List of ImportantAbbreviations

A- Interface Interface between the BSS and the MSC, manages theallocation of suitable radio resources to the MSs andmobility management

A-bis BSS internal interface linking the BSC and a BTSACELP Algebraic CELP (with special codebook, see CELP)ACR Absolute Category RatingADPCM Adaptive Differential PCM (with adaptive prediction and

quantization)AHr,dt Attenuation Range Receiving, Double TalkAHs,dt Attenuation Range Sending, Double TalkAMR Adaptive Multi-Rate codingAPC Adaptive Predictive Coding (also “block-ADPCM”)APP A-Posteriori ProbabilityATC Adaptive Transform CodingA-ter: BSS internal interface linking the BSC and a TRCATM Asynchronous Transfer ModeBB-RELP Base-Band (i.e., low-frequency band) RELP (see RELP)BER Bit Error RateBFH Bad Frame HandlingBFI Bad Frame IndicationBSC Base Station ControllerBTS Base Transceiver StationC/I Co-channel interferenceCCR Comparison Category RatingCELP Code-Excited Linear Predictor/PredictionCOVQ Channel-Optimized Vector QuantizationCRC Cyclic Redundancy CheckCSI Channel-State InformationDCR Degradation Category Rating

928 List of Important Abbreviations

DCT Discrete Cosine TransformationDFT Discrete Fourier TransformationDSP Digital Signal ProcessorDTX Discontinuous TransmissionD-value Relationship between direct sound field sensitivity and diffuse sound

field sensitivityEDGE Enhanced Data-rate for GSM Evolution (an add-on to GSM)EFR Enhanced Full-Rate system (with the original GSM data rate and

better quality)EMBE Enhanced MBE (see MBE)ETSI European Telecommunication Standardization InstitutioneXCELP Extended CELP (with classified codebooks, see CELP)FER Frame Error RateFIR Finite (-length) Impulse Response (also “non-recursive”) filterFR Full-Rate system �= the first standard GSM speech coding at 13 kb/s�GSM Global System for Mobile communicationHC Harmonic Coding �= SM with a frequency grid, see SM�HR Half-Rate system (with half the original GSM data rate and less

quality)HVXC Harmonic Vector-eXcited Coding ( a HC / VQ combinaztion, see HC,

CELP, VQ)IMBE Improved MBE (see MBE)IP Internet ProtocolISCD Iterative Source-Channel DecodingISO International Standardization OrganizationITU International Telecommunication Union (formerly: CCITT, Conseil

Consultative de la Telephonie et Telegraphie)JLR Junction Loudness RatingLMS Least Mean Squares (algorithm)LP Linear Prediction

�= linear estimation of a new sample from n past samples�LPC Linear Predictive Coding (used generally for the filter inside all

predictive coders or specifically for the LP-based VOCODER)LSF Line Spectral Frequencies �= transformed LPC coefficients�LTP Long-Term Prediction (with a large lag in the order of a “pitch”

period)MBE Multi-Band Excitation (of an LP filter)Mops Mega (i.e., million) Operations per SecondMOS Mean Opinion ScoreMOS-LQO Mean Opinion Score, Listening Quality ObjectiveMPE Multi-Pulse Excitation (with a reduced number of entries on a general

time grid)MPEG Moving-Picture Expert Group (also standardizing speech and audio

systems)MSC Mobile Switching Center

List of Important Abbreviations 929

MSE Mean-Square ErrorNLMS Normalized Least Mean Squares (algorithm)NLP Non Linear ProcessorOLR Overall Loudness RatingPCM Pulse-Code Modulation

(= analog-to-digital conversion, with linear or possiblynon-linear quantization)

PLMN Public Land Mobile RadioPSD Power spectral densityPSTN Public Switched Telephone NetworkR Rating Factor, used in the E-model for transmission planningRELP Residual (signal)-Excited Linear PredictorRLR Receiving Loudness RatingRLS Recursive Least Squares (algorithm)RPE Regular-Pulse Excitation (with a reduced number of entries on a regular

time grid)SBC Sub-Band CodingSIRP Spherically Invariant Random ProcessSISO Soft-In/Soft-OutSLR Sending Loudness RatingSM Sinusoidal Modeling (of signals by sums of general sinusoids)SNR Signal-to-Noise (power) Ratio (usually on a log. scale, in dB)SOVA Soft-Output Viterbi AlgorithmTC Transform CodingTDM Time Division MultiplexTELR Talker Echo Loudness RatingTELRdt Talker Echo Loudness Rating, Double TalkTRC Transcoder ControllerUEP Unequal Error ProtectionUMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication SystemVAD Voice Activity DetectionVOCODER Voice CODER with parametric speech description and synthesisVoIP Voice over Internet ProtocolVQ Vector Quantization (also “block quantization”)WB Wide-Band (speech, with ∼7 kHz bandwidth rather than 3.5 kHz)

Index

Abnormal child births, 1226ABR wave V, 166Absolute category rating (ACR),

500, 833Absolute magnitude estimation,

219, 1198, 1205Absorption coefficient, 680Accelerometer

compression mode, 1318shear mode, 1317–1318highimpedance charge output,

1319see also Piezoceramic

accelerometersAccreditation, 1307–1308Accuracyregularization frontier,

523Acoustic glints, 1840–1841Acoustic impedance

flowmeter, 996–997tube measurements, 103

Acoustic intensity map, 1129Acoustic measurement, 662–663,

1302Acoustic micrometer, 984–986Acoustic middle ear reflex

(AMER), 161–162Acoustic optical modulator

(AOM), 1333Acoustic particle motion,

1851–1854Acoustic rate gyro, 984, 995–996Acoustic reflex threshold (ART),

161Acoustic surface area meter,

989–994Acoustic telemetry, 1857Acoustic volume meter, 984–989

Acoustical loading, 629Acoustical properties,

measurement, 949Acoustic-gravity waves, 1511Acoustic-tube modeling, 402Acousto-mechanical design, 1269Active and reactive sound fields,

1111Active noise cancellation (ANC),

169Active sonar, 1737–1754Actuator, 1141–1151

electrodynamic, 1144–1145electromagnetic, 1144–1145electrostatic, 1304hydraulic, 1142–1143intertial, 1143magnetostrictive, 1145magnetostrictive, 1145–1150MEMS, 1151piezoceramic, 1079piezo-electric (electrostrictive),

1148pneumatic, 1143shape memory alloy, 1147

Adaptive filters, 887, 890, 1030Adaptive line enhancer (ALE),

128Adaptive multirate (AMR), 602,

876Adaptive procedure, 217ADAT format, 706Advanced authoring format

(AAF), 717–718Aerodynamic noise, 963, 967Affine projection (AP) algorithm,

888Air absorption, 764

Air conditioner noise, 225Aircraft landing noise, 1014Aircraft noise

detection of, 972–977induced annoyance, 1009–1010

Air-gun, 1546–1547, 1551–1552Akaike information criterion,

1605–1606Akaike weights, 1606Alcoholic Gasserian rhizolysis,

1220Algebraic code-excited linear

prediction (ACELP), 590,601, 603, 605, 608, 610,863, 864

Algorithmic composition, 339Aliasing, 20, 22–24, 39–40, 43,

54–55, 68, 74, 88, 137, 142,407, 695, 727, 802, 888,902, 1030–1031, 1040,1102, 1136, 1403, 1426,1428, 1488–1489, 1510,1550, 1555–1556, 1559,1764, 1863, 1864

leakage, 40Alpha-trimmed mean, 1614Ambi-handed subjects, 1202Ambisonics, 753, 758, 912Amplitude

clipping, 774modulated noise signals, 488modulated wideband noise, 248modulation following

responses (AMFR), 168modulations (AM), 179panning, 750–753, 756range relationship, 1512tracking, 1078

1910 Index

AMR-WB, 599–601, 604, 607, 610Analog-to-digital converter, 19,

21, 29, 40, 94, 1598, 1760Analogue controllers, 1086

features, 1103Analogue recording gear, 76Analysis-by-synthesis, 368, 590,

597, 862, 867, 875Anechoic listening, 750Anti-aliasing filter, 20, 22–24, 55,

103, 1031, 1102, 1900Anti-aliasing, 22, 55Aperture function, 1488–1489Aperture length, 1136, 1776Approximate transcription, 318AR model, 776–777, 780ARIB EFR-PDC, 603ARMA modeling, 780Array

broadside, 901, 1711, 1718,1763, 1767

conformal, 1718–1719, 1811,1822

delay-and-sum, 1404–1405differential microphone, 691,

696, 912line, 670, 676, 963, 965, 970,

1134, 1282, 1474, 1663,1711, 1713–1715,1717–1719, 1759,1762–1765, 1767,1773–1775, 1777, 1821,1829

planar, 140, 696, 1498, 1719,1808, 1822–1823

processing, 1465rectangular, 1134response, 1426, 1488stack, 1552, 1554three-dimensional, 1718–1719See also Infrasound

Loudspeaker arraysMicrophone arraysPipe arraysSeismic arrays

Articulation Index (AI), 201, 486Articulation, 201, 369, 375, 440,

486, 488, 513, 733–735Articulation-to-non-articulation

ratio (ANR), 513Articulatory modeling/synthesis,

581Articulatory synthesis, 368, 561Asper, 264Asynchronous signal, 69, 80Atmospheric models, 1439, 1501,

1513

Atmospheric variability, 1439,1502–1503

Atmospherical tomography,94, 95

ATRAC, 122, 720, 811Attack behavior, 422Attenuation, 765, 778, 845, 954,

959, 1070, 1530–1531Audibility of the error, 406Audio

bandwidth, 595–598bitrate, 800browsing, 310coders, 599coding, 277, 597–598, 602, 605,

614, 801, 866, 1419algorithms, 614

compression systems, 231Engineering Society Anthology

series, 625restoration, 773–775, 780thumbnail, 320, 327

Audiological diagnosticalmethods, 149

Audiovisualinteraction, 731–749perception, 731, 733, 738space, 731speech, 731–738, 741

Auditorybrainstem responses (ABR),

166cortex, 170, 187, 215, 739–741,

1844distance (AD), 508filters, 185, 232, 234, 236

bandwidth, 234–235function, physiological

measures, 159–171information, 154, 1868models, 175, 187, 236, 281, 287applications of, 187nerve, 154, 156, 161, 166–177,

215, 236, 281–282, 1868,1873

non-intrusive qualityestimation (ANIQUE),512–513

pathway, 154–158, 166, 168,1868, 1870

perceptionmodels of, 180principles of, 206

periphery model, 281processing models, 175–188,

206scene analysis, 286, 1852

signal processing, 175, 187steady-state responses (ASSR),

167system, functional model, 203

Auralization, 81, 677, 762–768Autocorrelation, 10, 45–46, 48,

88, 91–93, 102, 183,279–280, 283–284, 295,318, 367, 466, 470–471,569, 598, 858, 872, 886,888–889, 891, 1046, 1057,1777

Automatic event location, 1468Automatic gain control (AGC),

206, 920, 1760, 1851, 1864Automatic microphone scanning

system, 966Automatic music composition,

339Automatic network processing,

1467–1469Automatic phase association,

1468Automatic repeat request (ARQ),

608Automatic segmentation, 327Automatic speech recognition

(ASR), 186, 188, 203, 483,521–522, 524

Automatic tone modeling, 287Automatic unit selection, 563Autoregressive (AR) models, 776Autoregressive (AR) predictors,

609Autospectra, 30, 45, 47, 69–71Autospectrum, 42, 46–47, 70–71A-weighting, 107, 109, 111, 117,

1078Azimuthal deviation, 1438, 1449,

1451, 1500, 1503–1504

Babbling, 676, 735–736Background noise, 825, 846Back-plate, 1247, 1252, 1257Bad frame handling (BFH), 870Bad frame indicator (BFI), 611Baleen whales, 1891, 1895,

1897–1898, 1901–1902,1904

Band cancellation filtering, 283Band frequency scales, 486Band widening, 233Band-limited random noise, 248Band-pass filters

function, 1366values, 116

Index 1911

Bandwidth Limitations, 1085Bark

loudness spectra, 503, 506power spectrum, 501scale, 268, 480, 486, 501, 504,

507, 509, 856spectral distortion, 486, 501value, 270

Barometer, 24–25Barometric equalization, 1269Barrel stave, 1792, 1796–1797Bartlett estimator, 1488Basilar membrane, 151, 156, 159,

166, 176, 215, 230, 232,236, 265, 268, 451, 798,1193, 1896, 1904

Basilar papilla, 1868–1869Basis spectrum, 293, 378–379,

381, 383–384Bat detectors, 1836–1837, 1847Baum-Welch algorithm, 312Bayesian

Cramer-Rao bound, 1608framework, 291inversion, 1637network, 523, 526–527probability network, 287

BCJR algorithm, see Viterbialgorithm

Beam pattern, 1490, 1716,1764–1765, 1802,1804–1805, 1813–1814,1904–1905

Beamformer, 141, 692–694, 696,698, 700, 901–903, 1714,1717, 1762–1767,1770–1771, 1776

delay-and-sum, 140–141, 694,697, 1762

high-resolution, 1717Beamforming, 4, 139–140,

143–144, 691–693,695–700, 900–902,911–913, 1487–1489,1656–1658, 1661, 1714,1719, 1762, 1764,1766–1768, 1770, 1774,1776

blind, 699, 904data-independent, 693–696,

900–902filter-and-sum, 696least-squares, 1489–1490

Beampattern, 695Beamwidth-aperture product,

1713

Bearing estimation, 1490–1492,1709, 1717, 1773, 1775

Bearing tracker, 1778Bearing-time intensity, 1771Beats, 232, 236Bel canto, 361Bell clapper, 424, 442Bender bar, 1792Best linear unbiased estimator,

1703Best modulation frequencies

(BMFs), 180Bidirectional delay line,

404, 409Binary gold sequences, 87Binaural

cells, 1873cue coding, 803dereverberation, 209hearing, 200, 207–208masking level difference, 237perception, 181processing, 178reproduction, 755

Biophysics, 1206Biosonar, 1900, 1905Biot theory, 1541–1542Birth-death detection algorithm,

1369Bit error rate (BER), 602,

827–828, 868–871,876, 919

Bitrate reduction, 800Blackman window, 58, 268Blade passage frequencies

(BPFs), 1076–1077, 1079Blind source separation, 292–293,

691, 699, 904, 911Blocked pressure, 1825Blocking matrix, 698, 903–904Blow hole, 429Blown instruments, 420–421,

424, 431–432Boatwhistle, 1860Bodes sensitivity, 1092Bootstrapping, 1616Bottom loss, 1674–1675, 1725Boundary element method

(BEM), 762Boundary layer, 640, 992, 1000,

1285, 1439, 1455,1473–1474, 1483, 1525,1822–1824

Bounded input bounded output(BIBO), 13

Bowed-string, 403, 406Bowing pressure, 421

Bowstringdynamics, 401junction, 405

Braille, 1233, 1216Brainstem processing models,

178Brainstem-evoked response

audiometry, (BERA),154, 166

Bright sound, 421Brightness matching, 392Broadband

detector, 1768, 1771–1772models, 1503noise, 265signal, 27, 29, 31, 57, 113, 697,

1668, 1682, 1687, 1768,1771, 1777, 1859

Brunt-Vaısala frequency, 1444Bubaran, 348Bucket brigade, 1358Buried Markov models, 528, 550Butterworth, 22–23, 624, 652–653

Calculated roughness, 268,272–273

Calibration, 24–25, 1120, 1288couplers, 1298

Call types, 1836, 1846, 1870,1875–1878

Capacitive sensorsapplication, 1344electric circuit, 1341environmental consideration,

1343operation principle, 1339–1341selection of, 1343target and guard plate, 1340

Cardiac gating, 170Cardioids, 756, 1279Carpal tunnel syndrome, 1219,

1221Category scales, 219Cauchy distribution, 1389–1391,

1397, 1596, 1600–1601Causalgia, 1220CDMA2000, 607CELP, 605–606, 610, 862, 865,

876, 922Central auditory pathway, 1868Cepstral, 188, 307, 365–366,

449–450, 475–476, 478,480–481, 498–499, 522,1399, 1579–1581

analysis, 475distance (CD), 498–499

1912 Index

representation, 365–366transform, 475–476, 478, 1579

Cepstrum, 1579, 1399Cerebellar dysfunction, 1225Channel codewords, 857Channel-optimized vector

quantization (COVQ),609, 875

Chaotic dynamics, 7Charge sensitivity, 1315Chebyshev, 22–24,Checkerboard, 314–316, 328Chirp, 10, 29, 90, 166, 1375, 1377Choip, 63Chopper microphone, 984,

997–999Chorus, 789, 1878Chorusing, 1878Choruslikeness, 324Chowning law, 751Chroma spectrum, 307Chroma vector, 307–309, 323, 328Chromagram, 307Chronic neuralgia, 1220Cinema sound, 748, 800, 1280Cipher notation, 335Clarinet, 409–410, 412, 420,

431–432Classic horn theory, 639Classical guitar, 436Click detection, 776–777Click evoked emissions, 163Click suppression, 777Closed coupler, 1874Closed-loop experiments, 1873Cluster synthesis, 384Clustering algorithms, 328Clustering segments, 305, 315Clustering, 310CNS, 1870, 1873Co-array function, 1489Coarticulation, 560Cochlea, 151Cochlear

amplification, 177excitation pattern, 182frequency map, 181implant, 176, 1239, 1241transformation, 176

Cocktail party phenomenon, 200Codebook, 368, 588–590,

605–606, 608–610,860–862, 865, 875–876

adaptive, 588–590, 605–606,610, 862

fixed, 588innovative, 588–590, 605,

608–609Codec

AMR narrowband, 603free lossless audio, 801variable bit rate, 606

Code-excited linear prediction(CELP), 368, 480, 603

Coderharmonic vector-excited, 877tandeming of speech, 921–923

Codingadaptive transform acoustic

(ATRAC), 122, 720, 811binaural cue, 803channel, 602–603, 608–610,

709, 857, 869–868,874–877, 918–919

frequency-domain, 865gap, 856general audio, 600generic model, 608harmonic, 866linear predictive, 367, 449–450,

464, 466, 469–470,480–481, 588

loss-less, 122multipulse linear prediction,

572nonnegative sparse algorithm,

297RELP, 858sparse, 292–293, 296–297transparent, 801, 804See also Audio coding

Cognitive informationprocessing, 157

Cohen class distributions, 49Coherence function, 70Coherent field, 1392Coherent power, 47, 71Coincidence detection, 179, 247,

1837Collage, 350–351Columella, 1866–1867Comb function, 137, 473Comb-filter effects, 658, 672, 685,

753, 757Comfort noise, 603, 606, 828,

910, 916, 918–918, 924Command signal, 1082–1085Commercial seismology,

1531–1533data acquisition costs, 1546

Common chunk, 712Common focus point (CFP)

technology, 1568Common-midpoint (CMP)

stacking, 1552–1553, 1559Communication, 1692, 1852,

1862, 1895man-machine, 176

Commuted waveguide synthesis,409

Comodulation masking release(CMR), 237

Companding, 455Comparison calibration, 1293,

1303, 1307Comparison category rating

(CCR), 833, 838Compensation schemes, 205–206Complementary sensitivity

function, 1085–1086, 1090,1101

Complex smoothing, 659Complex stimulus, 243Compositional interface, 334Compressional wave, 1526–1528,

1537–1538, 1542, 1547,1586, 1673, 1675, see also Pwaves

Computational auditory sceneanalysis (CASA), 209

Computer assisted composition,339

Computer music composition,333–334, 340–341, 355

Computer notation programs,335

Concatenation cost, 558,564–565, 573–574, 577

Concatenative, 480, 558, 561, 569,573, 575, 577–578, 580–581

Concentration matrix, 526–529Conditional probability density

function, 1729Conditions for stability, 1046Conservation of sound energy,

1110Consistency parameter, 1428Consonant-vowel syllables, 736Constant beamwidth transducer,

1801Constant delay, estimation, 494Constant percentage bandwidth,

33–34, 43–44, 122Constant-Q transform (CQT), 308Continuous judgment, 220–221,

224–227

Index 1913

Continuous wavemodels, 1503parabolic equation, 1506–1508

Controlled illumination, 1568Convective peak, 1825, 1827Convergence zone, 1671,

1687–1688Conversation tests, 833Conversational situation, 822,

824–825, 831, 835, 834, 923Convolution theorem, 35–36, 40Copolymer, 1788Corpus-based synthesis, 563Correlation function, 44, 1427,

1488–1489, 1491, 1824Cost function, 125, 296–297, 700,

887–888, 1038, 1058–1060,1062, 1066, 1068,1070–1072, 1078,1090–1091, 1152, 1155,1577, 1636, 1731

Coupling effect, 1384Covariance matrix, 310, 312,

526–528, 531, 535, 545,547, 549, 1404, 1491, 1607,1611–1613, 1707, 1715

COVQ, 609, 875–876Cramer-Rao bound, 1490

Bayesian, 1608Cranial nerves, 1876Cricothyroid muscle, 1846Critical angle, 1676–1675, 1684,

1687Critical band, 229, 233, 235, 255

filterbank, 254–255, 501Critical bandwidth, 122, 233–234,

236–237, 840Critical distance, 1393Critical ratio, 1859Cross-channel effects, 1217Cross-correlation

factors, 272function, 44–46, 94, 178, 495,

957, 959–961, 972–973,1488, 1491

generalized, 904Crossfading, 725Crossover network, 410Cross-spectrum, 46, 69Curie point, 1784Curve-fitting method, 951Cut-and-spliced, 727C-weightings, 109, 110Cyclic redundancy check (CRC),

608, 870Cyclostationary processes, 10Cymbal, 1804, 1806–1807

Damping, 41, 169, 200, 292, 401,406, 411, 429–430, 624,636, 641, 1141, 1147, 1167,1175–1176, 1178, 1252,1254, 1257, 1267,1270–1272, 1276–1277,1391, 1635, 1637–1638,1640, 1645, 1648, 1786

filter, 406material loss, 636

Dark sound, 421DAT format, 704–706Data acquisition, 17, 25Data compression, 720, 854, 1900Data matrix, 1560–1561Data validation, 31Data window, 26, 40, 53, 56–60,

62, 898, 1494See also window

Day-night average sound level(DNL), 1006–1014,1017–1018

Decimation, 21Decision process, 218De-clicking, 776Decoders, APP, 874Decoding, iterative

source-channel, 874Deconvolution

Bayesian, 1578blind, 1575deterministic, 1572–1575, 1580gapped, 1577homomorphic, 1579, 1581minimum entropy, 1578MISO, 1610predictive, 1577–1578spiking, 1577statistical, 1575–1576,

1580–1581surface-consistent, 1579–1581Wiener-Levinson, 1574–1575

Deep sound channel, 1671, 1673Degradation category rating

(DCR), 500, 833, 836–838Degree of modulation, 264–265,

271–272De-hissing, 778–780Delay estimation technique,

494–495Delay variation, 652, 659–660Delays, 672, 786–787, 1049Delay-sensitive responses, 1839Delta-Sigma (DS), 19, 21–22, 24DEMON, 1773Denoising, 49, 779, 792Depth migration, 1589

Design frequency, 1764–1765,1767

Detectionoutlier, 1615parameter, 1740probability, 1749, 1754threshold, 234, 237, 804, 1218,

1190–1194, 1235, 1429,1744–1745, 1751,1753–1754, 1761, 1769,1771, 1901

Detectorenergy, 236, 1699, 1768, 1772optimal, 185–186

Deterministic signal, 4–5, 34, 69,72, 73–74, 80

De-thumping, 775–776DFT, 37–39, 53–54, 136–138, 280,

457–461, 779, 884,888–890, 892, 899,904–905, 1132, 1368, 1774

Diabetes, 1219Diaphragm

acoustic impedance, 1258–1259damping, 1254, 1260displacement, 1249, 1261protection grids, 1302radiation, 637tension, 641

Dichotic pitch, 248Dielectric constant, 1313–1315,

1339, 1341, 1343, 1785,1788

Differential micro-phone, 209Diffraction, 637, 679, 765, 1269Diffraction kernels, 1647Diffuse field equalization, 764Diffuse sound field method,

936–938, 945–946Diffuse zone, 1631Diffuse-field, 1255, 1294,

1300–1301, 1303Digital analyzers, 119Digital audio

broadcast, 719, 800editing, 723restoration, 774stationary head, 705–706

Digital compact cassette (DCC),800

Digital filter, 368Digital formats, 706, 718Digital processing schemes, 210Digital recorders, 704, 1863–1865

1914 Index

Digital recording, 22, 187, 323,704, 1858, 1863–1864,1899–1900

Digital signal processing (DSP),3, 111, 205, 209, 400, 457,558, 651, 655, 658, 794,885, 984, 1759,

Digital-to-analog converter, 20,560, 1772

Digital versatile disk (DVD),720–723

Digital waveguide, 368, 400–404,766–768

Dijkgraaf, 1835Diphones, 560–563, 572Direct stream transfer (DST), 722Direction of arrival, 286, 1403,

1498, 1773estimation, 1402–1405, 1407,

1774Directional filtering, 763, 765,

1655Directional hearing, 1872, 1905Directionality, 1278, 1281, 1284,

1761, 1867, 1873–1874,1894

figure-of-eight, 1278–1279Directivity index, 694, 697, 763,

1744, 1761, 1823Directivity patterns, 1279–1280,

1411Disc of uncertainty, 1089Discontinuous transmission

(DTX), 603, 606, 828, 919Discrete cosine transform (DCT),

802Discrete fourier transform (DFT),

37–39, 53–54, 136–138,280, 457–461, 778–779,884, 888–890, 892, 899,904–905, 1132,1368, 1774

Discrete measurements, 136Discrimination limens, 1871Dispersion error, 767–768Displacement overload, 660Dissonance, 263Distance measure, 308, 500,

503–506, 508, 510, 580Distortion, 201

components, 72emissions, 164peaks, 74product, 72, 74–75, 78,

163–165, 236Distributed systems, 14

Disturbance, 812, 1015, 1082,1091

density, 510index (DIX) model, 813rejection, 1082

DIVA auralization system, 762DOA see Direction of arrivalDolby digital surround, 720Dolph-Chebyshev window, 58–59,

696Dolphins, 1897, 1899–1901,

1903–1905Domain transfer functions, 1098Doppler effect, 789, 791, 967,

1332, 1778, 1839, 1841Doppler shift, 1330, 1332–1333,

1735, 1741–1742, 1777,1841–1842

Doppler vibrometer, 1179,1402–1404

Dorsomedullary nucleus, 1868Double-modulator/single-carrier

(DMSC) FM, 389Double-talk detection, 890DPOAE fine structure, 165DPOAE I/O functions, 164–165DSD-IFF File Format, 7163-D triangular surveying, 1408Dual channel FFT analysis, 69Dual resonance nonlinear

(DRNL), 177Duplex theory of pitch

perception, 183Dynamic linearity, 1308–1309Dynamic processing, 793–794Dynamic range, 136, 1249, 1260,

1264compression, 205–206

Dynamic thermal model, 634Dynamic time warping (DTW),

320Dynamic tortuosity, 1168Dynamite, 1546, 1548, 1554

EAAC+, 600–601Ear

bone, 1866defender, 169, 1094, 1097dermis, 1186epidermis, 1186pinna, 147stapes, 147, 150–151, 1866tympanum, 149, 1866–1867VIIIth cranial nerve, 1868

Eardrum vibration, 1873

Earthanisotropy, 1529composition and structure,

1523seismic wave attenuation, 1530velocity, 1528

EC theory, 182Echo

cancellation, 825–828, 844,883–885, 887, 891, 897,904, 909–912, 916–919,923–924

canceller, 825, 828, 832,836–837, 844, 913,916–920, 922–924

colors, 1840free connection, 826loss, 824, 844–845, 916–917,

919, 923path models, 890–891suppression, 883–884, 891, 912,

916Echolocation, 1903, 1905

performance, 1838–1844Eckart filter, 1492Edit decision list (EDL), 717, 725,

727Edit point, 724–728Editing digital tape recordings,

706Editing modes, 727–728

effects, 236EFR-GSM, 591, 603Eigenfrequencies, 421, 433, 436,

438–442, 1382–1385, 1388,1391

distribution, 1386spacing, 1383

Eigenvalue spread, 888, 1047,1051, 1060–1061, 1064,1074

adaptive decomposition, 904Eikonal equation, 1441, 1443,

1445–1456, 1504Electrical analog circuits, 1874Electrical stimulators,

1236–1237, 1240Electroacoustic analogies, 176Electrodynamic shaker, 1143,

1145, 1148Electroencephalography (EEG),

167–168, 738–739, 780Electro-mechanical coupling,

1253Elicitation, 1598, 1603–1605EM algorithm, EM, 291, 521,

525, 530

Index 1915

Embedded Codec, 604–606Embouchure control, 411Emission sound pressure level,

1126Empirical models, 1501,

1511–1512, 1594Endfire, 697, 1763, 1767Energy spectral density (ESD),

34, 42Energy splitting loss, 1747Entropy-satisfying

upwind-differencingscheme, 1456

Envelope extraction, 255Envelope fluctuations, 265Equal temperament, 289, 333,

337, 346Equalization cancellation (EC),

179Equal-loudness contours,

251–252, 1194Equivalent circuit model, 1798Equivalent rectangular

bandwidth (ERB),235–236, 255

Error sensor, 1024–1026, 1030,1032, 1061

ESPRIT, 1490, 1774Estimation

algorithms, 294, 296, 485, 506parametric, 1699

Estimator, 1610–1611,1616–1617, 1700, 1703

perception-based, 499–500robust, 1610, 1614

Euler’s equation, 1110, 1116,1282

Euler-Lagrange equation, 1442European Broadcasting Union

(EBU), 715Eustachian tube, 149–150, 1867Evanescent

filter, 1134waves, 133–135, 1129, 1131,

1133, 1136Evoked response audiometry

(ERA), 156, 166EVRC, 607Excitation

components, 476pattern, 154, 182, 238, 254,

268–270, 1893-plus-resonance (EpR), 367-resonance model, 361signal, 66–67, 69, 71–75, 78–81,

87, 102, 362, 364, 366, 451,459, 464, 469, 471,

475–476, 478, 480, 572,575–576, 588–589, 855, 869

spectra, 270Expectation-maximization (EM),

290, 521–522Extratympanic sensitivity, 1873Eyring formula, 680

F0 estimation, 278multiple, 284

Fast field program, 1680Fast Fourier Transform (FFT),

26, 33, 38, 53, 67, 88, 99,377, 805, 1130, 1765,1900

Fast MLS Transform (FMT), 97Fast Transversal Filters (FTF),

888Feature vector, 305, 307–313,

316, 318, 320, 323–325,328, 521, 526, 528

Federal Aviation Administration,1017

Federal Interagency Committeeon Noise (FICON), 1008

Feedbackamplifier, 408comb and allpass filters, 794control systems, 1081controller, 1026, 1048,

1051–1052, 1054,1082–1083, 1098–1103

FM, 390, 393–394linear resonant controller, 1054loops, 185nonlinear, 408reduction, 684, 686–687

Feedforward, 1024–1025,1029–1030, 1032–1033,1044, 1051–1054,1081–1082, 1092,1099–1103

Feedforward comb filter, 788Female response call, 1875Fermat’s principle of stationarity,

1442Ferroelectric, 1313–1315, 1317,

1783–1784, 1788–1789Field-effect transistor (FET),

1251Filters

allpass, 401, 406, 786, 790, 794,892

crossover, 651digital design, 401dispersion, 405–406

elliptical, 23exponential, 135extended multidelay, 890FIR, 116, 592, 654–655, 766,

888, 1042, 1051high-slope analogue crossover,

654in-phase/quadrature, 121inverse, 67Kalman, 978, 1701, 1705,

1708–1709, 1778lattice digital, 403linear phase, 120, 406, 654, 660loop, 406matched, 49, 67, 157, 185, 775,

777, 1699, 1738–1744,1869

mel, 308multidelay, 889Octave- and

fractional-octave-band,112–113

perceptual, masking, 122pluck, 409polynomial smoothing, 776prediction-error, 1641pure-state, 1492, 1494synthesis, 572, 588–589, 592,

597, 599, 609, 865, 888Tikhonov, 135transversal, 125waveguide digital, 368See also Finite Impulse

Response (FIR) filtersFilterbank, 156–157, 179,

186–187, 206, 238,254–255, 270, 501–502,504, 805, 809, 865,888–889, 1366, 1370, 1372,1840, 1842, 1893

nonlinear, 238Filtered-reference LMS,

1044–1045, 1047–1049,1051

Filtering, statistical techniques,209

Filters and delays, 786Filters discriminate signals, 119Finite and boundary element

methods, 662Finite difference (FD), 401, 424,

1284, 1456approximation, 1117–1118error, 1117formulation, 427time domain, 401, 762

1916 Index

Finite element, 151, 363, 369,419, 424–425, 429, 628,638, 762, 1154, 1388,1676–1677, 1798

Finite impulse response (FIR),120, 125, 176, 654–655, 885

Fish vocalizations, 1859, 1857Fisher F-statistic, 1466, 1492Fisher information, 1607, 1609Flanger, 789Flanking bands, 234, 237Flanking maskers, 237Flat cardioid characteristics, 1282Flow resistivity, 1168–1169Flow-induced noise, 1822Fluctuation strength, 263Fluid-filled (audio) horns, 638Flute-like instruments, 428Flutter tonguing, 333, 342FM slide, 1741–1742FM synthesis, 377, 385, 389, 391,

394Forced-choice discrimination

test, 811Formant, 361–362, 364–365,

369–370, 387, 390–394,449–451, 458–461,463–464, 466, 468, 472,474–475, 478, 480–481,499, 508, 560, 566,574–576, 578–579,597–599, 855, 862, 1237

FM, 387, 392–394Singer’s, 361vocoder, 364, 369wave functions, 369

Forward error correction (FEC),604, 608, 613

Forward problem, 1642, 1724,1726, 1728

Forward propagators, 1130Four-channel model, 1202–1204Fourier series, 5, 36–38, 54, 57Fourier synthesis, 1510, 1682,

1688Fourier-t transformation (FTT),

254Four-point microphone method,

1408arrangement, 1408correlation, 1410directivity patterns, 1411short-time intensity, 1410virtual image, 1409–1410

Fractional-octave-band analysis,116–117

Frame erasure concealment, 606,608, 610–611, 613

Frame loss recovery, 611Frame of reference, 220–221,

227, 1444Free-field, 936, 1255, 1294

comparison, 1307condition, 200, 662, 993, 952,

1115, 1268corrections, 1300–1301, 1307

Free-nerve endings, 1189–1190Frequency bands, 44, 81, 108,

142, 154, 156, 181, 201,209, 237–238, 486, 649,838, 1404, 1410,1428–1429, 1493,1868–1870

broadening of, 201Frequency chirp, 29Frequency-dependent amplitude,

84, 1683Frequency-dependent group

delay, 71Frequency-domain

adaptive filtering, 889calibration, 26, 29coders, 866coding, 865LMS algorithm, 127models, 289, 291

Frequency-independent delay,120, 766

Frequency mapping, 843Frequency modulation matching,

391Frequency response, 655, 1252Frequency scaling, 323, 450Frequency subband filtering, 888Frequency tracker, 1778Frequency warping, 768Frequency weighting, 107, 109Fresnel zone, 1647Frogs, 1861–1863, 1866,

1870–1872, 1875–1878,1880

earless, 1870Full wave modelling, 1440Functional magnetic resonance

imaging (fMRI), 168–170,738–740

G.722.1, 601–602G.729, 593, 605–606, 611G.729.1, 605–606, 611Gain-before-feedback boost, 684,

686

Gain error, 73Gain estimation, 494Gain margin, 207, 1088, 1090,

1096–1097Gamelan instruments, 347Gamma distribution, 1599–1600Gamma-tone, 1877Gap detection, 185, 1198,

1234–1235Gauss elimination algorithm, 427Gauss’s theorem, 1110Gaussian

beam model, 1505distribution, 289–290, 310,

527–528, 1595, 1599–1601,1614, 1725, 1747

error, 1725mixture, 524, 531–532, 550models, 521–522, 531, 1613noise, 26–27, 29, 1611, 1697,

1702, 1705random fields theory, 170sparse, 522, 524, 527, 529windowed sinusoids, 50

Gaussianity, 1578Gauss-Markov model, 1705, 1709Gene expression, 1870Generalized sidelobe canceller,

698, 903Generalized sweep synthesis, 81Genetic algorithm, 380, 382, 385,

391–393, 1152, 1158, 1640,1642, 1731–1732

Geodynamo, 1524Geometric diffraction theory,

638Geometric modeling of musical

instruments, 424Geometric models, 1503Geometrical dispersion, 1684Geophones, 1547, 1550Georges’ model equation, 1444Geotomography, 1640Ghost image, 142Ghost reflections, 1576Ghost source, 142–143Gibbs sampling, 1729Glabrous skin, 1188Glasberg and Moore’s formula,

235Global propagation, 1683, 1702Glottal

closure, 560, 567–568, 571excitation, 366, 368, 570,

575–576formant, 576, 578–579

Index 1917

pulses, 365, 450, 459, 462–464,469, 471–472

source, 362Golay codes, 87–88, 103Gold sequence, 87, 100–102

See also Kasami sequenceGonadotrophin releasing

hormone, 1877Gong morphing, 333, 341Gradient noise amplification, 127Graphical models, 521, 524, 527,

551Grating lobes, 142, 1489, 1714,

1766Green’s function, 14, 1133–1134,

1541, 1678Griffin, 1224–1226, 1835Ground loops, 18Group additive synthesis, 382Group delay, 66Guitar, 313, 315–316, 401,

407–409, 420–424, 436,438–440, 669, 788–789

body, 409, 421, 423, 436,438–440

electric, 407–408

H2/H� control, 1091, 1101Habituation, 224Hadamard transform-Based

FMT, 98Hair cells, 281Hair-follicle network, 1190Half-wave rectification (HWR),

281Hamiltonian equations, 1439,

1441–1443, 1445–1446,1456

Hamiltonian treatment,1441–1443

Hammersley-Clifford theorem,527

Hamming, 56, 377, 457–458, 502,513, 609

Hamming windowed, 458, 502Hand-arm vibration, 1222–1223Hankel function, 1136, 1506,

1508, 1678Hann window, 56, 496, 1877Hanning, 41Hannon album, 221Harmonic coding (HC), 866Harmonic complex tones, 183,

234, 247Harmonic distortion, 74, 76, 663,

811, 1261

Harmonic impulse responses, 75Harmonic noise model (HNM),

569Harmonic vector-excited coder

(HVXC), 877HARPA ray tracing computer

program, 1504, 1438Harvey Fletcher, 486Head-related transfer function

(HRTF), 87, 90, 160, 747,755, 764, 766

Hearing aids, digital, 176, 187,205

Hearing impairment, 201, 206listeners, models for, 255

Hearing model, 500Hearing sensation, 251, 254, 260,

263Hearing, threshold, 166, 168, 245,

272, 501, 504, 1260, 1293,1309

Heisenberg uncertainty principle,35, 48

Helmholtz equation, 132, 767,1506, 1508

Hemi-free-field method, 934–936,943–944

Heschl’s gyrus, 171Hidden Markov model, 311, 297,

311–312, 324, 328, 371,522, 525, 550, 580

High-definition television(HDTV), 800

Histogram method, 1603–1604Hit and false alarm rates, 218Hologram surface, 1130, 1135Holography

cylindrical nearfield acoustical,1133

Nearfield acoustical (NAH),131, 1129–1137

patch, 137planar nearfield acoustical,

131, 1130Homomorphic vocoder, 365Hooke’s law, 1536Horizontal wind model (HWM),

1501Hot-wire anemometers, 1284Human auditory system, 499,

1900Human segmentation, 327Husebye’s method, 1426Hybrid adaptive procedure, 218Hybrid feedback controllers, 1102Hybrid methods, 780, 1732Hydraulic actuator, 1142, 1150

Hydrophone, 1547, 1550–1552,1581, 1685, 1711, 1758,1760, 1767, 1851, 1857,1862–1863, 1899,1901–1903

Hypercomplex, 1869, 1870Hypoglossal, 1876

IEC-standard timecode, 705Image source method, 762, 765Impedance

adjustment, 150, 431audiometry, 150tube, 765, 1179

Impulse response, 12–14, 22,35–36, 47, 49, 55, 65–66,74–75, 79, 88, 90, 93,96–99, 102–103, 116, 120,128, 160, 176–177, 238,406, 409, 440–441, 444,468, 475, 654–655, 657,662–663, 679–680, 683,692–693, 758, 765–765,789, 794, 885–887, 890,904–905, 957, 959–960,1032, 1034–1035,1043–1044, 1048, 1051,1366, 1391, 1395,1398–1400, 1402,1408–1410, 1412, 1417,1483, 1488, 1561,1564–1567

measurements, 103Incompressibility condition, 429Independent component analysis

(ICA), 292–293, 295, 298Independent subspace analysis

(ISA), 295Index of refraction, 1506, 1670Indonesian gamelan, 333, 335,

347, 420Inertial actuator, 1143Infinite impulse response (IIR),

654Informational masking, 237Infrasound

array data processing, 1487from earthquakes, 1432–1435noise-reducing pipe arrays,

1473phase identification, 1464signals, 1432, 1462, 1470, 1498,

1502, 1513travel time tables, 1452, 1469waves, propagation of, 1497from volcanoes, 1430–1431

1918 Index

Infrasound data processing atIDC, 1464–1467

network processing,1463–1464, 1466

reviewed event bulletin, 1463standard event list, 1463station processing, 1463–1465,

1467–1468Inharmonicity, 7, 278, 290, 380,

420–421, 438, 560–561Inhibitory network, 183Initial transient, 420–422, 424,

436, 438–440Inner and outer hair cells, 151Inner ear, 147, 150–151, 153–154,

159, 161–162, 164, 215,281, 451, 798, 856, 1840,1867, 1869–1870, 1904

oval window, 150–151, 159,164, 176, 1867

Input-output function, 184Instantaneous frequency, 1370Instantaneous impression,

221–224, 226Instantaneous judgments,

222–225Instrumental clustering in

families, 420Integer-coded strings, 1160Integrated octave band analyzer,

118Intelligibility function, 483, 197,

199–201Interactive music, 338Interactive processing, 1469–1470Interaural

cross-correlation function, 178intensity difference, 182level difference, 748, 750, 1873phase difference, 237time difference, 178–179, 182,

748, 750, 766, 1873Interleaved pulse positions (IPP),

590Internal inflammation, 1226Internal model control,

1099–1100Internal representation, 157,

185–186, 813, 843Internal stability, 1086International Electrotechnical

Commission (IEC), 1293International microphone

standards, 1262Interpolation schemes, 13Intersexual selection, 1878Invariance property, 1610

Inverse problem, 1300, 1580,1629, 1640, 1642, 1696,1723–1726, 1728–1729

Inverse repeat sequences, 93, 100Inverse-vocal-tract, 862Inversion, iterative, 1639, 1642Irradiated wave, 1332IRS filtering, 592Isolated large amplitude, 1465

Jew’s harp, 246Jitter, 560, 580, 612, 826, 917Judgement Model, 500Just intonation, 333, 344–346,

349

Kaiser and Gaussian windows, 58Kaiser-Bessel, 41, 811Kalman filter, 978, 1701, 1705,

1708–1709, 1778Kandinsky tests, 834, 837Karaoke, 367, 369Kasami sequence, 87, 97,

100–102Kelly-Lochbaum model, 368, 403Kernel methods, 523, 1604Kirchhoff migration, 1589KTH rule, 370Kullback-Leibler (KL), 310,

574–575, 1605

Lamb wave, 1438, 1500Lame constant, 1526Laminar flow, 429Laplace-domain transfer

function, 35, 1032,1030–1031, 1083, 1098

Laryngeal, 1846, 1876–1877Larynx, 360–361, 855, 1845–1846,

1876Laser Doppler method, 1330Laser Doppler Velocimeter,

1329–1338Laser Doppler Vibrometers (LDV)

applications, 1337–1338construction, 1333–1336features, 1331–1332one-dimensional, 1333–1335operation principle, 1332three-dimensional, 1335–1336

Late auditory evoked potentials(LAEP), 166–167

Late packet processing, 613Lateral inhibition, 1873Lateral suppression, 238

Lateralization, 178, 242, 244Leakage, 22, 55, 141

wavenumber 137Leaky precursors, 1689Least absolute deviation (LAD),

1612Least squares

damped, 1636recursive (RLS), 126–127,

887–888Legendre sequence (LGS), 87,

100, 102–103L-estimators, 1614, 1615Level recorder, 225Likelihood function, 287, 530,

550–551, 1601, 1605,1607–1608, 1610, 1699,1701, 1703, 1726, 1729

Liljencrants-Fant (LF) model, 363Line spectral pair (LSP), 480Line spectrum frequencies

(LSFs), 574Linear

acoustic wave propagation,1499

chirps, 63deconvolution, 74distortion, 246, 408,phase filters, 120, 406, 654, 660prediction PSOLA (LP-PSOLA),

571predictive coding (LPC), 367,

449–450, 464, 466,469–470, 480–481, 588

resonant feedback controllers,1054

source-filter model, 361wave

equation, 1500theory, 1440

Linearization, 623Linearly constrained minimum

variance (LCMV), 698, 903Linkwitz-Riley functions,

652–651Lip reading, 206, 1239, 1241Lippmann-Schwinger equation,

1590Listening

-only tests, 837situation, 822–823, 839, 842tests, 654, 664, 751, 804, 833,

836–837, 868Lithosphere, 1525Lloyd-Max algorithm, 454

Index 1919

LMS algorithm, 126–127, 887,1025, 1030, 1033, 1036,1038, 1043–1051

Localizationcollapsing method, 1631double difference method, 1631Geiger’s method, 1629,

1631–1632grid search, 1630inside-head, 755joint hypocenter determination

(JHD), 1630–1632Lofargram, 1769–1770Log spectral error (LSE), 498Logarithmic frequency scale, 33,

289–290, 323Logistic function, 508Log-lag correlogram model, 283Lombard effect, 910Long baseline, 1902Long-term spectrum, 236Loop gain, 153, 1084–1085,

1092–1094, 1096Loss mechanisms, 1673–1675Loudness, 162, 251, 504, 823

adaptation, 224dynamic model, 254Equal contours, 251–252, 1194fluctuation, 263models of, 182overall of instrument, 422overall rating (OLR), 842, 849pattern, 182, 254rating, 838, 841–842, 845,

916–917rating, sending (SLR), 842scaling, 165, 252, 258, 843specific, 182, 254, 257–258,

813summation, 259transformation, 256–258Zwicker model of, 254, 257See also Bank loudness spectra

Loudspeakeractive, 650–651, 655, 658arrays, 758design, 649–664direct-radiating, 635, 637distributed-mode, 638dodecahedron, 940dynamic, 624, 631–632,

640–641, 1349–1350,1362

electrostatic, 1354–1356composition, 1354–1355transducer efficiency,

1355–1356

enclosure, 626, 652horn, 638layouts, 748–750passive, 649–650performance evaluation,

649–664superconductive, 1351–1354

composition, 1351–1353equivalent circuit, 1353properties, 1351

theory developments, 625thermal model, 635time alignment, 684transmission line, 634

Love wave, 1527, 1538–1539Low-noise-treated cabling, 1319,

1321LSQR, 1640Lyapunov equation, 533

Mach number, 1821, 1827Magnetic bias, 1147Magnetic induction, 17Magnetic resonance images

(MRI), 168–170, 369Magnetoencephalography

(MEG), 167–168, 738–739Magnitude estimation, 219, 254,

1195, 1197Magnitude response, 66, 78, 501,

649, 651–652, 656, 695,1091, 1390–1391, 1399

Mahalanobis distance, 310,574–575

Mainlobe, 141–143, 695–695, 902Male aggressive behavior, 1878Markov Chain Monte Carlo

(MCMC), 291Markov models, 297, 311, 328,

521–522, 526, 528, 550Maskers, flanking, 237Masking, 122, 181, 201, 229–232,

234, 236–238, 256, 1850backward, 185, 233, 803, 808binaural level difference, 237central effects, 237comodulation release, 237forward and backward, 185,

803forward, 232frequency, 122growth functions, 230informational, 237partial, 229, 866psychoacoustic models, 807

simultaneous, 230, 232, 501,504, 803, 806

spectral, 229, 256, 258temporal, 122, 187, 236,

255–256tone-on-tone patterns, 231–232two-tone, 234, 237upward spread of, 230–233

Mass Spectrometer-IncoherentScatter Radar Model(MSIS), 1501

Mass-spring-damper system, 633Matched field inversion, 1729Matching pursuit algorithm, 286,

1403–1405, 1417Mate attraction, 1878Material absorption, 765Mating-call detector, 1869Maximum a posteriori (MAP),

536–537, 1613, 1729Maximum connect set (MCS),

96–97, 102Maximum length sequences

(MLS), 67, 87, 90–91, 663,683

Maximum likelihoodestimator, 1610linear regression, 525, 547sequential procedure, 217training, 525, 529–531

Maxwellian optics system, 1193MBROLA, 565McGurk effect, 734–738Mean listening quality-opinion

score (MOS), 833, 843Mean opinion score, degradation,

833Mean-squared-error (MSE), 898,

902, 1575Measurement equation,

1704–1705, 1708–1709Measuring normalizing block

(MNB), 505–506Mechanical stimulators, 1236Mechanical-acoustical

transformation, 631Mechano-acoustical conversion,

629Mechano-electric transduction,

1207Mechanoreceptor, 1187, 1189,

1207Media Exchange Format (MXF),

717–718Meissner corpuscle, 1189–1190,

1192, 1205Mel filters, 308

1920 Index

Mel-frequency cepstralcoefficient (MFCC),307–309, 328, 365–366,480, 522, 525, 574, 578

Melodic, 318Mel-scale cepstral feature, 188Meridian lossless packing (MLP),

722Merkel-cell neurite complex,

1189, 1204–1205Mesh Topologies, 767–768M-estimators, 1615Metabolism, 1878Method of moments, 1599,

1603–1604Metropolis algorithm, 1731Micro electrical mechanical

systems (MEMS), 1331Microflown, 1116, 1120, 1284,

1286, 1288–1290Microflown intensity probe,

1121–1122, 1288–1290Micro-mechanical devices, 1264Microphone

accurate theory, 640arrays, 691, 696, 758, 901–912,

1125, 1263, 1281calibration, 1293–1311condenser, 632, 640–641,

987–988, 1116, 1120, 1247,1254, 1262, 1284, 1286,1288, 1295, 1299,1308–1309, 1862

dipole, 756–757directional, 207, 594, 686,

757–758, 912, 1275dynamic, 641–642, 1267–1268,

1271–1272electret, 1249interference, 1280laboratory standard, 1295,

1297, 1300, 1302–1303,1307

measurement, 160, 687–688,1247, 1249, 1252, 1257,1263–1264, 1295, 1303

phase-matched pressure,1284

pressure, 1275pressure-sensing condenser,

1247pressure-sensitive

omnidirectional, 1279ribbon, 631, 671, 1278–1279techniques, 671, 756–758working standard, 1302

Middle ear, 147

Middle ear input impedance, 160Middle latency auditory evoked

potentials (MAEP), 166MIDI, 277, 297, 333, 335–339,

370, 712MIDI dance floor, 338Midrange, 649–650Millington-Sette formula, 680Minidisc, 719Minidisk recorders, 1864, 1865Minimum mean squared error

(MMSE), 698, 873, 1609,1613

Minimum phase zero, 1388–1390,1394, 1396–1398

Minimum variance distorsionlessresponse, 1717

Misadjustment, 126Mismatch problem, 1709–1710Mismatched filter, 67Mixed excitation linear prediction

(MELP), 480, 607, 866Modal equalization, 659Mode projector, 1804–1805, 1808Model parameter, 289–290, 369,

371, 465, 492, 536, 661,1603, 1616, 1636–1637,1641–1642, 1710,1723–1733, 1844

Model selection, 523, 636, 1594,1605, 1617

Model-based processing, 1696Modeling pitch, 241–242Modelling error, 1043,

1047–1048, 1073–1075,1709

Modified discrete cosinetransform (MDCT), 600,802, 809, 811

Modulation filterbank, 179,186–187

frequency, 154, 264index, 385–387, 389–392,

489–490transfer functions, 180, 488,

492Modulation, 179, 185, 264, 322,

385, 391, 959Moessbauer method, 215Mohorovicic discontinuity, 1525,

1527Moment generating function,

1602Monitor wedges, 670, 676, 686Monophonic, 279Monte Carlo method, 1642Motion sickness, 1224, 1226

Motoneurons, 1875–1876Motor nuclei, 1876Motorneuron map, 1875Mountain associated waves

(MAW), 1430Moving coil, 1267MP3, 122, 187, 614, 716,

808–810, 1864, 1895MPEG audio file formats, 716

MPEG-1, 804, 808–811MPEG-2, 720, 810–811MPEG-4, 803

MS stereo, 757Multiband resynthesis OLA

(MBROLA), 572Multichannel techniques,

900–904Multidimensional scaling, 220Multigrid approaches, 1642Multi-input multi-output, 13Multimodel inference, 1606Multi-path sound propagation,

961Multiphonic playing technique,

435Multiphonic sounds, 431–433,

436Multiple scattering, 1564, 1568Multiple sensory inputs, 1216Multiplexed channel phase

correction, 29–30Multisensory neurons, 739Multitone techniques, 663Multi-variable binary string

(MVBS), 1155, 1160Murich segmentation, 309Music

segmentation, 310structure detection, 327summarization, 309summary, 324synthesis, 375, 385, 391thumbnails, 325–326transcription, 277–278, 283,

285, 291, 293, 295,297–298, 328

Music and singing synthesisequipment (MUSSE),364–365, 370

Music transcription, manual, 297Musical instrument digital

interface see MIDIMusical instrument, structure of,

419, 422Musical tones, 284, 421, 899Musique Concrete, 350

Index 1921

Muting, 1587Mutual information, 308, 905

Nagra-D recorder, 705Narrowband, 461, 1600,

1768–1769, 1772, 1774,1777, 1837, 1897, 1905

detector, 1768–1772masking of, 232noise, 233, 248, 265,

866telephony, 492, 823

National metrology institutes(NMIs), 1296

NATO STANAG, 607Naval Research

Laboratory-Ground toSpace Model (NRL-G2S),1502

Navier-Stokes model, 429–430Nearfield acoustical holography

(NAH) see HolographyNegative binomial, 1597Neighboring critical bands, 268Neonatal screening tool, 165Nested modulator FM, 392–394Neural adaptation, 185Neural hearing disorders, 156Neural networks, 283, 371, 523,

524, 1606, 1072Neural structures, 1188–1190Neuralgia, 1220Neurectomy, 1220Neuronal filter bank, 1846Neyman-Pearson detector, 1696Night-time “penalty”, 1006Noise

aircraft landing, 1014barriers, 103, 953, 958, 963cancellation, 162, 166, 169,

825, 827, 844, 918, 1024,1032

electrical, 1025, 1030, 1033,1043, 1052

self-adaptive (SANC), 128of car, 225control, 1167disturbance, 505electromagnetic, 19electronic, 17–18elimination, 984environmental, 216, 219–220,

222, 1006–1008, 1550annoyance, 1008–1016community reaction, 1018

floor, 676

induced annoyance,1008–1012, 1014

internal, 157, 257level, 27, 480, 486, 492, 592,

600, 807, 846, 910,912–913, 963, 965,1005–1008, 1015, 1018,1097, 1260, 1264,1429–1430, 1484, 1491,1577, 1744, 1749,1757–1769, 1821,1850–1859, 1901

mapping, 1124narrowband 233, 248, 265, 866notched, 234–236Nyquist (or Johnson), 1260periodic, 72pseudo, 1826–1828pseudo-random, 74–75, 80radiation problems, 131railroad, 1358–1362ranking of sources, 1124reduction, 206–209, 607, 779,

825–826, 832, 844, 846,897–905, 910–925, 1124,1465, 1474, 1482, 1485

algorithms, 594–595, 847schemes, benefit of, 209

road, 225self, 1759, 1821–1822shaping, 21, 599, 806, 810-to-Masked-Ratio (NMR)

model, 812traffic, 222uncorrelated, 70–71, 268, 902,

1715uniform masking, 234white, 233wideband random, 248

Noisy channels, 852–877Nonideal harmonicity, 292, 491,

774, 842Nonlinear

feedback, 408filterbank, 238effects, 236models, 636, 639progressive wave equation

(NPE), 1513–1514reflection coefficient, 411transmission line model, 164

Non-minimum phase, 1033, 1092,1388–1390, 1394–1398

Nonnegative matrix factorization(NMF), 292–298

Nonnegative sparse codingalgorithm, 297

Non-parametric processing, 1746Non-periodic Sweeps, 74Non-stationary random signal, 10Normal-Incidence

Sound-Absorption,950–951

Normalized Least Mean Square(NLMS) algorithm,126–127, 887, 892

Numerical magnitude balance,1195

Numerical solutions, 1508Numerical weather models, 1502Nyquist

(or Johnson) noise, 1260criterion, 1087–1098, 1714,

1764frequency, 20–23, 54–55, 68,

377, 451, 1739, 1863–1864,1900

sampling, 1738

Objective audio signal evaluation(OASE) model, 812

Objective evaluation, 812, 832,838

Objective function, 530, 1158,1608, 1611, 1613, 1637,1642, 1728–1732

Off-axis signals, 1899Offset function, 92, 93Omnidirectional, 1275Open media framework

interchange (OMFI),717–718

Open-loop experiments, 1873Operculum, 1867Optimization problem,

1629–1630, 1725, 1728Optohapt, 1233Orthotelephonic reference

position, 821, 823Oscillation, 35, 243, 246, 394,

405, 429, 812, 1047, 1357,1531

Ossicles, 150Otic capsule, 1867Otoacoustic emissions (OAE),

153, 162–165Otoscopy, 147, 149Overall impression, 220Overlapping partials, 287Overshoot, 236Overtone series models, 288Overtone singing, 246Oxygen consumption, 1878

1922 Index

P waves, 1526–1528, 1533, 1538Pacinian corpuscle (PC), 1188,

1192, 1217Pacinian system, 1192, 1201,

1217Packet based Transmission, 826,

916–918Packet loss concealment, 611,

826, 916, 918Packetization, 825–826, 844,

916–917Packet-switched transmission,

877Pair-wise panning, 751–753Parabolic equation (PE), 1503,

1506, 1510, 1678–1677,1678, 1681, 1683, 1730

Parameter sensitivity, 1733Parametric processing, 1696Paraxial approximation, 1444,

1647, 1681Paraxial ray tracing, 1444–1446Parkinsonism, spastic disorders,

1225Parseval’s theorem, 34, 108Partial coherence, 139Particle velocity sensor, 1282Partitioned block

frequency-domain adaptivefilters (PBFDAF), 890

Passive radiators, 634, 659Pattern theory, 1202–1203Peak-picking algorithms, 474Pendopos, 340, 348Pentode, 794Perceptual

audio quality measure (PAQM),813

brightness, 391coding, 120, 122evaluation of speech quality

(PESQ), 509–510, 514, 610,824, 843, 848

grouping rules, 287linear predictive (PLP), 480masking filters, 122models, 175, 206, 580, 602objective measurement (POM),

813speech quality measure

(PSQM), 504transformation, 500, 503,

505–506, 510Percussion transcription, 278,

295

Periodicautocorrelation functions

(PACF), 88coded signals, 100cross-correlation, 93–94, 99noise, 72pseudo-random noise, 74signal, 5, 7, 10, 36–37, 243, 279,

567to aperiodic ratio (PAPR), 579

Periodotopic mapping, 156Peripheral auditory, models of

the, 281Peripheral hearing model,

283–284Permeability, 1168Phase error, 30, 1042–1043,

1049–1051, 1116–1117,1121, 1339, 1507, 1513

Phase linear filters, 119–120Phase margin, 1088, 1090,

1093–1094, 1097Phase response, 22–23, 108–109,

120, 178, 406, 651, 653,655, 663, 765, 790, 1118,1120, 1270, 1288,1390–1391, 1397,1399–11400, 1477, 1798,1807, 1810

Phase vocoder, 353, 364,377–378, 1365–1366

Phase-lag compensator, 1093,1096–1098

Phaser, 800Phon, 251Phonation, 360–361, 575–576,

1892Phoneme transitions, 371Phoneme, 199, 298, 361–362,

370–371, 451, 456–457,459–460, 462, 559–562, 574

Phonology, 1892–1893Phonotaxis, 1872Physical acoustics series, 625Physiological mechanisms, 180,

216Piano

performance, 221, 283roll, 292, 319string, 7, 400–401, 406

Picket fence effect, 40–42, 54PICOLA algorithm of Morita, 568Piezoceramic accelerometers

construction, 1316compression mode, 1318flexural mode, 1318

high impedence charge,1319–1321

low impedence designs (IEPE),1331–1322

model analysis, 1322mounting

stud, 1323screw, 1324adhesive, 1324magnetic, 1324shear mode, 1315–1316

NVH, 1322Piezo-ceramic, 1079, 1146, 1233,

1313–1314, 1316–1319,1325, 1784, 1789–1794,1804

plates, 1148stacks, 1150

Piezo-composite, 1788, 1799,1801, 1804–1805,1807–1811, 1813–1814

Piezo-electric, 625, 632, 635, 671,675, 1239, 1314–1317,1319, 1322–1323,1329–1330, 1547,1783–1785, 1789–1790,1807, 1809

acceleration pickup, 1330crystal, 1316film, 1148materials, 1239, 1789polymer, 1786, 1788transducers, 625, 632, 642,

1547Pipe array

acoustic frequency response,1477–1482

acoustics of noise-reducing,1474

electrical equivalents for, 1477electro-acoustic model (for),

1477fundamental resonance

frequency, 1480high frequency cut-off, 1482resonances, 1480response, 1474simulations, 1484transfer function for, 1478

Pistonphones, 24, 1302, 1310Pitch

bend, 349harmonics, 462, 473, 479height, 244manipulation, 369marks, 567mismatch, 571

Index 1923

modification, 566, 569, 571,785, 789, 1365, 1379

pattern completion, 247percept, 168, 183, 242–243,

246, 278, 281, 283perception, 168, 183, 241–243,

278, 281–283of random stimuli, 248shifting, 790–791, 793strength, 245theory, 183, 241–242, 247units, 244

Pitch-synchronous overlap-add(PSOLA), 369, 566

Plane-wave horn theory, 638Playback, 197, 231, 336, 409,

484–485, 560, 587, 660,677, 719, 773–775, 790,814, 838, 1865, 1880, 1895,1894

Plucked instrument, 420, 439–440Plucked or struck stringed, 408PODX (Poisson Distribution)

system, 340Point impedance models, 177Point of subjective equality

(PSE), 216Poisson model, 1383Polarization, 1249Pole-zero diagram, 466–468Polymer composites, 1809Polyphonic, 277–279, 284, 287,

291, 297, 299, 306, 318,341

Polyphonic transcription, 297Pore radius, 1173Pore shape, 1168Pore walls, 1173Poroelastic foams, 1178Poroelastic media, 1175Porosity, 1168Porous materials, 1167Porpoises, 1897, 1899, 1901,

1903–1905Positron emission tomography

(PET), 156, 168, 738–739Post-location processing,

1470–1471Postmasking, 232Poststack time migration, 1588Power spectral density (PSD), 27,

34, 42, 115, 495, 898Power spectrum, 26–27, 45–46,

92, 102, 160, 248, 280, 289,295, 298, 316, 475–476,487–489, 501, 764, 778,859, 1825, 1850, 1893

p-p method, 1116, 1118Preamplifier, 81, 674, 1120,

1250–1251, 1259–1260,1308, 1863

Predation risk, 1861, 1878, 1880Prediction error, 465–466, 1577Predictive quantization, 609Pre-echo, 654, 804, 809Preferred pairs, 95–96, 101Premasking, 233Preoptic nucleus, 1868Preprocessing, 162, 175, 185,

187–188, 205, 295, 514,559, 804, 1567, 1578

Pressure field, 1255, 1294Pressure gradient, 631, 999–1000,

1276–1277, 1283–1284,1851

Pressure-intensity index,1118–1120

Pressure-residual intensity,1119–1120

Prestack time migration, 1589Prestress, 1147Pretrigeminal nucleus, 1876–1877Prewhitening factor, 1575, 1577Primary calibration, 1294Primary frequencies, 1804Primary wave, 955, 1537Primitive polynomial (PP), 91Principal components analysis

(PCA), 294–296, 380, 383Principal co-ordinates, 1060,

1074Probabilistic relational models

(PRMs), 552Probability density function

(PDF), 10, 312, 452, 454,873, 1602, 1604, 1610,1729

Probability distribution,Bernoulli, 1597beta, 1598, 1600, 1603binomial, 1597chi-square, 1600exponential, 1596, 1597gamma, 1599generalized beta, 1598generalized lambda, 1598geometric, 1597Laplace, 1596levy-stable, 1595–1596lognormal, 1595, 1600maximum entropy, 1599Maxwell, 1600Pareto, 1596Poisson, 1596, 1597

power-law, 1596Rayleigh, 1385, 1600, 1747triangle, 1598uniform, 1598, 1600Weibull, 1597, 1601

Probe frequency, 232Processing gain, 1741, 1746Profile analysis, 237Progressive multi channel

correlation (PMCC),1425–1435, 1465–1466,1468, 1493–1494

Prominent portion, 224Propagation

loss, 634, 949, 1754modeling, 1434, 1498, 1503,

1679models, 1503–1505, 1512–1513,

1515, 1729, 1731, 1754phase, 1391

Propeller noise in aircraft,1076–1079

Prosody, 558–559, 563–566, 577modification, 558, 562–563,

566transplantation, 566

Proximity effect, 1277Proximo-distally Gaussian, 1207Pseudo-periodic (voiced) signal,

591Pseudo-random modulation, 491Pseudo-random noise, 74–75, 80Pseudo-reference speech signal,

514Psychoacoustic analysis,

803–804, 810Psychoacoustical model, 804Psychoacoustical roughness,

263–273Psychoacoustics, 215–227, 241,

801, 824Psychophysical methods,

216–220, 223, 226limitation of, 218–219

Psychophysical nomenclature,1203

p-u sound measurement systems,1116, 1120–1123

Public Switched TelephoneNetworks (PSTN),825–827, 915–916,918–919, 924

Pulse code modulation (PCM),605, 704, 805, 854

Pulse-transfer function, 1031Pythagorean tuning, 333, 345

1924 Index

Q values, 1844Q10 dB, 1871QCELP, 607Quadruplex model, 1203Quality chunk, 715Quality factor, 1530, 1790, 1810Quantile function, 1598–1599,

1602, 1604Quantisation, 450–455, 480–481,

609, 704, 712, 805–806, 854Quartz, 1314Quasi-constant frequency, 1837Quasi-free-field measurements,

78Quasi-stationary Signals, 62Questionnaires, 219

Radiation efficiency, 1123Radiation impedance, 626, 637,

938Random signal, 4Range dependent, 1671,

1674–1677Range estimation, 1737, 1741,

1743Range resolution, 1737,

1741–1744RASTI, 491, 677, 683Rate of convergence, 126Rating Method, 219Ray

based methods, 762, 1398model, 1443, 1503–1505, 1687,

1691parameter, 1443, 1447–1448,

1453theory, 1437, 1456–1457,

1503–1504tracing, 762, 794, 1386,

1437–1457, 1469, 1513,1553, 1589, 1591, 1629,1636, 1691

Rayleigh wave, 1179–1178,1527–1526, 1538–1539

Razor blade cut-and-splice, 705RCELP, 607–608Reactive intensity, 1111, 1122Real-time analyzers, 117Receiver matrix, 1561–1562Receiver Operating

Characteristics, 1697, 1740Reciprocal calibration, 641Reciprocal interpretation,

1207–1208Reciprocal pair, 95

Reciprocity technique, 1295,1297–1299, 1303

Reconstruction error, 288, 297,868

Reconstruction from LaserProjections, 1413,1415–1417

Recording checklist, 1866Recording gain, 1859, 1863Recruitment, 153–154, 165, 206,

252, 257, 259, 1221Recursive least squares (RLS),

126–127, 887–888Reed, 279, 409–412, 420, 423,

431–432Reel-rocking, 727–728Reference measurement, 73Reference signal, 125, 127, 129,

139, 495, 497–498, 500,506, 508–509, 512, 688,698, 847, 897, 904, 998,1026, 1029, 1032,1034–1037, 1040,1043–1045, 1046–1049,1051–1052, 1057, 1077,1081, 1092, 1102

Reflected wave, 1332Reflection

emissions, 164free surface, 1542operator, 1562, 1567–1568

Reflection coefficient, 404, 411,498–499, 951, 1538, 1563,1576, 1595, 1598, 1674,1725, 1733

Reflectivity estimation, 1568Reflectivity, 1673Reflex sympathetic dystrophy,

1220Refractive index, 1413Regularization, 134Regular-pulse excitation (RPE),

860, 862Relative amplitude spectral error,

381, 393Release call, 1875RELP coding, 858Reoptimization of DOAs, 1406Replica correlator, 1698, 1739Residual echo suppression, 884,

913Resonance chambers, 1268, 1271Resonator, 176, 400, 408, 444,

1280, 1356–1358, 1790,1792, 1868, 1876

Respiratory, 1185, 1876Reverberation

artificial, 1398control, 1399–1400phase, 1394–1395, 1397–1398spectrum, 1738, 1750strength, 1753surface, 1750time, 14, 66, 81, 116, 677–678,

766, 937, 1125, 1382water column, 1576

Revision of STI (STIr), 489Reynolds averaging, 1824Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes

(RANS), 430Ridge regression, 536–538, 540,

549RIFF (Resource Interchange File

Format), 712–715Robotization, 793Robust stability, 1089–1091,

1094, 1099, 1101Robust transmission, 856–857Robust vector quantization, 609Robustness, 126, 246, 284Room equalization, automatic

maintenance of, 687Room equalization., 684Room impulse response, 66, 90,

102–103, 677, 756, 794Room response equalizers,

657–669Room simulation, 786, 794Rotary, 785, 788–789Rotating diffuser, 103Rotating reflector (diffuser), 938Roughness, 254, 263, 1205

of amplitude-modulated tones,268, 272

calculation, 265dependency, 271specific, 265threshold, 264, 268, 273

Ruffini/Paciniform end organ,1189

Rules-based systems, 370, 560Runge-Kutta four-step algorithm,

1444Running autocorrelation

function, 183RWC Music Database, 327

S wave, 1526–1529, 1537–1538,1540–1542, 1646

Sabine formula, 680Sacculus, 1867Sampled-time system, 1082, 1098

Index 1925

Samplingperiod, 799rate, 799synthesis, 378, 409theory, 799

Satellite, 826, 885, 912, 915, 1878Saxophone, 422–423, 431–432Scaling method, 219Scanning laser doppler

vibrometer (SVM), 1404,1414, 1419

Scattering loss, 1673, 1675Search algorithm, 590, 1630,

1692, 1725, 1728, 1730Secondary calibration, 1293Secondary wave see S waveSegregating simultaneous sound

sources, 1852Seismic

arrays, 1655signal processing, 1560–1561,

1566, 1568–1569, 1575,1612, 1617

waves, 1526–1528, 1530–1531Seismogram, 1525, 1527, 1535,

1537–1538, 1587Seismology, 1506, 1523,

1526–1527, 1571–1581exploration, 1538–1539, 1595,

1605, 1657earthquake, 1539

Sensitivity function, 1053, 1083,1085–1086, 1090–1091,1098, 1100–1101

Sensor, kinematic viscosity, 984,999

Sensory substitution, 1218–1219,1231–1241

Separation of speech voices, 288Sequence modulation method,

957–961Sequential testing, 217Servo-control systems, 1082Servo-valves, 1142–1143Shaft vibration measurement,

1344Shallow water, 1670–1672, 1677,

1685, 1733, 1748, 1804,1863

Shear layer, 1823–1824Shear modulus, 424, 426,

1176–1177, 1179–1180Shear waves, 1176, 1526–1531,

1537–1539, 1542 see also Swaves

Shielding and scattering, 949Shift-and-add, 92, 93

Shimmer, 560Short-term memory, 206, 246,

812Short-time Fourier transform

(STFT), 47–49, 292–294,307, 366, 1365–1368,1370–1372

Short-time intensity, 1410Short-time spectral attenuation

(STSA), 778–779Sidelobes, 40–41, 142, 144, 970,

1715, 1719Sigma-Delta converters, 19SIGNAL, 1895–1896Signal

detectability, psychophysicaltheory of, 1011

detection theory, 218digitization, 853–856excess, 1754, 1760–1761follower, 1778model, 285–286, 289, 291, 293,

296, 362–363, 378,1559–1569, 1669–1693

reconstruction, 777, 1376subspace method, 1490

Signal classification, 4–12almost periodic, 7chaotic, 7cyclo-stationary, 10non-stationary random, 10periodic, 5–6stationary random, 10transient, 7

Signal correlation, 888, 890,1490, 1427

Signal processingalgorithms, 399, 484, 515, 691,

1560, 1568package Matlab®, 38scheme, 205, 207theory, 1426

Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 17,26, 71, 79, 79, 97, 103, 134,169, 185, 201, 206, 487,610, 663, 733, 778, 823,849, 898, 955, 967, 1284,1334, 1426–1427, 1429,1432, 1462, 1466, 1470,1474–1475, 1484, 1491,1574, 1588, 1655, 1657,1661, 1738, 1760, 1840,1859, 1905

Signal-to-quantisation noise ratio(SQNR), 453

Silence descriptor (SID), 606Similar material, 306

Similarity matrix, 313–318,320–321, 324, 328, 1895

Simmering, 348Simulated annealing, 1642,

1731–1732Simultaneous iterative

reconstruction technique(SIRT), 1639–1640

Simultaneous sample and hold,29

Simultaneous-evoked OAE, 163Sine law, 750Singer’s formant, 361Singing physical articulatory

synthesis model (SPASM),368

Singing synthesis, 360, 364, 367,369

Single crystal, 1352, 1783, 1789Single degree-of-freedom (SDOF)

system, 49Single flux quantum (SFQ), 1351Single input-single output, 12Single scattering, 1562–1564,

1567, 1647, 1662Single-ended or output-based

approach, 511Single-phoneme models, 370Single-reed woodwind, 409Singular value decomposition

(SVD), 1063–1066, 1075,1726–1727

Sinuosity or “shape factor”, 1170Sinusoidal model, 284–286, 288,

291, 366, 370, 572, 611,778, 793, 866, 1365, 1367,1370, 1379

Sinusoidal voice coding, 366–367Sinusoids plus noise model, 285Slant stacks see VespagramsSleep disturbance, 1006, 1010,

1016–1017Slotted cylinder, 1792, 1794–1795Slowness vector, 1445, 1655–1659Slow-phase modulation, 686SmartMusicKIOSK, 326–327Smooth time, 340–341, 344Smoothing, 312, 563, 570, 572SMV, 607Soft clipper, 407Soft formatting, 709Somatosensation, 1194, 1215SONAH (statistically optimal

NAH), 137, 144Sonar equation, 1744–1746, 1754,

1760–1761

1926 Index

Sonar, passive, 1717, 1743,1757–1761, 1767–1769,1772, 1773

Sone, 252, 257–258Song learning, 1892–1893Sonogram, 47, 1887, 1892, 1900Sound

absorbing andsound-insulating, 1168

attenuationcoefficient, 951measurement, 954, 959damping materials, 1176detection, 1851–1852energy level, 943–946exposure level, 43, 945,

1016–1017insulation, 1167intensity, 1109, 1283measurement, 1115, 1117, 1121localization, 182, 215, 731,

1845, 1862, 1872power, 933–946, 1109, 1121measurement of, 1289pressure method, 934–937,

944–946source distance (SSD),

1391–1392, 1397–1398speed profile, 1671, 1685,

1689–1690synthesis, 336, 399, 409

Sound designer I format, 711Sound field

calibrators, 1310–1311corrections, 1300, 1303visualizations, 1411

Sound file formats, 711Sound recordings, 668, 800, 809,

1862–1863, 1280, 1880Sound separation, 278, 284, 287Soundscapes, 353Source level, 1744–1745, 1749,

1751, 1760, 1804, 1807,1899, 1901, 1904–1905

Source matrix, 1561–1562Source separation, 165, 285–286,

295, 298, 793, 911Source spectrum, 1682Source-filter model, 361, 371,

464–466, 802Spaced microphone techniques,

756–758Spallanzani, 1835Sparse coding, 292–293, 296–297Sparse Gaussians, 522, 524, 527,

529Sparse temporal sampling, 170

Sparseness, 297Spatial aliasing, 142, 695, 902,

1403, 1426, 1428,1488–1489, 1510, 1556,1764

Spatial angular frequencies, 132Spatial event plots, 1207Spatial Fourier transform, 133,

136–137, 141, 1179–1180,1488

Spatial hearing, 747Spatial information, 1403Spatial low-pass filter, 134, 136Spatial processing, 1711, 1741,

1761–1762, 1765Spatial resolution, 131, 136,

168–169, 739, 901–902,1129, 1263, 1331, 1662,1716, 1739

Spatial window effects, 137Speaker adaptation, 524, 546Speakerphones or piston-phones,

19Specificity theory, 1202Spectral analysis, 33Spectral band replacement

(SBR), 600–601, 803, 814Spectral centroid, 308, 384,

391–392, 420–421Spectral components, phase, 236Spectral density, 233Spectral domain, 67, 69, 80, 298,

457, 472Spectral fluctuations, 420–421Spectral magnitude subtraction,

898Spectral pattern matching, 280Spectral pitch, 244–249Spectral resolution, 71, 259, 460,

480Spectral smoothing, 165, 289, 578Spectral subtraction, 594–593,

898Spectral techniques, 579Spectral tilt, 363, 384, 499, 508,

576, 578–579, 598–599Spectral-temporal modulations,

187Spectrogram, 293, 295–296, 307,

461–463, 481, 797, 798,1470, 1769–1770, 1772,1895

Spectro-temporal, 183, 185, 187,254–255

Spectrum scaling, 42Speech

acquisition, 1219, 1232

coding, 125, 188, 285, 449–450,464, 588, 590, 592, 601,603, 605, 607–609, 614,802, 824–827, 844, 853,855–857, 867, 876–877,916–916, 921

enhancement, 205, 898–899envelopes, 202, 494–497, 512intelligibility, 154, 187, 197,

200–202, 207, 209,483–488, 491–493,514–516, 822, 1273

index, 201, 491test, 197, 484, 488, 491models, 571-plus-noise mixture, 594production, 450–455quality, 492, 504, 509, 918–919

estimators of , 492tests, 484, 500, 504, 508

reception threshold (SRT),197–198

recognition sensitivity model,203

recordings, tools, 580synthesizers, 561transmission index, 201–202,

488–489, 677waveforms, 455, 463

Speech processing applications,450, 453, 457, 480

Speechreading, 732, 740Speech-to-noise ratio (SNR), 197,

503Split spread, 1547, 1551, 1554Split-step Fourier (SSF)

parabolic equation, 1506Spontaneous OAE, 162, 164Stable/transients separation, 793Stagnation region, 1822–1823Standard event bulletin (SEB),

1464, 1470Standard screened event bulletin

(SSEB), 1464Stapedius muscle, 150–151, 161,

176State equation, 1413, 1499, 1705,

1708–1709State transition matrix, 1705,

1708State vector, 1705, 1708Stationary random process, 10Statistical decision theory, 181,

203Statistical parametric mapping,

170

Index 1927

Steady state genetic algorithm(SSGA), 1158

Steepest descentalgorithm, 1038–1041,

1062–1063, 1066–1072,1075, 1077

method, 126, 1038, 1041Stereophonic setup, 748, 755–756Stereo tomopgrahy, 1643Stevens power law, 1195Stiff string, 401, 406Stiffness matrix, 427Stimulus pairs, 217Stimulus parameters, 220, 242,

254, 1207Stopwatch mechanism, 1839Stratospheric returns, 1500,

1508, 1511Stratum germinatium, 1186Stress-strain formulation, 425Striated time, 340–341Strict stationarity, 10Strictly positive real (SPR), 1047String instruments, 278–279, 392,

400, 442, 788–789Struck strings, 401, 406Structural waves, 1822Structure-based distance, 308Subconvective, 1827Subduction zones, 1526Subhar-monic applied in the

virtual-pitch theory, 247Subharmonics, 76Substitution schemes, 206Successive approximation (SA),

19Super Audio CD (SACD), 722, 800Superconducting quantum

interference devices(SQUIDs), 1351

Super-heterodyne principle, 77Superior olivary nucleus, 1868Superior temporal sulcus (STS),

739Supervised learning, 297, 308Suppression experiments, 237Suprathreshold distortions, 154Supremum, 1090Surface duct, 1669, 1683,

1687–1688Surface intensity method, 1121Surface-related multiple removal,

1568Sweep, 74–75, 90Swim bladder, 1852–1853, 1856,

1904Switching, 846

Syllable, 565, 734, 737,1894–1895, 1892

Sylvester equation, 534, 536, 540,544

Sylvester matrix, 534Synchronized overlap-add

(SOLA), 567Synthesis of the Singing Voice,

370–371Synthesis Tool Kit (STK), 406Synthesizers, 336, 364, 375, 385,

390, 560–561, 563,565–566, 578, 1880

Synthetic aperture, 1775System identification, 125System under test, 65, 67, 88, 97,

489

Tactile aid, 1231, 1233–1235,1237, 1239–1241

Tactile communication, 1219,1231, 1235, 1239

Tactile sensitivity, 1218Tactile vocoder, 1232, 1239Tactual roughness, 1205Talk tests, 835–836Talker echo loudness, 845Talking situation, 822, 824Tandem-free operation, 923Tape recorders, 704, 709, 1863,

1866, 1894, 1899Tape recording, 702–704, 706Tape saturation characteristics,

794Target cost, 564–565, 574Tau-p model, 1438, 1446–1448,

1505Teleseismic wave analysis, 1662Template matching, 775Temporal clipping, 924Temporal discontinuities, 496,

513Temporal fluctuations, 236Temporal integration, 185, 238,

259Temporal modulation transfer

functions (tMTFs), 180Temporal patterns, 219Temporal resolution, 184Temporal stream, 219–221, 223,

226–227Temporal summation,

1192–1193, 1198Temporal waveform, 236Terminal differentiation, 1186Testosterone, 1877

Text-to-speech (TTS), 557–559Texture

morphing, 333, 355patterns, 313–316score representation, 324sequences, 324

Thalamus, 1868, 1870Theory vs. model, 241Thermal characteristic length,

1168, 1174Thermal overload, 660Thermal runaway, 1809Thermoacoustics, 1356–1362

engines, 1356heat pump mode, 1356–1358resonator, 1356theory, 1350

Thermodynamic model, 405Thermospheric returns, 1500,

1512Thiele-small parameters, 633, 661Third Generation Partnership

Project (3GPP), 600Tikhonov filter, 135Tikhonov regularization, 1611Timbre, 341, 346, 420, 422, 440

attack and vibrato, 420models, 286morphing, 333, 341, 355variation, 423

Time aliasing, 74, 88Time alignment, 672, 684, 843Time and intensity pathway, 1873Time bandwidth product,

1740–1741, 1771Time delay

closure, 1427, 1465, 1493estimation algorithm, 496–497spectrometry, 77

Time dispersion, 1684–1685Time invariant, 12, 88, 97, 405,

408, 693, 901, 935Time panning, 754, 756Time resolution, 116Time stretched pulse, 80, 955, 958Time stretching, 351, 785,

790–791, 793Time structure, 91, 246Time warping, 1372–1379Time-domain

and frequency-domainalgorithms, 566

harmonic scaling (TDHS), 567model, 291–292, 579parabolic equation (TDPE)

model, 1503, 1510

1928 Index

Time-frequencyanalysis, 47components, 286

Time-harmonic representation,139

Time-lag matrix, 317, 320–323Time-lapse method, 1546Time-reversed excitation signal,

67Time-series analysis, 3Time-varying

amplitudes, 292, 389delay, 496–497, 843systems, 14

Tinfoil cylinder phonograph, 773Tomography

autoregressive technique, 1641cross-borehole, 1643, 1647double-difference, 1646global, 1646, 1648irregular grids, 1640local earthquake, 1646nullspace shuttle, 1639refraction, 1643stereo, 1643travel-time, 1636, 1642–1643,

1646X-ray, 168

TomoVes experiment, 1643–1645Tonal percept, 247Tonal stimuli, 244–247Tonotopic organization, 156Tortuosimeter, 1171Tortuosity, 1168Torus semicircularis, 1868Total energy density, 1289Tracking, 126, 1707, 1710Tractable, 1307, 1566–1568Trajectory models, 524, 528Transducer, 631–632, 642, 1349,

1783, 1798, 1801dynamic, 631–632, 660–661electric-to-acoustic, 1362electromagnetic, 632electromagnetic-acoustic, 631electronic data sheet, 1325electrostatic, 632flextensional, 1792, 1805membrane-based, 1268theory, 625, 641

Transduction, 1248Transfer function (TF), 65, 1381

complex, 65, 70Transfer matrix, 1561Transform coded eXcitation

(TCX), 601Transient detector, 1772

Transient signal, 7Transient-evoked emissions, 162Transitory hyperventilation, 1225Transmission

loss, 956, 1125, 1506–1507,1562, 1725, 1744–1745,1751, 1760–1761

path, acoustic, 71performance, background

noise, 825errors, 496, 602, 608–609, 827,

918error-free, 917packet based, 826, 916–918packet-switched, 877

Transmission line, 164, 176, 628,634, 826, 1202, 1298, 1798

loudspeakers, 634model, 177

nonlinear, 164Transmitting voltage response,

1799Transparent coding, 801, 804Transport equation, 1441, 1504Transversal filter, 125Transversal or tangential wave,

1538Travel time, 1441–1443,

1447–1451, 1456, 1469,1498, 1504–1505,1510–1511, 1523, 1537,1629, 1633, 1662,1690–1691, 1724, 1728

Traveling wave, 176, 402Tremolo, 343, 785, 788Triangulation, 973, 1330, 1625,

1776Triboelectric effect, 1320Trigger zone, 1220–1221Trills, 342–342Triode, 794Trombone, 423Tube distortion, 407Tukey window, 137Tuning curves, 230, 232–233,

1871Tuning fork tests, 151Turbulent boundary layer,

1822–1824, 1828Tweeter, 410, 649–650, 658,

660–661, 674Two component approach, 257Two-microphone technique,

1284Two-tone masking, 234, 237Two-tone suppression, 178, 1869,

1875

Two-way mismatch algorithm,378

Tympanometry, 160Tympanum, 149

Ultrasonicmeasurement techniques, 103non-destructive testing, 94tortuosimeter, 1172transducers, 624, 626, 637, 642,

1172Uncomfortable level (UCL), 258Underwater acoustics, 104, 691,

1676, 1678–1679, 1682,1715, 1723, 1725, 1729,1731, 1762

Unequal error protection (UEP),610, 871

Uniform shading, 142–143Unique Material Identifier

(UMID), 716Unitary pitch model, 283Unmodulated noise, 265Unpleasantness, 264Unvoiced sounds, 361, 363, 856

Vagal, 1876“Variable d” principle, 1280Variance distortionless response,

903Vector base amplitude panning

(VBAP), 751–752Vector quantization, 609,

860–861Vellus hair, 1186Velocity model building, 1590Velocity vector field, 1129, 1131Ventriloquism illusion, 732,

739–741Vertebrate evolution, 1870Vespagrams, 1658Vibrating tools, 1222Vibration damping, 1167Vibrato, 385, 788–789Vibrators, 1542, 1548Vibrotactile sensitivity, 1201,

1216Vibrotactile system, 1237Vibrotaction, 1196, 1203, 1216,

1219, 1241Virtual acoustics, 149, 200,

761–762, 1398Virtual earth, 1084Virtual musical instruments, 399Virtual tape, 727Virtual-pitch, 244–248

Index 1929

Viscous characteristic length,1168, 1174

Viscous friction, 1167, 1170Viterbi algorithm, 312, 868VMR-WB, 595, 604, 606–607, 611Vocal animals, 1861Vocal cords, 450–451, 464, 590,

1845–1846, 1876Vocal folds, 360–361, 363–364,

369, 560, 577, 580,1845–1845

Vocal timbre, 362Vocal tract, 360–361, 363–369,

450–451, 458, 464–466,468–471, 473, 475–476,478, 480–481, 514, 560,576, 855, 858

nodels, 364physical modeling, 368

Vocoder, 363–365, 369, 1365homomorphic, 365phase, 353, 364, 377–378,

1365–1366tactile, 1232, 1239

Voice activity detector (VAD),594, 603, 605, 918

Voice coding, sinusoidal, 366–367Voice coil impedance, 633Voice-controlled attenuation,

825, 844Voice enhancement devices, 925Voice modeling, principles of

singing, 360Voice morphing, 367Voice over Internet protocol

(VoIP), 493, 496, 605,612–613, 825, 844, 918

Voice quality, 575, 577–579Voiced sounds, 360–361, 845,

856, 859Volterra

expansion, 14kernels, 93series, 92, 636

Vowel consonant-vowel stimuli,733

Vowel recognition, 737

Walmsley’s method, 291–292Waterbed effect, 1092, 1096Water-house’s correction, 937Wave equation, 400–402, 628,

762, 1108, 1130, 1380,1440–1441, 1500, 1504,1506, 1512, 1526, 1561,

1566–1567, 1589–1590,1676–1678, 1681–1682,1724, 1776

migration, 1589WAVE Format, 713, 715Wave propagation

anisotropic elastic media,1536–1537

heterogeneous elastic media,1540

homogeneous, isotropic media,1537

isotropic elastic media, 1537porous media, 1541transversely isotropic media,

1539Wavefield

operators, 1559, 1568synthesis, 912

Waveform similarity overlap-add(WSOLA), 369

Wavefront construction (WC)technique, 1456

Waveguidedigital filter, 368mesh, 400, 762

Waveletanalysis, 49–50, 392mother, 49, 50shaping, 1574shrinkage, 779transformation, 439

Wavenumberintegration, 1676–1678leakage, 137space, 1132–1134spectrum, 133–135, 137, 1714vector, 133–134, 141–142, 1445,

1659, 1764Wavetable

index synthesis, 380, 382–383interpolation synthesis, 380multiple synthesis, 378–380,

385, 389synthesis, 375–376, 378,

380–381, 385, 387, 389, 394Weber’s law, 231Weberian ossicle, 1853Weighted count test, 1468Weighted speech signal, 597Weighting filter, 597–592, 787Weighting for sound

measurements, 108Weighting functions, 270Wet end, 1754

Whales, 1757, 1836, 1895,1897–1898, 1902–1905

Whisperization, 792Whistles, 1897, 1899White finger, 1222Whole body vibration, 1224Wideband

random noise, 248spectrogram, 461–463speech, 595–597, 601, 606, 608telephony, 492, 607, 614

Wiener filter, 779, 886, 898–899,902–903

Wiener-Levinson estimator, 1575Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD),

48–49smoothed pseudo, 48

Wind-corrected amplitude,1511–1512

Wind-generated turbulence, 1473Window function, 40–41, 134,

137–138, 377, 791, 970,1366, 1371, 1374

Windowexponential, 41, 134–135,

1399–1400optimum data, 53, 58–60, 62rectangular, 26, 40–41, 56, 79,

134, 137, 457spatial effects, 137spectral, 57tukey, 137

Wireless telephony, 493, 607WKBJ approximation, 1441Woofer, 649–650, 675Working standard (WS), 1302Wow and flutter, 774, 1864Wraparound, 1134Write-once-read-many (WORM),

709

Youla parameterisation, 1100Young Modulus, 424, 1177–1176

Zebra finch, 1894, 1896–1892Zech’s logarithm, 92Zero padding, 99, 138, 474Z-network, 109Zone of silence, 1454Z-transform, 54–56, 60, 367Zwicker model of loudness, 254,

257Zwicker’s and Terhardt’s formula,

235Zwislocki’s theory, 1192–1193

Cumulative Contents

Editor Biographies vEditorial Board viiPreface ixAcknowledgments xiContributors xvii

PART I ACOUSTIC SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 11 Signals and Systems 3

1 Temporal Signal Classification 42 System Definition and Classification 12

2 Acoustic Data Acquisition 171 Electronic Noise 172 Analog-to-Digital Conversion 193 Anti-aliasing Filters 224 Basic Digital Signal Calibration 245 Multichannel System Calibration 286 Data Validation and Diagnostic Techniques Summary 31

3 Spectral Analysis and Correlation 331 Introduction 332 The Fourier Transform and Variants 353 Practical FFT Analysis 404 Spectral Analysis Using Filters 435 Correlation Functions 446 Time–Frequency Analysis 47

1932 Cumulative Contents

4 The FF T and Tone Identification 531 Introduction 532 The FFT (and DFT) 543 Leakage 554 Windows 575 Estimation of Amplitude, Frequency, and Phase 596 Applications 62

5 Measuring Transfer-Functions and Impulse Responses 651 Introduction 652 Measurement Methods 663 Excitation Signals 79

6 Digital Sequences 871 Introduction 872 Golay Codes 873 Binary Maximum-Length Sequences 904 Fast MLS Transform (FMT) 975 Gold and Kasami Sequences 1006 Legendre Sequences 1027 Application Remarks 103

7 Filters 1071 Introduction 1072 Frequency Weightings 1083 Octave- and Fractional-Octave-Bandpass Filters 1124 Phase Linear Filters 1195 In-Phase/Quadrature Filters 1216 Perceptual Masking Filters 122

8 Adaptive Processing 1251 Introduction 1252 The LMS Algorithm 1263 Adaptive Applications 128

9 Beamforming and Wavenumber Processing 1311 Planar Nearfield Acoustical Holography 1312 Beamforming 139

Cumulative Contents 1933

PART II AUDITORY SYSTEM AND HEARING 14510 Anatomy, Physiology and Function of the Auditory System 147

1 External Ear 1472 Middle Ear 1493 Inner Ear 1514 Auditory Pathway 154

11 Physiological Measures of Auditory Function 1591 Head-Related Transfer Functions 1602 Tympanometry 1603 Acoustic Middle Ear Reflex 1614 Otoacoustic Emissions 1625 Evoked Potentials 1666 Functional Imaging of the Auditory System 168

12 Auditory Processing Models 1751 External and Middle Ear Transformation 1762 Cochlear Transformation 1763 Examples of Brainstem Processing Models 1784 Models of Auditory Perception 1805 Applications of Auditory Models 187

13 Speech Intelligibility 1971 Speech Intelligibility 1972 Measurement Methods 1993 Factors Influencing Speech Intelligibility 2004 Prediction Methods 201

14 Signal Processing in Hearing Aids 2051 Basic Approach to the Rehabilitation of Hearing Deficiencies 2052 Factors of Hearing Impairment and Rehabilitation Strategies 2063 Limitations of Current Rehabilitation Strategies 2094 Conclusions 209

PART III PSYCHOACOUSTICS 21315 Methods for Psychoacoustics in Relation

to Long-Term Sounds 2151 Introduction 2152 Methods for Psychoacoustics 216

1934 Cumulative Contents

3 Information Processing along the Temporal Stream –The Method of Continuous Judgment by Category 220

4 Information Processing in Hearing – Summary 226

16 Masking and Critical Bands 2291 Introduction 2292 Description of Masking Effects 2303 Critical Bands in Psychoacoustical Experiments 2334 Approximations of Auditory Filter Bandwidth 2345 Limits of the Critical Band Concept 2366 Modeling Auditory Masking 2387 Conclusions 238

17 Aspects of Modeling Pitch Perception 2411 Introduction 2412 Basic Issues 2413 Pitch of Tonal Stimuli 2444 Pitch of Random Stimuli 248

18 Calculation of Loudness for Normaland Hearing-Impaired Listeners 2511 Introduction 2512 Model 2543 Conclusions 260

19 Psychoacoustical Roughness 2631 Introduction 2632 Roughness in Dependence of Signal Parameters 2643 Roughness Calculation 265

PART IV MUSICAL ACOUSTICS 27520 Automatic Music Transcription 277

1 Introduction 2772 Musical Sounds and F0 Estimation 2783 Auditory Model-Based Multiple-F0 Analysis 2814 Sound Separation Using Sinusoidal Modeling 2845 Statistical Inference Within Parametric Signal Models 2896 Unsupervised Learning Techniques 2927 Summary and Conclusions 298

Cumulative Contents 1935

21 Music Structure Analysis from Acoustic Signals 3051 Introduction 3052 Features and Similarity Measures 3073 Segmentation 3094 The Similarity Matrix 3135 Finding Repeating Sequences 3176 Music Summary 3247 Evaluation 3278 Summary and Conclusions 327

22 Computer Music Synthesis and Composition 3331 Introduction 3332 Music with Live Performers 3343 Form, Structure and Time 3404 Timbre and Texture 3415 Tuning Systems 3446 Musique Concrete and Collage 3507 Environments 3538 Conclusion 355

23 Singing Voice Analysis, Synthesis, and Modeling 3591 Introduction 3592 Principles of Singing Voice Modeling 3603 Models of the Glottal Source 3624 Models of the Vocal Tract 3645 Synthesis of the Singing Voice 3706 Conclusion 371

24 Instrument Modeling and Synthesis 3751 Introduction 3752 Spectral Analysis 3773 Wavetable Synthesis 3784 Wavetable Matching 3815 Frequency Modulation (FM) Synthesis Models 3856 Frequency Modulation Matching 3917 Conclusions 394

25 Digital Waveguide Architecturesfor Virtual Musical Instruments 3991 Introduction 3992 Vibrating Strings 4003 Wind Instruments 4094 Recommended Reading 412

1936 Cumulative Contents

26 Modeling of Musical Instruments 4191 Introduction 4192 Finite-Element Formulation 4253 Finite-Difference Formulation 4274 Turbulent k− � Model of Flute-Like Instruments 4285 Multiphonics in Blown Instruments in Terms

of a Split-Phase Pressure Description 4316 Time-Dependent Model of a Classical Guitar Body 4367 Guitar Back-Plate Timbre Brightening by Stress Bending 4408 Church Bell Clapper Time-Dependent Striking Force 442

PART V SPEECH 44727 Display and Analysis of Speech 449

1 Introduction 4492 Speech Production, Sampling and Quantisation 4503 Display of Speech Waveforms 4554 Analysis of Speech Waveforms 4635 Conclusion 481

28 Estimation of Speech Intelligibility and Quality 4831 Introduction 4832 Estimators of Speech Intelligibility 4853 Estimators of Speech Quality in Telecommunications 4924 Conclusion 514

29 Gaussian Models in Automatic Speech Recognition 5211 Introduction 5222 Background 5253 Training Regularized Gaussian Decompositions 5324 Training Shared Regularized Gaussian Decompositions 5415 A Generalized EM Procedure 5496 Conclusions 550

30 Speech Synthesis 5571 Concatenative Text-to-Speech Synthesis 5582 Prosody Modification 5653 Smoothing 5704 Estimation of Unit Selection Costs 5735 Voice Quality/Speaker Modification and Other Open Issues 5756 Further Reading and Relevant Resources 581

Cumulative Contents 1937

31 Speech Coders 5871 Introduction 5872 Speech Coding Concepts 5883 Issues Related to Input Conditions 5914 Issues Related to Channel Conditions 6025 Current Developments and Future Challenges 614

PART VI AUDIO ENGINEERING 62132 Transducer Models 623

1 Modelling Fundamentals 6232 Historical Introduction 6243 Current Literature Overview 6254 Overview of the Models 6255 Classical Principles 6286 Fundamentals of Transducers 6317 Dynamic Loudspeakers 6328 Horn Loudspeakers 6389 Electrostatic Loudspeakers 64010 Microphones 64011 Piezoelectric Transducers for Ultrasonic

and Underwater Applications 642

33 Loudspeaker Design and Performance Evaluation 6491 Loudspeaker as a System Design Problem 6492 Crossover Filters 6513 Frequency Response Equalization 6554 Room Response Equalizers 6575 System Delay and Delay Variation 6596 Protection 6607 Understanding Loudspeaker Operation by Modeling 6618 Acoustic Measurement Techniques 6629 Listening Tests 664

34 PA Systems for Indoor and Outdoor 6691 Introduction 6692 The PA System 6713 Planning and Setting Up the Loudspeakers 6764 Sound Indoors 6795 Sound Outdoors 6826 Measurement Methods 6837 Special Issues on Signal Processing for PA Systems 684

1938 Cumulative Contents

35 Beamforming for Speech and Audio Signals 6911 The Basic Concept 6922 Data-Independent Beamforming 6933 Differential Microphone Arrays 6964 Statistically Optimum Beamformers 6975 Blind Source Separation as Blind Beamforming 6996 Concluding Remarks 700

36 Digital Audio Recording Formats and Editing Principles 7031 Digital Tape Recording 7032 Digital Recording on Computer Mass Storage Media 7073 Consumer Digital Formats 7184 Digital Audio Editing Using Mass Storage Media 723

37 Audiovisual Interaction 7311 Audiovisual Space 7312 Audiovisual Speech 7323 Neural Basis of Audiovisual Perception 738

38 Multichannel Sound Reproduction 7471 Introduction 7472 Concepts of Spatial Hearing by Humans 7473 Loudspeaker Layouts 7484 Reproduction Methods 7505 Capturing Sound for Multichannel Audio 755

39 Virtual Acoustics 7611 Introduction 7612 Auralization and Signal Processing 7623 Waveguide Meshes in Room Acoustics 766

40 Audio Restoration 7731 A Brief History of the Recording Technology 7732 Aims and Problems 7733 Overview of Digital Audio Restoration 7744 Future Directions 780

41 Audio Effects Generation 7851 Filters and Delays 7862 Tremolo, Vibrato and Rotary Speaker 7883 Chorus, Flanger and Phaser 7894 Pitch Shifting and Time Stretching 790

Cumulative Contents 1939

5 Dynamics Processing 7936 Room Simulation 794

42 Perceptually Based Audio Coding 7971 Introduction 7972 Transparent Coding: General Strategy 8013 Transparent Coding: Specific Examples 8044 Subjective Evaluation of Sound Quality 8115 Objective Evaluation of Sound Quality 8136 Concluding Remarks 814

PART VII TELECOMMUNICATIONS 81943 Speech Communication and Telephone Networks 821

1 General Aspects of Speech Communication 8212 Modern Telephone Networks 825

44 Methods of Determining the Communicational Qualityof Speech Transmission Systems 8311 Assessment Methods 8312 Subjective Assessment 8323 Objective Methodologies 8384 Network Planning 848

45 Efficient Speech Coding and TransmissionOver Noisy Channels 8531 Introduction and Fundamentals 8532 Speech Coding 8573 Speech Transmission over Noisy Channels 8674 Further Work, Results and Literature 877

46 Echo Cancellation 8831 Echo Cancellation and Suppression 883

47 Noise Reduction and Interference Cancellation 8971 Single-Channel Techniques 8982 Multichannel Techniques 9003 Blind Signal Separation of Convolutive Mixtures 904

48 Terminals and Their Influence on Communication Quality 9091 Acoustic Interfaces 910

1940 Cumulative Contents

49 Networks and Their Influence on Communication Quality 9151 PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Networks) 9152 Packet-Based Transmission 9163 Mobile Networks 918

50 Interaction of Terminals, Networksand Network Configurations 9211 Tandeming of Speech Coders 9212 Delay 9233 Tandeming of Speech Echo Cancellers 9234 Tandeming VAD and NLP 9245 Other Signal Processing 925

List of Important Abberviations 927

PART VIII NOISE 93151 Sound Levels of Noise Sources 933

1 Sound Power Level 9332 Sound Energy Level 943

52 Outdoor Measurements 9491 Measurement of Acoustical Properties of Ground

Surfaces – Hideki Tachibana 9492 Measurement of Shielding Effect of Noise

Barriers – Kohei Yamamoto and Yasushi Miki 9533 Measurement of Sound Attenuation for Long-Distance

Propagation Outdoors – Yasushi Miki 9594 Noise Sources in Road and Railway Transport – Yasushi Takano 9635 Detection of Aircraft Sound Events – Ichiro Yamada 972

53 Measurements of Physical Characteristics Using Soundat Audible or Lower Frequencies 9831 Acoustic Micrometer [59] 9842 Acoustic Volume Meter [45,51] 9863 Acoustic Surface Area Meter [56] 9894 Acoustic Rate Gyro [35] 9955 Acoustic Impedance Flowmeter [18] 9966 Chopper Microphone [29] 9977 Kinematic Viscosity Sensor [27] 999

Cumulative Contents 1941

54 Community Response to Noise 10051 Statistical Character of Environmental Noise in Populated Areas 10062 Predicting the Annoyance of Environmental Noise 10083 Predicting Sleep Disturbance 10164 Predicting the Likelihood of Noise-Induced Complaints 10175 Summary 1018

PART IX ACTIVE NOISE CONTROL 1021Introduction 1023

55 Forward Control in Single-Channel Systems 10291 Introduction 10292 Control of Deterministic Disturbances 10333 Adaptive FIR Controllers 10434 Equivalent Feedback Controller 1051

56 Forward Control in Multichannel Systems 10571 Introduction 10572 Optimal Control of Tonal Disturbances 10583 Steepest Descent Algorithms 10624 Trade-Off Between Error Attenuation and Control Effort:

The Leaky Algorithm 10705 Robustness to Plant Uncertainties and Plant Model Errors 10726 Applications: Controlling Propeller Noise in Aircraft 1076

57 Feedback Control Systems 10811 Introduction 10812 Analogue Controllers 10863 Application: Active Headsets 10944 Digital Controllers 10985 Hybrid Feedback Controllers 1102

PART X STRUCTURAL ACOUSTICSAND VIBRATION 1107

58 Intensity Techniques 11091 Introduction 11092 Sound Intensity and Sound Power 11093 Active and Reactive Sound Fields 1111

1942 Cumulative Contents

4 Measurement of Sound Intensity 11155 Applications of Sound Intensity 1122

59 Nearfield Acoustical Holography 11291 Introduction 11292 Planar Nearfield Acoustical Holography 11303 Cylindrical Nearfield Acoustical Holography 11354 Spherical and General Surface Nearfield Acoustical Holography 1137

60 Actuator Design and Deployment 11411 Introduction 11412 Actuator Design 11423 Actuator Deployment Using Genetic Algorithms 1151

61 Materials Testing 11671 Introduction 11672 Sound Propagation in Rigid Porous Materials 11683 Sound Propagation in Elastic Porous Materials 1175

PART XI BIORESPONSE TO VIBRATION 118362 Tactile Responses to Vibration 1185

1 Introduction 11852 Neural Structures 11883 Thresholds of Detection in the Temporal and Spatial Domains 11904 Suprathreshold Responses 11945 Subject Variables 11976 The Four-Channel Model of Cutaneous Mechanoreception 12027 Roughness and Texture 12058 Biophysics 1206

63 Uses and Applications of Somatosensation 12151 Introduction 12152 Intermodality Interactions 12163 Sensory Substitution 12184 Health 12195 Environmental Well-Being 12216 Whole Body Vibration 1224

64 Sensory Substitution 12311 Introduction 12312 Temporal Gap Detection 1234

Cumulative Contents 1943

3 User Variables 12354 Practical Design Considerations 12355 Mechanical Stimulators 12366 Electrical Stimulators 12367 Coding 12378 The Systems 12399 Training 1239

PART XII TRANSDUCERS FOR ACOUSTICMEASUREMENT 1245

65 Condenser Microphones 12471 Introduction 12472 General Principle 12473 Transduction 12484 Preamplifiers 12505 Sensitivity 12526 Frequency Response 12527 Microphones and Sound Fields 12558 Critical Design Parameters and Materials 12579 Acoustic Impedance of Diaphragm 125810 Dynamic Range 126011 Microphones and International Microphone Standards 126212 Microphones of Other Designs and Materials 1263

66 Dynamic Pressure Microphones 12671 Introduction 12672 Driving the Membrane 12683 Generating the Electric Output 12704 Advantages and Limitations 1271

67 Dynamic Pressure Difference Microphones 12751 Introduction 12752 The Frequency Response of a Dynamic Pressure

Difference Microphone 12753 The Directional Response of a Pressure Difference

Microphone 12784 The Ribbon Microphone 12785 Cardioids and Other Directivity Patterns 12796 Interference Microphones 12807 Reflectors 12818 Fixed and Variable Arrays 1281

1944 Cumulative Contents

68 The Microflown Particle Velocity Sensor 12831 Introduction 12832 The Microflown Transducer 12853 Limitations 12864 Calibration 12885 Applications 1288

69 Microphone Calibration 12931 Introduction 12932 Calibrations Performed at Primary and Secondary Levels 12933 Principal Types of Sound Field and Microphone Responses 12944 Laboratory Standard Microphones Suited for Primary

Calibration 12955 Principle of Microphone Reciprocity Calibration 12956 Primary Pressure Response Calibration by

Reciprocity Technique 12977 Primary Free-Field Response Calibration by

Reciprocity Technique 12998 Sound Field Corrections of Laboratory Standard

and Measurement Microphones 13009 Determination of Diffuse-Field Frequency Response 130010 Working Standard Microphones 130211 Sensitivity and Frequency Response Calibration

by Comparison 130312 Frequency Response Calibration by Electrostatic Actuator 130413 Free-Field Response Calibration by Free-Field Comparison 130714 Traceability and Accreditation 130715 Dynamic Linearity 130816 Field Calibration with Sound Field Calibrators 1310

70 Piezoceramic Accelerometer 13131 Introduction 13132 Technology Fundamentals 13133 Construction 13164 Selecting and Specifying 13195 Mounting 13236 Latest and Future Developments 13257 List of Applicable Standards 1326

71 Laser Doppler Velocimeter 13291 Introduction 13292 Operation Principle 1332

Cumulative Contents 1945

3 Basic Construction 13334 Applications 1337

72 Capacitive Sensors 13391 Principle of Operation 13392 Some Useful Advice for Capacitive Sensors 13433 Applications 1344

PART XIII ENGINEERING ACOUSTICS 134773 Energy Saving Transducers and Thermoacoustics 1349

1 Introduction 13492 Challenges to Improving Dynamic Speakers 13503 Superconductive Loudspeakers 13514 Electrostatic Loudspeakers 13545 One-Bit Driving 13566 Thermoacoustics 13567 Summary 1362

74 Sinusoidal Representation of Acoustic Signals 13651 Introduction 13652 Phase Vocoder 13653 Sinusoidal Model 13674 Sinusoidal Model for Rapidly Changing Signal 13705 Time-Scale and Pitch Modification 1379

75 Room Transfer Function 13811 Introduction 13812 Modal Expansion of the TF 13813 Distribution of Eigenfrequencies 13824 Chaotic Properties of Ray Tracing and Eigenfrequency Distribution 13865 Distribution of Zeros 13886 Phase Response of Room TF 13907 Control of Magnitude and Phase for Artificial

Reverberation Rendering 1398

76 Spatial Information of Sound Fields 14031 Introduction 14032 DOA Estimation 14043 Spatial Information Measurement: Four Closely Located Point

Microphones Method 14084 Sound Field Measurement Using a Laser 14115 Summary 1417

1946 Cumulative Contents

PART XIV INFRASONICS 142377 Infrasound Event Detection Using the Progressive

Multi-Channel Correlation Algorithm 14251 Introduction 14252 Correlation: The Basic Component of PMCC 14273 PMCC Configuration 14294 Processing Examples 1430

78 Ray Tracing in an Inhomogeneous Atmospherewith Winds 14371 Historical Introduction 14372 Atmospheric Variability 14393 Geometrical Acoustics 14394 Concluding Remarks 1456

79 Infrasonic Data Processing at the Provisional TechnicalSecretariat of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-BanOrganization 14611 Overview of IDC Processing 14632 Infrasonic Station Processing at the IDC 14643 Automatic Network Processing 14674 Interactive Processing 14695 Post-location Processing 1470

80 The Design and Performance of InfrasoundNoise-Reducing Pipe Arrays 14731 Introduction 14732 Historical Background 14743 Design Principles for a Robust Infrasonic Noise-Reducing System 14754 Noise-Reducing Pipe Array Design and Performance 14775 Conclusion 1485

81 Processing Infrasonic Array Data 14871 Array Processing 14872 Bearing Estimation 14873 Signal Detection and Enhancement 1492

82 Infrasound Propagation 14971 Introduction 14972 Relevant Physics and Issues 1499

Cumulative Contents 1947

3 Propagation Models 15034 Summary and Future Direction 1512

PART XV SEISMOLOGY 152183 Structure and Elastic Properties of the Earth 1523

1 Why Seismology is Studied 15232 Structure and Composition of the Earth 15233 Seismic Waves 15264 Elastic Properties of the Earth 15285 Commercial Seismology 1531

84 Seismic Wave Propagation 15351 Introduction 15352 Medium Models 15363 Reflections of Plane Wave 1542

85 Seismic Data Acquisition 15451 Introduction 15452 The Acquisition System 15463 Signal-to-Noise Quality 15504 Sampling for Migration Imaging 1554

86 Signal Models in Seismic Processing 15591 Introduction 15592 The Data Matrix 15603 Source, Transfer and Receiver Matrices 15614 Accuracy and Tractability in Seismic Signal Models 1566

87 Deconvolution and Optimal Filtering in Seismology 15711 Introduction 15712 Deconvolution with Known Source Signatures 15723 Deconvolution with Unknown Source Signatures 15754 Conclusions 1580

88 Seismic Migration Imaging 15851 Introduction 15852 The Migration Problem 15863 Time Migration 15884 Depth Migration 1589

1948 Cumulative Contents

89 Geophysical Parameter Estimation 15931 Introduction 15932 Model Selection 15943 Information Assessment 16064 Estimator Selection 16105 Estimator Validation 16166 Conclusion 1617

90 Earthquake Localization 16271 Introduction 16272 The Location Problem 16273 Geiger’s Method 16294 Grid Search 16305 Methods to Reduce Uncertainty 1630

91 Seismic Tomography 16351 Introduction 16352 Seismic Travel-Time Tomography 16363 Examples of Travel-Time Tomography 16434 Extensions of Travel-Time Tomography 1646

92 Array Signal Processing 16551 Introduction 16552 Slowness, Backazimuth and the Complete Slowness Vector 16553 Array Methods 16564 Array Configurations 1663

PART XVI UNDERWATER ANDOCEANOGRAPHIC ACOUSTICS 1667

93 Propagation and Signal Modeling 16691 Introduction 16692 The Ocean Acoustic Environment 16703 Numerical Modeling Techniques 16754 Time-Harmonic Solutions of Separable Problems 16785 Time-Harmonic Solutions of Non-Separable Problems 16796 Pulse Solutions by Fourier Synthesis 16827 Signal Simulation Examples 16828 Summary 1692

Cumulative Contents 1949

94 Statistical Signal Processing 16951 Background 16952 Detection 16973 Estimation 16994 Spatial Processing and Arrays 1710

95 Inverse Problems in Underwater Acoustics 17231 Introduction 17232 Linear Inverse Problems 17253 Linearized Inversion 17274 Nonlinear Inverse Problems 17285 Matched Field Inversion 1729

96 Active Sonar 17371 Introduction 17372 The Sonar Signal 17383 Sonar System Design 17434 Performance Analysis 17445 Discussion 1754

97 Passive Sonar 17571 Introduction 17572 Passive Sonar Systems 17583 The Passive Sonar Equation 17604 Spatial Processing and Array Gain 17615 Detectors 17686 Classification 17727 Localization 1773

98 Transducers for Sonar Systems 17831 Transduction Materials 17832 Conventional Designs and Modeling Approaches 17903 Broad Bandwidth Transducer Designs 17984 Considerations for Remotely Operated Undersea Vehicles 1807

99 Flow Noise 18211 Introduction 18212 Flow-Induced Noise in Hull-Mounted Sonar Systems 18223 Transition Zone Noise Scaling 18234 Turbulent Boundary Layer Wall Pressure Fluctuations 18235 Transducer Size and Array Effects 1827

1950 Cumulative Contents

PART XVII ANIMAL BIOACOUSTICS 1833100 Bat Bioacoustics 1835

1 Introduction 18352 Recording and Monitoring Systems 18363 Call Characteristics 18374 Echolocation Performance and Models 18385 Hearing Performance and Models 18446 Stimulus generation 18457 Archives and Databases 1847

101 Fish Bioacoustics 18511 Recording and Monitoring Systems 18512 Hearing Performance 18513 Vocalization Sounds 18554 Locating and Tracking 18575 Archives and Databases 1858

102 Amphibian Bioacoustics 18611 Recording and Monitoring Systems 18622 Hearing Performance and Modelling 18663 Characteristics of Anuran Calls 18754 Stimulus Generation – Synthesized Calls 18805 Archives and Databases of Signals 1880

103 Avian Bioacoustics 18871 Recording and Monitoring Systems 18872 Hearing Performance 18903 Characteristics of Songs and Calls 18914 Archives and Databases of Signals 1894

104 Cetacean Bioacoustics with Emphasison Recording and Monitoring 1897

1 Recording and Monitoring Systems 18982 Locating and Tracking 19013 Echolocation Models 1903

Index 1909