not recognize the Tokelauan claim.[34]
Nicaragua – Republic of NicaraguaSpanish: Nicaragua – República de Nicaragua UN member
state Republic None Nicaragua contains 2 autonomousregions, Atlántico Sur and Atlántico Norte.[Note 7]
Niger – Republic of Niger Hausa: Nijar – Jamhuriyar Nijar UN member
stateConstitutionalmonarchy
None
Nigeria – Federal Republic of Nigeria
Hausa: Nijeriya – Jamhuriyar Taraiyar Nijeriya
Igbo: Naigeria – Njíkötá Óchíchìiwù Naíjíríà
UN member state Republic None
Nigeria is a federation of 36 statesand 1 federal territory.
Northern Cyprus → Northern CyprusRepublic
North Korea → Korea, Democratic People'sRepublic of Republic
Norway – Kingdom of Norway
Bokmål : Norge – Kongeriket Norge Nynorsk : Noreg – Kongeriket Noreg
UN member state Republic None
Svalbard is an integral part of
Norway, but has a special status dueto the Spitsbergen Treaty.
Bouvet Island is a dependent territory
of Norway. Norway also claims Peter
I Island and Queen Maud Land as
dependent territories of Norway, as
part of the Norwegian Antarctic
Territory.[Note 9]
Oman – Sultanate of Oman
Arabic: Umān – Salţanat Umān UN member state Republic None
Pakistan – Islamic Republic of PakistanUrdu: Jamhūryat Islāmī Pākistān
UN member state Republic
None Pakistan is a federation of 4 provinces, 1 capital territory, andtribal regions. Pakistandisputes Indian sovereigntyover Kashmir . It exercises controlover some areas, but does notexplicitly claim any part of it,[35]
[36] instead regarding it as a disputedterritory.[37][38] The portions that itcontrols are divided into two polities,
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administered separately from Pakistan proper:[Note 20]
Azad Kashmir
Gilgit-Baltistan
Palau – Republic of Palau
Palauan: Belau – Beluu er a Belau UN member state Absolutemonarchy None
Under Compact of Free
Association with the United States.
Palestine → PalestineRepublic
Panama – Republic of PanamaSpanish: Panamá – República de Panamá
UN member state Republic None
Papua New Guinea – Independent State of Papua New Guinea
Tok Pisin and Hiri Motu: Papuaniugini
UN member
state
Republic None
Papua New Guinea isa Commonwealth realm[ Note 6] with 1autonomous region, Bougainville.[Note
7]
Paraguay – Republic of ParaguayGuarani: Paraguay – Tetã Paraguái
UN member state
Republic None
Peru – Republic of Peru Aymara: Piruw – Piruw RepublikaQuechua: Piruw – Piruw Suyu
UN member state
Republic None
Philippines – Republic of the Philippines Filipino and Tagalog : Pilipinas – Republika ngPilipinasSpanish: Filipinas – República de Filipinas
UN member state Constitutionalmonarchy None
The Philippines contains 1autonomous region,AutonomousRegion in Muslim Mindanao.[Note
7] The Philippines
administers Scarborough Shoal andsome of theSpratly Islands,[Note 12] andclaims sovereignty over theMacclesfield Bank and Sabah,which as of 2011 was partof Malaysia.[4]
Poland – Republic of Poland Polish: Polska – Rzeczpospolita Polska UN member
stateConstitutionalmonarchy
None
Member of the EU.[Note 4]
Portugal – Portuguese Republic Portuguese: Portugal – República Portuguesa
Mirandese: Pertual – República PertuesaUN member state
Constitutionalmonarchy None
Member of the EU.[Note 4] Portugalcontains 2 autonomousregions, Azores and Madeira.[Note
7] Portugal does notrecognize Spanish sovereigntyover Olivenza and Táliga.[4]
Pridnestrovie → TransnistriaRepublic
Qatar – State of Qatar Arabic: Qaţar – Dawlat Qaţar
UN member state Republic None
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Romania
Romanian: România Hungarian: Románia
UN member state Republic None
Member of the EU.[Note 4]
Russia – Russian Federation Russian: Rossiya – Rossiyskaya Federaciya
UN member state
Absolutemonarchy
None
Russia is officially a federation of 83federal subjects(oblasts, republics,autonomous okrugs, krays, andfederal cities). Several of the federalsubjects are republics acting as ethnicautonomies.[Note 7] Sovereignty over
the Kuril Islandsis disputed by Japan.
Rwanda – Republic of Rwanda Kinyarwanda: Rwanda – Republika y'u Rwanda
UN member state
Republic None
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic → SahrawiArab Democratic Republic Republic
Saint Kitts and Nevis – Federation of SaintChristopher and Nevis English: Saint Kitts and Nevis – Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis
UN member state Republic None
Saint Kitts and Nevis isa Commonwealth realm[ Note 6] and isa federation [Note 22] of 14 parishes.
Saint Lucia English: Saint Lucia UN member
stateRepublic None
Saint Lucia is a Commonwealthrealm.[Note 6]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
English: Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesUN member state Republic None
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines isa Commonwealth realm.[Note 6]
Samoa – Independent State of SamoaSamoan: Sāmoa – Malo Sa‘oloto Tuto'atasi oSāmoa
UN member state
Republic None
San Marino – Republic of San Marino Italian: San Marino – Repubblica di San Marino
UN member
state
Republic None
São Tomé and Príncipe – DemocraticRepublic of São Tomé and Príncipe Portuguese: São Tomé e Príncipe – RepúblicaDemocrática de São Tomé e Príncipe
UN member state
Constitutionalmonarchy
None
São Tomé and Príncipe contains 1autonomous province,Príncipe.[Note 7]
Saudi Arabia – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Arabic: As Su‘ūdīyah – Al Mamlakah al ‘Arabīyah as Su‘ūdīyah
UN member state
Republic None
Senegal – Republic of Senegal French: Sénégal – République du Sénégal
UN member state Republic None
Serbia – Republic of SerbiaSerbian: Srbija – Republika Srbija UN member
state Republic None
Serbia contains 2 autonomousregions, Vojvodina andKosovo andMetohija.[Note 7] Most of the latter isunder the de facto control of the Republic of Kosovo.
Seychelles – Republic of Seychelles English: Seychelles – Republic of SeychellesSeselwa: Sesel – Repiblik Sesel
UN member state
Constitutionalmonarchy
None
Seychelles claims the British IndianOcean Territory and theFrench Glorioso Islands and TromelinIsland.[4]
Sierra Leone – Republic of Sierra Leone UN member state Republic
None
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English: Sierra Leone – Republic of SierraLeone
Singapore – Republic of SingaporeSingapura – Republik SingapuraChinese: Xinjiapo – Xinjiapo Gongheguo
UN member state
Republic None
Slovakia – Slovak RepublicSlovak : Slovensko – Slovenská republika
Hungarian: Szlovákia – Szlovák Köztársaság
UN member
state
Republic NoneMember of the EU.[Note 4]
Slovenia – Republic of SloveniaSlovenian: Slovenija – Republika Slovenija Italian: Slovenia – Repubblica slovena Hungarian: Szlovénia – a Szlovén Köztársaság
UN member state
Absolutemonarchy
None
Member of the EU.[Note 4]
Solomon Islands
English: Solomon Islands UN member state
Constitutionalmonarchy
None
The Solomon Islands isa Commonwealth realm.[Note 6]
Somalia – Somali RepublicSomali: Soomaaliya – JamhuuriyaddaSoomaaliya Arabic: Aş Şūmāl – Jumhūrīyat aş Şūmāl UN member
state Republic None
Somalia is presently divided withits official government(TFG)
controlling only part of thecountry. Puntland andGalmudug havedeclared themselves as autonomousregions of Somalia (a claim which theTFG does not recognise),[41][ Need quotation
to verify] while Somaliland has formed anunrecognised de facto state.
Somaliland → SomalilandRepublic
South Africa – Republic of South Africa Afrikaans: Suid-Afrika – Republiek van Suid-
Afrika Northern Sotho: Afrika-Borwa – Rephaboliki yaAfrika-BorwaSotho: Afrika Borwa – Rephaboliki ya AfrikaBorwaSouthern Ndebele: Sewula Afrika – iRiphablikiyeSewula AfrikaSwazi: Ningizimu Afrika – iRiphabhulikhiyeNingizimu AfrikaTsonga: Afrika Dzonga – Riphabliki ra AfrikaDzongaTswana: Aforika Borwa – Rephaboliki yaAforika BorwaVenda: Afurika Tshipembe – Riphabu iki yaḽ Afurika Tshipembe Xhosa: uMzantsi Afrika – iRiphablikiyaseMzantsi Afrika Zulu: Ningizimu Afrika – iRiphablikiyaseNingizimu Afrika
UN member state
Republic None
South Korea → Korea, Republic of Republic
South Ossetia → South OssetiaRepublic
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Spain – Kingdom of SpainSpanish: España – Reino de España Asturian: España – Reinu d’España Basque: Espainia – Espainiako ErresumaCatalan: Espanya – Regne d'Espanya
Galician: España – Reino de EspañaOccitan: Espanha – Reialme d'Espanha
UN member
state
Constitutional
monarchy None
Member of the EU.[Note 4] Spain isdivided into autonomouscommunities and cities.[Note
7] Sovereignty over Ceuta, Isla deAlborán, Isla Perejil, IslasChafarinas, Melilla and Peñón de
Alhucemas is disputed by Morocco.Sovereigntyover Olivenza and Táliga is disputed by Portugal. SpaindisputesBritish sovereigntyover Gibraltar .[4]
Sri Lanka – Democratic Socialist Republicof Sri LankaSinhala: Shrī Ln kāṁ – Shrī Lankā Prajātāntrika Samājavādī Janarajaya
UN member state
Republic None
Formerly known as Ceylon.
Sudan – Republic of the Sudan Arabic: As Sūdān – Jumhūrīyat as Sūdān UN member
state
Constitutional
monarchy None
Sudan is a federation of 25 states, 10of which form the autonomous regionof Southern Sudan, which isscheduled to become independent inJuly 2011.[Note 7]
Suriname – Republic of Suriname Dutch: Suriname – Republiek Suriname
UN member state
Republic None
Swaziland – Kingdom of Swaziland English: Swaziland – Kingdom of SwazilandSwazi: eSwatini – Umbuso weSwatini
UN member state
Republic None
Sweden – Kingdom of SwedenSwedish: Sverige – Konungariket Sverige
UN member state Republic None
Member of the EU.[Note 4]
Switzerland – Swiss ConfederationGerman: Schweiz – SchweizerischeEidgenossenschaft French: Suisse – Confédération suisse Italian: Svizzera – Confederazione Svizzera Romansh: Svizra – Confederaziun Svizra Latin: Helvetia – Confoederatio Helvetica
UN member state Republic None
Switzerland is a federation of 26cantons.
Syria – Syrian Arab Republic Arabic: Sūrīyah – Al Jumhūrīyah al ‘Arabīyahas Sūrīyah
UN member state
Constitutionalmonarchy
None
Israel occupies the Golan Heights.[19] Syria disputed[clarification
needed ] the Turkish sovereigntyover Hatay Province.[4]
Taiwan (Republic of China) → TaiwanRepublic
Tajikistan – Republic of TajikistanTajik : Tojikiston – Jumhurii Tojikiston
UN member state
Republic NoneTajikistan contains 1 autonomousregion, Gorno-BadakhshanAutonomous Province.[Note 7]
Tanzania – United Republic of TanzaniaSwahili: Tanzania – Jamhuri ya Muungano waTanzania
UN member state
Constitutionalmonarchy
None
Tanzania contains 1 autonomousregion, Zanzibar .[Note 7]
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Thailand – Kingdom of ThailandThai: Prathet Thai – Ratcha Anachak Thai UN member
stateConstitutionalmonarchy
None
Timor-Leste → East Timor Republic
Togo – Togolese Republic French: Togo – République togolaise UN member state Republic None
Tonga – Kingdom of TongaTongan: Tonga – Pule'anga Tonga
UN member state Republic None
Transnistria → TransnistriaRepublic
Trinidad and Tobago – Republic of Trinidad and Tobago UN member
stateAbsolutemonarchy
None
Trinidad and Tobago contains 1autonomous region,Tobago.[Note 7]
Tunisia – Republic of Tunisia Arabic: Tūnis – Al Jumhūrīyah at Tūnisīyah
UN member state Republic None
Turkey – Republic of TurkeyTurkish: Türkiye – Türkiye Cumhuriyeti
UN member state
Republic None
Turkmenistan
Turkmenian: TürkmenistanUN member state Republic None
Tuvalu
Tuvaluan and English: Tuvalu UN member state Republic NoneTuvalu is a Commonwealth realm.[Note
6]
Uganda – Republic of UgandaSwahili: Uganda – Jamhuri ya Uganda
UN member state Republic None
Ukraine
Ukrainian: UkrainaUN member state
NoneUkraine contains 1 autonomousregion, Crimea.[Note 7]
United Arab Emirates
Arabic: َ Al Imārāt – Al Imārāt al ‘Arabīyah al Mutta idahḩ
UN member state
NoneThe United Arab Emirates isa federation of 7 emirates.
United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandScots: Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Northren IrelandScottish Gaelic: Rìoghachd Aonaichte naBreatainn Mòire agus Èireann a TuathWelsh: Teyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawr a GogleddIwerddon
UN member state None Member of the EU.[Note 4]
The UnitedKingdom is aCommonwealthrealm[ Note 6] consisting of four countries:England, NorthernIreland, Scotland, and Wales. TheUnited Kingdom has the followingoverseas territories:
Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Anguilla
Bermuda
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British Indian Ocean
Territory (disputed
by Mauritiusand Seychelles)[4]
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Falkland
Islands (disputed by Argentina)[4]
Gibraltar (disputed
by Spain)
Montserrat
Pitcairn Islands
Saint Helena,
Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
South Georgia and the
South Sandwich Islands(disputed
by Argentina)[4]
Turks and Caicos
Islands
British Antarctic
Territory (disputed by Argentina
and Chile)
The British monarch has directsovereignty over three self-governing
Crown dependencies:
Guernsey, with three
dependencies:
Alderney
Herm
Sark
Isle of Man
Jersey
United States – United States of America English: United States – United States of America
UN member state
None The United States isa federation of 50 states, 1 federaldistrict, and the incorporated territoryof Palmyra Atoll. The United Stateshas sovereignty over the followinginhabited possessions andcommonwealths:
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American
Samoa (including Swains Island,
disputed by Tokelau)
Guam
Northern Mariana
Islands
Puerto Rico
U.S. Virgin Islands
In addition, there are uninhabited
possessions of the United States in the
Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean
Sea: Baker Island, Howland
Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston
Atoll,Kingman Reef , Midway
Atoll, Navassa Island (disputed
byHaiti), and Wake Island (disputed
by the Marshall Islands). According
to some sources, the United States
also claimsBajo Nuevo
Bank and Serranilla Bank as
territories.[4]
Uruguay – Eastern Republic of UruguaySpanish: Uruguay – República Oriental delUruguay
UN member state
None
Uzbekistan – Republic of UzbekistanUzbek : O'zbekiston – O‘zbekiston Respublikasi
UN member state
NoneUzbekistan contains 1 autonomousregion,Karakalpakstan.[Note 7]
Vanuatu – Republic of Vanuatu Bislama: Vanuatu – Ripablik blong Vanuatu English: Vanuatu – Republic of Vanuatu
UN member state
None
Vatican City → Vatican City
Venezuela – Bolivarian Republic of
VenezuelaSpanish: Venezuela – República Bolivariana deVenezuela
UN member state
None
Venezuela is a federation of 23 states,
1 capital district, and federaldependencies.
Vietnam – Socialist Republic of VietnamVietnamese: Việt Nam – Cộng Hòa Xã Hội Chủ Nghĩa Việt Nam
UN member state
NoneVietnam claims sovereignty over the Paracel[Note 19] andSpratly Islands.[Note 12]
Yemen – Republic of Yemen Arabic: Al Yaman – Al Jumhūrīyah al Yamanīyah
UN member state
None
Zambia – Republic of Zambia UN member None
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English: Zambia – Republic of Zambia Bemba: Zambia – Ichalo Ca Zambia state
• Zimbabwe – Republic of Zimbabwe• Ndebele: Zimbabwe – iRiphabliki ye
Zimbabwe
UN member state
None
UN member states
UN observer states and member states of UNSpecialized Agencies
Vatican City – State of the Vatican City
UN observer state andmember of one or morerelated
agencies
None
Administered by the Holy See, asovereign entity with diplomatic tiesto 178 states. The Holy See is a permanent observer of the UN in thecategory of "Non-member State"[46]and a member of the IAEA, ITU, UPU, and WIPO. The Vatican City is governed byofficials appointed by the Pope, whois the Bishop of the Archdiocese of
Rome and ex officiosovereign of Vatican City. The Holy See alsoadministers a number of extraterritorial properties in Italy and in many other countries (Apostolic Nunciatures).
Kosovo – Republic of Kosovo
Albanian: Kosova – Republika e
Kosovës
Serbian: Косово / Kosovo – Република Косово/ Republika Kosovo
Not a UNmember state, butmember of one or morerelatedagencies
Claimed bySerbia
Kosovo is a member of the IMF andthe WBG. It has obtained diplomaticrecognition by 76 UN member statesand by the Republic of China.Claimed in whole by Serbia as part of itsAutonomous Province of Kosovoand Metohija. Republic of Kosovohas de facto control over most of theterritory, with limited control in North Kosovo.
UN observer states and member states of UNSpecialized Agencies
States with no membership to the UN or to UNspecialized agencies
Abkhazia – Republic of Abkhazia Abkhaz: Apsny – Apsny Akheyntkarra Russian: Abhaziya – Respublika Abhaziya No
membership
Claimed byGeorgia
Recognised by Russia, Nauru, Nicaragua, Venezuela,[47]SouthOssetia and Transnistria.[48] Claimedin whole byGeorgia asthe Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia.
Nagorno-Karabakh – Nagorno-KarabakhRepublic Armenian: Lenalin Ġarabaġ – LenayinĠarabaġi Hanrapetut‘yun
Nomembership
Claimed byAzerbaijan
A de facto independent state,[49]
[50] recognised only byTransnistria.Claimed in whole by Azerbaijan.[51]
Northern Cyprus – Turkish Republic of Northern CyprusTurkish: Kuzey Kıbrıs – Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk
Nomembership
Claimed bythe Republicof Cyprus
Recognised only by Turkey. It has participated as an observer state of the Organisation of the IslamicConferenceunder the name "Turkish
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Cumhuriyeti Cypriot State" since 1979. Inaddition, the NakhchivanAutonomous Republic regards TRNCas sovereign but Azerbaijan has notfollowed suit.[citation needed ] NorthernCyprus is claimed in whole bythe Republic of Cyprus.[52]
Palestine
Arabic: Filastīn
Nomembership
Disputed byIsrael
Palestine,[53][54][55] categorised under "other entities" by the United Nations,[46]
has observer status at United Nations General Assembly andmaintains a permanent observer mission at the UN Headquarters. Theunilaterally-declared State of Palestine has received diplomaticrecognition fromover 110 countries;the exact number is unknown due tothe equivocal nature of manydeclarations of acknowledgment.[56][57]
[58] The proclaimed state has noagreed territorial borders, nor effective control on the territorywhich it proclaimed. In foreign
relations, the State of Palestine isrepresented by the PalestineLiberation Organization.The Palestinian National Authority isan interim administrative bodyformed as a result of the OsloAccordsthat exercises limitedautonomous jurisdiction over parts of the West Bank , while the GazaStrip is controlled by Hamas.
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Arabic: Al-Jumhūrīya al-`Arabīya as-Sahrāwīya ad-Dīmuqrātīya
Nomembership
Claimed byMorocco
Recognised by 81 other states[citation
needed ]. It is a founding member of the African Union and the Asian-African Strategic Partnership formed
at the 2005 Asian-AfricanConference. The territories under itscontrol, the so-calledFree Zone, areclaimed in whole by Morocco as partof itsSouthern Provinces. In turn, theSahrawi Arab Democratic Republicclaims the part of the WesternSahara to the west of the MoroccanWall controlled by Morocco. Itsgovernment resides in exilein Tindouf , Algeria.
Somaliland – Republic of SomalilandSomali: Soomaaliland – Jamhuuriyadda
Soomaaliland Arabic: Ard as-Sūmāl – Jumhūrīyat Ard as-Sūmāl
Nomembership
Claimed bySomalia
A de facto independent state,[59][60]
[61] not diplomatically recognised
by any other state, claimed in whole by theSomali Republic.[62]
South Ossetia – Republic of South OssetiaOssetian: Khussar Iryston – Respublikæ Khussar Iryston No
membership
Claimed byGeorgia
A de facto independent state,[63] recognised by Russia, Nicaragua, Nauru, Venezuela,[47] Abkhazia andTransnistria.[48] Claimed in whole by Georgia as theProvisionalAdministrative Entity of SouthOssetia.[64]
Taiwan – Republic of China Member or participant
Claimed bythe People's
A state competing for recognitionwith the People's Republic of
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Chinese: Zhōnghuá Mínguó
in some UN-related
organizations as"ChineseTaipei" (seeright)
Republic of
China
China as the governmentof China since 1949. The Republic of China controls the islandof Taiwan and associated islands,Quemoy, Matsu, the Pratas and partsof the Spratly Islands, and has notrenounced claims over its annexedterritories on the mainland. TheRepublic of China is currentlyrecognised by 23 states including the
Holy See. The territory of theRepublic of China is claimed inwhole by the People's Republic of China.[Note 18] The Republic of China participates in the World HealthOrganization and a number of non-UN international organizations suchas the World TradeOrganization, International OlympicCommittee and others under a varietyof pseudonyms, most commonly"Chinese Taipei".
Transnistria – Transnistrian Moldovan
Republic (Pridnestrovie, Trans-Dniester) Russian: Pridnestrovye – PridnestrovskayaMoldavskaya RespublikaUkrainian: Pridnistrov'ya – Pridnistrovs'kaMoldavs'ka Respublika Romanian: Transnistria – RepublicaMoldovenească Nistreană
Nomembership
Claimed byMoldova
A de facto independent
state, recognised only by Abkhaziaand South Ossetia.[48] Claimed inwhole by Moldova as theTerritorial Unit of Transnistria.[66]
States with no membership to the UN or to UNSpecialized Agencies
Criteria for inclusion
The dominant customary international law standard of statehood is the declarative theory of statehood that
defines the state as a person of international law if it possess the following qualifications: (a) a permanent
population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states."
Debate exists on the degree to which recognition should be included as a criterion of statehood. The declarative
theory of statehood, an example of which can be found in the Montevideo Convention, argues that statehood is
purely objective and recognition of a state by other states is irrelevant. On the other end of the spectrum,
the constitutive theory of statehood defines a state as a person under international law only if it is recognized
as sovereign by other states. For the purposes of this list are included all states which either:
(a) have declared independence and are often regarded as having control over a permanently populated
territory, or
(b) are recognized as a sovereign state by at least one other sovereign state
Note that in some cases there is a divergence of opinion over the interpretation of the first point, and whether an
entity satisfies it is disputed.
On the basis of the above criteria, this list includes the following 203 entities:[67][ Note 35]
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200 states recognized by at least one UN member state
Two states which control a permanently populated territory and are recognized only by non-UN member
states: Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Transnistria
One state which controls a permanently populated territory and is not recognized by any other
state: Somaliland
Alphabetical list of countries
Name Constitutional formHead of
stateBasis of executive legitimacy
Afghanistan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Albania Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Algeria Republic ExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence
Andorra Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Angola Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Antigua and Barbuda Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Argentina Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Armenia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Australia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Austria Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Azerbaijan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
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The Bahamas Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Bahrain Constitutional monarchy ExecutiveMonarch personally exercises power in concert withother institutions
Bangladesh Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Barbados Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Belarus Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Belgium Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Belize Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Benin Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Bhutan Constitutional monarchy ExecutiveMonarch personally exercises power in concert withother institutions
Bolivia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Bosnia andHerzegovina
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Botswana Republic ExecutivePresidency and ministry are subject to parliamentaryconfidence
Brazil Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Brunei Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch
Bulgaria Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
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Burkina Faso Republic ExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence
Burundi Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Cambodia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Cameroon Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Canada Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Cape Verde Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Central AfricanRepublic
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Chad Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Chile Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Colombia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Comoros Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Costa Rica Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Côte d'Ivoire Republic ExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to
parliamentary confidence
Croatia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Cuba Republic ExecutivePower constitutionally linked to a single politicalmovement
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Cyprus Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Czech Republic Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Democratic Republic of
the Congo Republic Executive
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to
parliamentary confidence
Denmark Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Djibouti Republic ExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence
Dominica Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Dominican Republic Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
East Timor Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Ecuador Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Egypt n/a n/a n/a No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime
El Salvador Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Equatorial Guinea Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Eritrea Republic ExecutivePower constitutionally linked to a single political
movement
Estonia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Ethiopia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Fiji n/a n/a n/a No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime
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Finland Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
France Republic Executive
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to
parliamentary confidence
Gabon Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
The Gambia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Georgia Republic ExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence
Germany Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Ghana Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Greece Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Grenada Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Guatemala Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Guinea Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Guinea-Bissau Republic ExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to
parliamentary confidence
Guyana Republic ExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence
Haiti Republic ExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence
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Honduras Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Hungary Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Iceland Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
India Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Indonesia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Iran Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Iraq Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Ireland Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Israel Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Italy Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Jamaica Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Japan Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Jordan Constitutional monarchy ExecutiveMonarch personally exercises power in concert withother institutions
Kazakhstan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Kenya Republic ExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence
Kiribati Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
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Kosovo Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Kuwait Constitutional monarchy ExecutiveMonarch personally exercises power in concert withother institutions
Kyrgyzstan Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence
Laos Republic ExecutivePower constitutionally linked to a single politicalmovement
Latvia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Lebanon Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Lesotho Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Liberia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Libya Republic ExecutivePower constitutionally linked to a single political
movement
Liechtenstein Constitutional monarchy ExecutiveMonarch personally exercises power in concert withother institutions
Lithuania Republic ExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence
Luxembourg Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Macedonia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Madagascar Republic ExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence
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Malawi Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Malaysia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Maldives Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Mali Republic ExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence
Malta Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Marshall Islands Republic ExecutivePresidency and ministry are subject to parliamentaryconfidence
Mauritania Republic ExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence
Mauritius Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Mexico Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
FSM Republic ExecutivePresidency and ministry are subject to parliamentaryconfidence
Moldova Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Monaco Constitutional monarchy ExecutiveMonarch personally exercises power in concert withother institutions
Mongolia Republic ExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence
Montenegro Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Morocco Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with
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other institutions
Mozambique Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Myanmar Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Namibia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Nauru Republic ExecutivePresidency and ministry are subject to parliamentaryconfidence
Nepal Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Netherlands Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
New Zealand Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Nicaragua Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Niger Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence
Nigeria Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
North Korea Republic ExecutivePower constitutionally linked to a single politicalmovement
Norway Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Oman Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch
Pakistan Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Palau Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
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Palestine Republic ExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence
Panama Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Papua New Guinea Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Paraguay Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
People's Republic of China
Republic ExecutivePower constitutionally linked to a single politicalmovement
Peru Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Philippines Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Poland Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Portugal Republic ExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence
Qatar Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch
Republic of the Congo Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Romania Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence
Russia Republic ExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence
Rwanda Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
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Sahrawi ArabDemocratic Republic
Republic ExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence
Saint Kitts and Nevis Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Saint Lucia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Saint Vincent and theGrenadines
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Samoa Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
San Marino Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
São Tomé and Príncipe Republic ExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence
Saudi Arabia Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch
Senegal Republic ExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to
parliamentary confidence
Serbia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Seychelles Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Sierra Leone Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Singapore Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Slovakia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Slovenia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
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Solomon Islands Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Somalia Republic ExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Stateless society
South Africa Republic Executive Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentaryconfidence
South Korea Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Spain Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Sri Lanka Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Sudan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Suriname Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Swaziland Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch
Sweden Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Switzerland Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Syria Republic ExecutivePower constitutionally linked to a single politicalmovement
Republic of China(Taiwan)
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence
Tajikistan Republic ExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence
Tanzania Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
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Thailand Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Togo Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Tonga Constitutional monarchy Executive
Monarch personally exercises power in concert with
other institutions
Trinidad and Tobago Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Tunisia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Turkey Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Turkmenistan Republic ExecutivePower constitutionally linked to a single politicalmovement
Tuvalu Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Uganda Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Ukraine Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
United Arab Emirates Constitutional monarchy ExecutiveMonarch personally exercises power in concert withother institutions
United Kingdom Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
United States Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Uruguay Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Uzbekistan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Vanuatu Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
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Vatican City Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch
Venezuela Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Vietnam Republic ExecutivePower constitutionally linked to a single politicalmovement
Yemen Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Zambia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Zimbabwe Republic ExecutivePresidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence
State religion
A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is areligious body
or creed officially endorsed by the state. A state with an official religion, while notsecular , is not necessarily a theocracy.
The term state church is associated with Christianity, historically the state church of the Roman Empire, and is sometimes
used to denote a specific modern national branch of Christianity. Closely related to state churches are
what sociologists call ecclesiae, though the two are slightly different.
State religions are official or government-sanctioned establishments of a religion, but neither does the state need be under
the control of the church (as in a theocracy), nor is the state-sanctioned church necessarily under the control of the state.
The institution of state-sponsored religious cults is ancient, reaching into the Ancient Near East and prehistory. The
relation of religious cult and the state was discussed by Varro, under the term of theologia civilis ("civic theology"). The
first state-sponsored Christian church was the Armenian Apostolic Church, established in 301 AD.[1]
Types of state churches
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The degree and nature of state backing for denomination or creed designated as a state religioncan vary. It can range from mere endorsement and financial support, with freedom for other faiths to practice, to prohibiting any competing religious body from operating and to
persecuting the followers of other sects. In Europe, competition between Catholic andProtestant denominations for state sponsorship in the 16th century evolved the principle cuiusregio eius religio ("states follow the religion of the ruler") embodied in the text of the treaty that
marked the Peace of Augsburg, 1555. In England the monarch imposed Protestantism in 1533,with himself taking the place of the Pope, while in Scotland the Church of Scotland opposed thereligion of the ruler.
In some cases, an administrative region may sponsor and fund a set of religious denominations;such is the case in Alsace-Moselle inFrance under its local law, following the patternin Germany.
In some communist states, notably in North Korea and Cuba, the state sponsors religiousorganizations, and activities outside those state-sponsored religious organizations are met with
various degrees of official disapproval. In these cases, state religions are widely seen as efforts by the state to prevent alternate sources of authority.
State church vs state religion
There is also a difference between a "state church" and "state religion". A "state church" iscreated by the state,[citation needed ] as in the cases of the Anglican Church, created by Henry VIII or the Church of Sweden, created by Gustav Vasa. An example of "state religion" is Argentina'sacceptance of Roman Catholicism as its religion.[2] In the case of the former, the state has
absolute control over the church, but in the case of the latter, in this example, the Vatican hascontrol over the church.
Sociology of state churches
Sociologists refer to mainstream non-state religions as denominations. State religions tend toadmit a larger variety of opinion within them than denominations. Denominations encounteringmajor differences of opinion within themselves are likely to split; this option is not open for most state churches, so they tend to try to integrate differing opinions within themselves.
Many sociologists now consider the effect of a state church as analogous to achartered monopoly in religion.
Where state religions exist, it is usually true the majority of residents are officially consideredadherents; however, in some cases support is little more than nominal with many members not
practising the religion regularly such as the case with the Anglican Church in England. In other cases, such as in many countries that have Islam as a state religion, the proportion of practisingmembers is quite high and other religions' presence in the country is negligible.
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In a state with an official religion, other religions may or may not be permitted, or may betolerated but with fewer rights. Some, but by no means all, countries with official religions havelaws that guarantee such freedoms as freedom of worship, full liberty of conscience, and placesof worship; and implement those laws more than some other countries that do not have anofficial or established state religion.
[edit]Disestablishment Further information: Secular state
Disestablishment is the process of depriving a church of its status as an organ of the state.Supporters of retaining an established church call themselves "antidisestablishmentarianists"
— one of the longest words in the English language.
[edit]State religions by country
[edit]Brazil
Brazil had Roman Catholicism as the state religion from the country's independence, in 1822,until the fall of the Brazilian Empire. The new Republican government passed, in 1890, Decree199-A (still in force), instituting the separation of church and state for the first time in Brazilianlaw. Positivist thinker Demétrio Nunes Ribeiro urged the new government to adopt this stance.The 1891 Constitution, the first under the Republican system of government, abolished
privileges for any specific religion, reaffirming the separation of church and state. This has beenthe case ever since – the 1988 Constitution of Brazil, currently in force, does so in its
Nineteenth Article. The Preamble to the Constitution does refer to "God's protection" over the
document's promulgation, but this is not legally taken as endorsement of belief in any deity.
[edit]Canada
Section Two of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees freedom of religion.Progressively, case law has led to theoverturning of specific laws that reflected religiousobservances (essentially Christian). Notwithstanding this, separate schools for religiousminorities (usually Roman Catholic) are constitutionally protected and funded by taxes in some
provinces. Canada's head of state, the King or Queen of canada, is also the head of the Church
of England which is part of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The Anglican Church of Canada, the Canadian "branch" of the Anglican Communion, is, however, not "established" as astate church in Canada as is the Church of England.
[edit]United Kingdom
[edit]England
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The (Christian) Church of England is the officially established religiousinstitution[3] in England, and also the Mother Church of the worldwideAnglican Communion.The British monarch is the titular leader of the Church of England.
In late-19th-century England there was a campaign by Liberals, dissenters and nonconformists to disestablish the Church of England, which wasviewed, in the period after civil Chartist activism, as a discriminatory organisation placingemployment and other access disabilities on non-members.
The campaigners styled themselves "Liberationists" (the "Liberation Society" was founded by Edward Miall in 1853). Though their campaign failed, nearly all of the legal disabilities of nonconformists were gradually dismantled. The campaign for disestablishment was revived inthe 20th century when Parliament rejected the 1929 revision of the Book of Common Prayer ,leading to calls for separation of Church and State to prevent political interference in mattersof worship. In the late 20th century, reform of the House of Lords also brought into question the
position of the Lords Spiritual. Another issue of controversy is the Act of Settlement
1701 which determines succession to the British monarchy, under which the head of state isalso the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
[edit]Scotland
Despite some official documentation (marriage registrations being a common example)describing the Church of Scotland as the "Established Church" the Kirk has always disclaimedthat status. This was eventually acknowledged by the United Kingdom government withinthe Church of Scotland Act 1921. Since it has thus never been legally Established it cannot bedisestablished.
[edit]Wales
Main article: Welsh Church Act 1914
In Wales, four Church of England dioceses were disestablished in 1920, becoming separatedfrom the Church of England in the process and subsequently becoming the Church inWales (not an established church).
[edit]Ireland
Main article: Irish Church Act 1869
The whole of the island of Ireland was merged with Great Britain in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, under British control, in 1801. The (Anglican) state church wasdisestablished in 1871, becoming the Church of Ireland. In the twentieth century the island of Ireland was partitioned into predominantly Protestant Northern Ireland, part of the UnitedKingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the predominantly Catholic andindependent Ireland, a republic. The Constitution of Ireland (the republic), in force since 1937,
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prohibits the state from endorsing any religion as an established church. Formerly, theconstitution recognised the "special position" of the Catholic Church "as the guardian of theFaith professed by the great majority of the citizens", in addition with other religions, but these
provisions were removed by the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland in 1973.
[edit]United States of America
The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution explicitly forbids the federal government fromenacting any law respecting a religious establishment, and thus forbids either designating anofficial church for the United States, or interfering with State and local official churches — which were common when the First Amendment was enacted. It did not prevent stategovernments from establishing official churches.Connecticut continued to do so until it replacedits colonial Charter with the Connecticut Constitution of 1818; Massachusetts retained anestablishment of religion in general until 1833.[4] (The Massachusetts system required everyman to belong to some church, and pay taxes towards it; while it was formally neutral betweendenominations, in practice the indifferent would be counted as belonging to the majoritydenomination, and in some cases religious minorities had trouble being recognized at all.[citation
needed ]) As of 2010 Article III of the Massachusetts constitution still provides, "... the legislatureshall, from time to time, authorize and require, the several towns, parishes, precincts, and other
bodies politic, or religious societies, to make suitable provision, at their own expense, for theinstitution of the public worship of God, and for the support and maintenance of publicProtestant teachers of piety, religion and morality, in all cases where such provision shall not bemade voluntarily."[5]
The Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1868, makes no mention of
religious establishment, but forbids the states to "abridge the privileges or immunities" of U.S.citizens, or to "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law". Inthe 1947 case of Everson v. Board of Education, the United States Supreme Court held that thislater provision incorporates the First Amendment's Establishment Clause as applying to theStates, and thereby prohibits state and local religious establishments. The exact boundaries of this prohibition are still disputed, and are a frequent source of cases before the U.S. SupremeCourt — especially as the Court must now balance, on a state level, the First Amendment
prohibitions on government establishment of official religions with the First Amendment
prohibitions on government interference with the free exercise of religion. See school prayer forsuch a controversy in contemporary American politics.
All current State constitutions do mention a Creator,[citation needed ] but include guarantees of religious liberty parallel to the First Amendment, but eight(Arkansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee,and Texas) also contain clauses that prohibit atheists from holding public office.[6][7] However,these clauses were held by the U.S. Supreme Court to be unenforceable in the 1961 caseof Torcaso v. Watkins, where the court ruled unanimously that such clauses constituted a
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religious test incompatible with the religious test prohibition in Article 6 Section 3 of the UnitedStates Constitution.
[edit]Predominant religions in secular states
More than 90 percent of the respective populations:
RomanCatholic – Italy, Philippines, Luxembourg, Colombia, Ecuador , Mexico, Peru, Poland, Venezuela, and East Timor Islam – Azerbaijan, Gambia, Mali, Senegal, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan,and Uzbekistan Buddhism – Burma
[edit]Present state religions
Currently, the following religions are recognized as state religions in some countries: someform of Christianity, Islam and Buddhism.
[edit]Christian countries
Further information: state church
The following states recognize some form of Christianity as their state or official religion (bydenomination):
[edit]Roman CatholicJurisdictions which recognize Roman Catholicism as their state or official religion:
Costa Rica[8]
Liechtenstein[9]
Malta[10]
Monaco[11]
Vatican City (Holy See)
A number of countries, including Andorra, Argentina,[2] Dominican Republic, ElSalvador , Italy,[12] Haiti, Honduras, Paraguay,[13] Peru,[14],Poland,[15] Portugal, Slovakia and Spain[16] give a special recognition to Catholicism in their constitution despite not making it the statereligion.
All Cantons in Switzerland give official recognition to a church except Geneva and Neuchâtel.Roman Catholicism is recognized as official in several cantons, including AppenzellInnerrhoden, Nidwalden, Schwyz, Uri and others. Switzerland itself has no official religion.
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[edit]Eastern Orthodox
Jurisdictions which recognize one of the Eastern Orthodox Churches as their state religion:
Greece (Church of Greece)[17]
Finland: Finnish Orthodox Church has a special relationship with the Finnish state.[18] Theinternal structure of the church is described in the Orthodox Church Act. The church has a
power to tax its members and corporations if a majority of shareholders are members. Thechurch does not consider itself a state church, as the state does not have the authority toaffect its internal workings or theology.
De-facto state religion status:
Georgia: Georgian Orthodox Church
[edit]Protestantism
[edit]Lutheran
Jurisdictions which recognize a Lutheran church as their state religion include the Nordiccountries. Membership is very high among the general population, however the amount of actively participating members and believers is considerably lower than in many other countrieswith similar membership statistics. Furthermore, all of these churches have lately seen declinein the fraction of the population being members.
Denmark (Church of Denmark )[19]
Iceland (Church of Iceland)[20] (77,64% of population members at January 1, 2011) [21]
Norway (Church of Norway)[22] (80% of population members at the end of 2009) [23]
Finland: Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland has a special relationship with theFinnish state, its internal structure being described in a special law, the Church Act.[18] TheChurch Act can be amended only by a decision of the Synod of the Evangelical LutheranChurch and subsequent ratification by the parliament. The Church Act is protected by theFinnish constitution, and the state can not change the Church Act without changing theconstitution. The church has a power to tax its members and all corporations unless a
majority of shareholders are members of the Finnish Orthodox Church. The state collectsthese taxes for the church, for a fee. On the other hand, the church is required to give a burial place for everyone in its graveyards.[24] (79% of population members at the end of 2009).[25] The Finnish president also decides the themes for the intercession days. The church doesnot consider itself a state church, as the Finnish state does not have the power to influence itsinternal workings or its theology, although it has a veto in those changes of the internalstructure which require changing the Church Act. Neither does the Finnish state accord any
precedence to Lutherans or the Lutheran faith in its own acts.
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Sweden relegated their state church into a national church in 2000. In late 2009 thechurch of Sweden had 71.3% of the population as its members in 2009.[26]
[edit]Reformed
Jurisdictions which recognize a Reformed church as their state religion:
Scotland (Church of Scotland) - while it is recognized as the national church, the Churchof Scotland is not a state church and thus differs from the Church of England. Itsconstitution, which is recognised by acts of the British Parliament, gives it completeindependence from the state in spiritual matters.
Tuvalu (Church of Tuvalu)
All Cantons in Switzerland give official recognition to a church except Geneva and Neuchâtel.Several Cantons in Switzerland give official recognition to the Swiss Reformed Church as the
cantonal religion, including Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Bern, Schaffhausen, Vaud, andZurich.Switzerland itself has no official religion.
[edit]Anglican
See also: State_religion#Tabular_summary
Jurisdictions that recognise an Anglican church as their state religion:
England (Church of England)
[edit]Muslim countriesMain articles: Political aspects of Islam , Sharia , Caliphate , Religious police , and Islamism
Most Muslim-majority countries recognize Islam as their state religion. Proselytism on behalf of other religions is often illegal.
[edit]Sunni Islam
Afghanistan Algeria Brunei Comoros Egypt Aceh Province of Indonesia Jordan Libya Maldives
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Malaysia Mauritania Morocco Pakistan Qatar Saudi Arabia (Islamic kingdom, state-sanctioned) Somalia Tunisia United Arab Emirates
[edit]Shi'a Islam
Iran (Theocratic state) Iraq (Constitution amended, Islam inscribed as state religion c. 2003)
[edit]Ibadi
Oman (Freedom of religion is protected by the law)
[edit]Mixed Shia & Sunni
Kuwait Yemen (Zaydi fiqh among Zaydi Shias)
Bahrain (Freedom of religion is protected by the law)
[edit]Sufi
Somalia (Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a controlled regions)
[edit]Buddhist countries
Governments which recognize Buddhism, either a specific form of, or the whole, as their official religion:
Bhutan (Drukpa Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism)[27]
Cambodia (Theravada Buddhism)[28]
Kalmykia, a republic within the Russian Federation (Tibetan Buddhism – sole Buddhistentity in Europe) Sri Lanka (Theravada Buddhism) – The constitution accords Buddhism the "foremost
place," However, Buddhism is not recognized as the state religion.[29]
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Thailand (Theravada Buddhism)- Thai constitution (2007) recognized Buddhism as "thereligion of Thai tradition with the most adherents" However, it is not formally named asstate religion.
[edit]Jewish country
Israel is defined in several of its laws as a "Jewish and democratic state" (medina yehudit ve-demokratit ). However, the term "Jewish" is a polyseme that can relate equally to theJewish people or religion (see: Who is a Jew?). The debate about the meaning of the termJewish and its legal and social applications is one of the most profound issues with whichIsraeli society deals.
At present, there is no specific law or official statement establishing the Jewish religion as thestate's religion. However, the State of Israel supports religious institutions,
particularly Orthodox Jewish ones, and recognizes the "religious communities" as carried over
from those recognized under the British Mandate. These are: Jewish and Christian (EasternOrthodox, Latin [Catholic], Gregorian-Armenian, Armenian-Catholic, Syrian [Catholic],Chaldean [Uniate], Greek Catholic Melkite, Maronite, and Syrian Orthodox). The fact that theMuslim population was not defined as a religious community is a vestige of the Ottoman
period[citation needed ] during which Islam was the dominant religion and does not affect the rights of the Muslim community to practice their faith. At the end of the period covered by this report,several of these denominations were pending official government recognition; however, theGovernment has allowed adherents of not officially recognized groups freedom to practice. In
1961, legislation gave Muslim Shari'a courts exclusive jurisdiction in matters of personal status.Three additional religious communities have subsequently been recognized by Israeli law – the Druze (prior under Islamic jurisdiction), the Evangelical Episcopal Church, and the Bahá'í.[30] These groups have their own religious courts as official state courts for personal statusmatters (see millet system).
The structure and goals of the Chief Rabbinate of Israel are governed by Israeli law, but the lawdoes not say explicitly that it is a state Rabbinate. However, outspoken Israeli secularists suchas Shulamit Aloni and Uri Avnery have long maintained that it is that in practice. Non-recognition of other streams of Judaism such as Reform Judaism and Conservative Judaism isthe cause of some controversy; rabbis belonging to these currents are not recognized as such bystate institutions and marriages performed by them are not recognized as valid. As of 2011 marriage in Israel provides no provision for civil marriage, marriage between people of different religions, marriages by people who do not belong to one of nine recognised religiouscommunities, or same-sex marriages, although there is recognition of marriages performedabroad.
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[edit]Additional notes
Nepal was once the world's only Hindu state, but has ceased to be so following adeclaration by the Parliament in 2006.
The Philippines is constituted as a de facto Roman Catholic-
state[dubious – discuss]
with religious freedom guarantees. In one region of the country isthe Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, which composed of all the country's
predominantly Muslim provinces, the Regional Assembly is empowered to legislate onmatters covered by the Shari'ah. Such legislation, however, applies only to Muslims.[31]
Many countries indirectly fund the activities of different religious denominations bygranting tax-exempt status to churches and religious institutions which qualify as charitableorganizations.[32][33] However, these religions are not established as state religions.
[edit]Ancient state religions
[edit]Egypt and Sumer
See also: History of religion
The concept of state religions was known as long ago as the empires of Egypt and Sumer , whenevery city state or people had its own god or gods. Many of the early Sumerian rulers were
priests of their patron city god. Some of the earliest semi-mythological kings may have passedinto the pantheon, like Dumuzid, and some later kings came to be viewed as divine soon after their reigns, like Sargon the Great of Akkad. One of the first rulers to be proclaimed a godduring his actual reign was Gudea of Lagash, followed by some later kings of Ur , suchasShulgi. Often, the state religion was integral to the power base of the reigning government,such as in Egypt, where Pharaohs were often thought of as embodiments of the god Horus.
[edit]Sassanid Empire
Zoroastrianism was the state religion of the Sassanid dynasty which lasted until 651, whenPersia was conquered by the forces of Islam. However, it persisted as the state religion of the
independent state of Hyrcania until the 15th century.The tiny kingdom of Adiabene in northern Mesopotamia converted to Judaism around 34 AD.
[edit]Greek city-states
Many of the Greek city-states also had a 'god' or 'goddess' associated with that city. This wouldnot be the 'only god' of the city, but the one that received special honors. In ancient Greece thecity
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of Athens had Athena, Sparta had Ares, Delphi had Apollo and Artemis, Olympia hadZeus, Corinth had Poseidon and Thebes had Demeter .
[edit]Roman religion and Christianity
In Rome, the office of Pontifex Maximus came to be reserved for the emperor, who was oftendeclared a 'god' posthumously, or sometimes during his reign. Failure to worship the emperor as
a god was at times punishable by death, as the Roman government sought to link emperor worship with loyalty to the Empire. Many Christians and Jews were subject to persecution,torture and death in the Roman Empire, because it was against their beliefs to worship theemperor.
In 311, Emperor Galerius, on his deathbed, declared a religious indulgence to Christiansthroughout the Roman Empire, focusing on the ending of anti-Christian
persecution. Constantine I and Licinius, the two Augusti, by the Edict of Milan of 313, enacteda law allowing religious freedom to everyone within the Roman Empire. Furthermore, the Edict
of Milan cited that Christians may openly practice their religion unmolested and unrestricted,and provided that properties taken from Christians be returned to them unconditionally.Although the Edict of Milan allowed religious freedom throughout the empire, it did not abolishnor disestablish the Roman state cult (Roman polytheistic paganism). The Edict of Milan waswritten in such a way as to implore the blessings of the deity.
Constantine called up the First Council of Nicaea in 325, although he was not a baptisedChristian until years later. Despite enjoying considerable popular support, Christianity was stillnot the official state religion in Rome, although it was in some neighboring states such
asArmenia and Aksum.Roman Religion ( Neoplatonic Hellenism) was restored for a time by Julian the Apostate from361 to 363. Julian does not appear to have reinstated the persecutions of the earlier Romanemperors.
Catholic Christianity, as opposed to Arianism and other ideologies deemed heretical, wasdeclared to be the state religion of the Roman Empire on February 27, 380[34] by the decree De
Fide Catolica of Emperor Theodosius I.[35]
[edit]Han Dynasty Confucianism
In China, the Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) advocated Confucianism as the de facto statereligion, establishing tests based on Confucian texts as an entrance requirement intogovernment service—although, in fact, the "Confucianism" advocated by the Han emperorsmay be more properly termed a sort of Confucian Legalism or "State Confucianism". This sortof Confucianism continued to be regarded by the emperors, with a few notable exceptions, as aform of state religion from this time until the overthrow of the imperial system of government
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in 1911. Note however, there is a debate over whether Confucianism (including Neo-confucianism) is a religion or purely a philosophical system.
[edit]Modern era
[edit]Empire of Japan
From the Meiji era to the first part of the Showa era, Koshitsu Shinto was established in Japanas the national religion. According to this, theemperor of Japan was an arahitogami, anincarnate divinity and the offspring of goddess Amaterasu. As the emperor was, according tothe constitution, "head of the empire" and "supreme commander of the Army and the Navy",every Japanese citizen had to obey his will and show absolute loyalty.
[edit]States/Countries without a state religion
These states do not profess a state religion, and are generally secular or laique. Countries which
do not officially establish any religion include:
Albania Armenia (Article 8.1 of the Armenian Constitution) Australia (Forbidden under the Constitution of Australia) Azerbaijan Brazil (Article 19 of the Brazilian Constitution)[36]
Bolivia Canada Chile Cuba People's Republic of China Republic of China (Taiwan) East Timor [37]
Ecuador Estonia[38]
France Germany Hungary[39][40]
India Ireland Italy Jamaica Japan (Shinto until end of WWII)
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Kosovo[41] (Independence partially recognised) Laos Lebanon (although by custom the president is a Maronite Catholic, the prime minister aSunni Muslim and the speaker of the parliament a Shi'a Muslim.)[42]
Mauritius Mexico (prohibited per Article 130 of the present Constitution of 1917) Montenegro Nepal (declared a secular state on May 18, 2006, by the newly resumed House of Representatives) Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria (federally secular, but allowing for the institutionalization of Islam and sharia inthe predominantly-Muslim northern states) North Korea Philippines (forbidden explicitly under Article III Section 5 of the 1987 PhilippineConstitution) Poland[43]
Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovenia[44]
Singapore South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden (Lutheran (Church of Sweden) until December 31, 1999.) Syria (though the constitution requires the president be Muslim and establishes Sharia asthe official source of legislation) Turkey United Republic of Tanzania – The father of the Nation Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere saidthe state does not have the religion but the people of the United Republic of Tanzania have,and each one is allowed to practice their religion freely as long as it does not cause harm tothe other. United States (forbidden explicitly under the First Amendment to the United StatesConstitution, and implicitly in Article VI of the same document.) Puerto Rico (forbidden explicitly under Article II Section III of the Constitution of PuertoRico. Also forbidden explicitly under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution
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as well as implicitly in Article VI of the same document. Puerto Rico is a Commonwealth of the United States). Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam
Africa
Angola[11]
Benin[12]
Botswana[13] [14]
Burkina Faso[15]
Burundi[16]
Cameroon[17] Cape Verde[18]
Chad[19]
Democratic Republic of the Congo[20]
Republic of the Congo[21]
Ethiopia[22]
Gabon[23]
The Gambia[24]
Guinea[25]
Guinea-Bissau[26]
Liberia[27]
Mali[28]
Namibia[29]
Senegal[30]
Somalia[31]
South Africa[32]
[edit]Americas
Brazil[33]
Canada[34]
Cuba[35]
Honduras[36] [37]
Mexico[38]
United States[39]
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Puerto Rico[40]
[edit]Asia
People's Republic of China[41]
East Timor [42]
India
[43]
Japan[44]
Kazakhstan[45]
South Korea[46]
Kyrgyzstan[47]
Laos
Nepal[48]
Philippines[49]
Singapore (see Declaration of Religious Harmony, which explicitly states the secular nature of society) Sri Lanka[50] [51]
Syria[52]
Tajikistan
Thailand[53]
Turkmenistan[54] [55]
Vietnam[56]
[edit]Europe
Austria[57]
Albania[58]
Azerbaijan[59]
Belgium[60]
Bosnia and Herzegovina[61]
Bulgaria[62]
Czech Republic[63]
Estonia[64]
France[65]
Germany[66]
Hungary[67]
Ireland[68]
Latvia[69]
Macedonia
Portugal
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Romania[70]
Russia[71]
Serbia[72]
Slovakia[73]
Sweden[74]
Turkey[75]
Ukraine
[edit]Oceania
Australia[76]
Federated States of Micronesia[77]
New Zealand
[edit]Former secular states
Iran - Became a secular state in 1925 after Reza Pahlavi was installed as Shah. Islam was re-instituted as the state
religion in December 1979 following the adoption of a new constitution.[citation needed ]
Madagascar (1960–2007) Constitution with "laïc" removed
[edit]Ambiguous states
United Kingdom - The Church of England is the established state religion of England - though not Northern
Ireland, Scotland or Wales- with members holding seats in the House of Lords as the Lords Spiritual. Traditionally they do not
vote, though the potential is there for direct church involvement in law-making decisions over the entire United Kingdom.
Parliament is opened with prayers, in the Lords usually led by one of the Lords Spiritual and in the Commons by the Speaker's
chaplain.[78] The full term for the expression of the Crown's sovereignty via legislation is the Crown-in-Parliament-under-God.
The Church of Scotland is the established church in Scotland although it takes no part in matters of state, the Queen is an ex
officio member of the Church. At the coronation, The King or Queen is anointed with consecrated oil by the Archbishop of
Canterbury in a service at Westminster Abbey and must swear to maintain the Laws of God and the true profession of the Gospel,
maintain in the United Kingdom the Protestant Reformed Religion established by law and to maintain and preserve inviolable the
settlement of the Church of England, and the doctrine, worship, discipline, and government thereof, as by law established in
England. Thus though the Church of Ireland is no longer established and the Church of England has been disestablished in Wales,the Crown is still bound to protect Protestantism in general in the whole of the United Kingdom by the Coronation Oath and the
Bill of Rights, and to protect the Church of Scotland by the Act of Union.[79]
Indonesia - The first principle of Pancasila, national ideology of Indonesia, stated "belief in the one and only God"
(in Indonesian: Ketuhanan yang Maha Esa). A number of different religions are practiced in the country, and their collective
influence on the country's political, economical and cultural life is significant.[80] The Constitution of Indonesia guarantees
freedom of religion among Indonesians. However, the government only recognizes six official religions, namely Islam,
Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism and Confucianism.[81][82] Other religious groups are
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called kepercayaan (Indonesian: faith), including several indigenous beliefs. Religious studies are compulsory for students
from elementary school to high school. Places of worship are prevalent at school and offices. Minister of Religious Affairs
responsible for administering and managing government affairs related to religion.[83]