list of countries and capitals with currency and language

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Africa

List of countries and capitals with currency andlanguageFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of sovereign states and dependent territories of the world by continent, displayed with their respectivenational flags and capitals,including their respective currency and native language.

This list divides the world using the seven-continent model, with islands grouped into adjacent continents. Thecontinents are:

Africa

Asia

Europe

North America

South America

Oceania (a geopolitical region which includes the continent of Australia and the Pacific Islands)Antarctica

In other models, Asia and Europe can be combined as Eurasia, while North and South America can be combinedas the Americas (for a detailed description of how the world is divided into continents, including differentmodels, see here).

There are sovereign states and dependent territories that can be considered to belong to more than one continent,according to geographical, political, or historical criteria.

Contents

1 Africa2 Asia

3 Europe4 North America

5 South America

6 Oceania

7 Antarctica

8 See also

9 Notes

10 References

11 External links

Africa

Main articles: Africa and List of sovereign states and



Area 30,221,532 km2 (11,668,599 sq mi)

Population 1,032,532,974[1] (2011, 2nd)

Pop. density 30.51/km2 (about 80/sq mi)

Countries 57 (list of countries)

Languages Languages of Africa

Time Zones UTC-1 to UTC+4

dependent territories in Africa

Further information: Geography of Africa

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territoriesin Africa with geographical data such as area,population, and population density, see here.

Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.2 million km (11.7 millionsq mi) including adjacent islands, it covers six percent of theEarth's total surface area and 20.4 percent of the total land

area.[2] With 1.0 billion people (as of 2009, see table), itaccounts for about 15% of the world's human population.The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to thenorth, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the SinaiPeninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast,and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includesMadagascar and various archipelagoes. It has 54 fullyrecognized sovereign states ("countries"), 9 territories and

three de facto states with limited recognition.[3]

Africa, particularly central Eastern Africa, is widely acceptedas the origin of humans and the Hominidae clade (greatapes), as evidenced by the discovery of the earliest hominids and their ancestors, as well as later ones that havebeen dated to around seven million years ago including Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecusafricanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster with the earliest Homo sapiens (modern

human) found in Ethiopia being dated to circa 200,000 years ago.[4] Africa straddles the equator and encompassesnumerous climate areas; it is the only continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate

zones.[5] The African expected economic growth rate is at about 5.0% for 2010 and 5.5% in 2011.[6]

Flag Name Capital CurrencyOfficial

language

Algeria Algiers Budju Arabic

Angola Luanda Angolar Portuguese

BeninPorto-Novo (official)

Cotonou (seat of government)

West African

CFA francFrench

Botswana Gaborone PulaEnglishSetswana

Burkina Faso OuagadougouWest AfricanCFA franc

French

Burundi Bujumbura RupieKirundi

French

Central



Cameroon Yaound

Central

African CFA

franc

French

English

Cape Verde PraiaCape Verdeanescudo

Portuguese

Central African

RepublicBangui

CentralAfrican CFA

franc

French

Sango

Chad N'DjamenaCentralAfrican CFA

franc

FrenchArabic

Comoros MoroniComorianfranc

ComorianArabic

French

Congo (Congo-Brazzaville)

Brazzaville

Central

African CFAfranc

French

Cte d'Ivoire (Ivory

Coast)

Yamoussoukro (official)

Abidjan (seat of government)

West African

CFA francFrench

Democratic Republic ofthe Congo (Congo-

Kinshasa)

KinshasaCongolesefranc

French

Djibouti DjiboutiDjiboutian

franc

French

Arabic

Egypt Cairo Egyptian gineih Arabic

Equatorial Guinea MalaboEquatorialGuinean

peseta

SpanishFrench

Portuguese

Eritrea Asmara TalleroTigrinyaArabic

English

Ethiopia Addis Ababa Birr Amharic

Gabon Libreville

Central

African CFA

franc

French

Gambia BanjulBritish WestAfrican pound

MandinkaEnglish

Ghana AccraBritish West

African pound

English

Akan



Guinea Conakry Guinean franc French

Guinea-Bissau BissauWest African

CFA francPortuguese

Kenya Nairobi Kenyan shillingSwahili

English

Lesotho Maseru Lesotho lotiEnglish

Sesotho

Liberia Monrovia Liberian dollar English

Libya Tripoli Dinar Arabic

Madagascar AntananarivoMalagasyariary

MalagasyFrench

Malawi Lilongwe KwachaEnglish

Chichewa

Mali BamakoWest African

CFA francFrench

Mauritania Nouakchott Ouguiya Arabic

Mauritius Port LouisMauritian

rupee

MauritianCreole

French

English

Mayotte Mamoudzou Euro French

Morocco RabatMoroccan

dirham

Arabic

Berber

Mozambique MaputoMozambican

meticalPortuguese

Namibia WindhoekNamibian

dollarEnglish

Niger NiameyWest African

CFA francFrench

Nigeria Abuja Naira English

Runion Saint-DenisOverseasdepartment of

France

Rwanda KigaliRwandan

franc

Kinyarwanda

English



French

Saint Helena, Ascension

and Tristan da Cunha

Jamestown (Saint Helena)

Georgetown (Ascension Island)

Edinburgh of the Seven Seas (Tristan daCunha)

Saint Helenapound

Pound sterlingEnglish

Sao Tome and Principe So Tom Dobra Portuguese

Senegal Dakar CFA franc French

Seychelles VictoriaSeychelloisrupee

Seychellois

CreoleFrench

English

Sierra Leone Freetown Leone English

Somalia Mogadishu Somali shillingSomaliArabic

Somaliland HargeisaSomalilandshilling

SomaliArabic

South Africa

Pretoria (administrative/executive)

Cape Town (legislative)Bloemfontein (judicial)

South Africanrand

Afrikaans

English

Southern

NdebeleNorthern

Sotho

SouthernSotho

Swazi

Tsonga

TswanaVenda

Xhosa

Zulu

South Sudan Juba

South

Sudanesepound

English

Sudan KhartoumSudanesepound

ArabicEnglish

SwazilandMbabane (administrative)

Lobamba (royal and legislative)Lilangeni

English

Swati

TanzaniaDodoma (official)

Dar es Salaam (seat of government)

Tanzanian

shilling

Swahili

English



Asia

Area 44,579,000 km2

(17,212,000 sq mi)[7]

Population 3,879,000,000 (1st)[8]

Pop.

density

87/km2 (225/sq mi)


Languages List of languages

Togo Lom CFA franc French

Tunisia Tunis Tunisian dinar Arabic

Uganda KampalaUgandan

shilling

Swahili

English

None Western SaharaNone Disputed territory between Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab

Democratic Republic

Moroccan

dirhamAlgerian dinar

Mauritanian

ouguiya

Seerespective

claimants

Zambia LusakaZambian

kwachaEnglish

Zimbabwe Harare various

English

ShonaSindebele

Asia

Main articles: Asia and List of sovereign states anddependent territories in Asia

See also: Eurasia and List of sovereign states and

dependent territories in Eurasia

Further information: Geography of Asia

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territoriesin Asia with geographical data such as area, population,and population density, see here.

Asia ( i/e/ or /e/) is the world's largest and mostpopulous continent, located primarily in the eastern andnorthern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's totalsurface area (or 30% of its land area) and with approximately4.3 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current humanpopulation. During the 20th century Asia's population nearly

quadrupled.[9]

Asia is defined as comprising the eastwards four-fifths ofEurasia. It is located to the east of the Suez Canal, the Uralriver, and the Ural Mountains, and south of the CaucasusMountains (or the Kuma-Manych Depression) and the

Caspian and Black Seas.[10][11] It is bounded on the east bythe Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean and on



Time Zones UTC+2 to UTC+12the north by the Arctic Ocean.

Given its size and diversity, Asia a toponym dating back toclassical antiquity "is more a cultural concept" incorporating diverse regions and peoples than a homogeneous

physical entity.[12] Asia differs very widely among and within its regions with regard to ethnic groups, cultures,environments, economics, historical ties and government systems.


language

Abkhazia SukhumiAbkhazian apsar

Russian ruble

Abkhaz

Russian

Afghanistan Kabul AfghaniPashto

Dari (Persian)

Akrotiri and

DhekeliaEpiskopi Cantonment Euro

English

Greek

Armenia Yerevan Dram Armenian

Azerbaijan [Europe] Baku Manat Azerbaijani

Bahrain Manama Bahraini dinar Arabic

Bangladesh Dhaka Taka Bengali

Bhutan Thimphu Bhutanese ngultrum Dzongkha

British Indian

Ocean Territory

Diego Garcia

Overseas territory of the United Kingdom

US dollar

UK poundEnglish

Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei dollarBahasa

Melayu

Cambodia Phnom Penh Riel Khmer

China Beijing Renminbi (yuan)Standard

Chinese

Christmas IslandFlying Fish CoveExternal territory of Australia

Australian dollar English

Cocos (Keeling)

Islands

West Island

External territory of AustraliaExternal

territory of Australia

Australian dollar English

Cyprus [Europe] Nicosia EuroGreek

Turkish

East Timor (Timor-

Leste)Dili US Dollar

Portuguese

Tetum



Georgia [Europe] Tbilisi Lari Georgian

Hong Kong Special administrative region of China Hong Kong dollarEnglish

Chinese

India New Delhi Indian rupeeHindi

English

Indonesia Jakarta Rupiah Indonesian

Iran Tehran Rial Persian

Iraq Baghdad Iraqi dinarKurdish

Arabic

Israel Jerusalem New shekelHebrew

Arabic

Japan Tokyo Yen Japanese

Jordan Amman Jordanian dinar Arabic

Kazakhstan Astana TengeKazakh

Russian

Kuwait Kuwait City Kuwaiti dinar Arabic

Kyrgyzstan Bishkek SomKyrgyz

Russian

Laos Vientiane Kip Lao

Lebanon Beirut Lebanese pound Arabic

Macau Special administrative region of China Macanese patacaPortuguese

Chinese

MalaysiaKuala Lumpur (official)

Putrajaya (seat of government)Ringgit Malaysian

Maldives Mal Maldivian rufiyaa Maldivian

Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Tgrg Mongolian

Myanmar (Burma) Naypyidaw Kyat Burmese

Nagorno-

Karabakh

Stepanakert

De facto sovereign state lacking general

international recognition

Recognized by United Nations as de jure

part of Azerbaijan

Armenian dram Armenian



part of Azerbaijan

Nepal Kathmandu Nepalese rupee Nepali

Northern Cyprus

Nicosia



Recognized by United Nation as de jure

part of Cyprus

Turkish lira Turkish

North Korea Pyongyang North Korean won Korean

Oman Muscat Rial Arabic

Pakistan Islamabad Pakistani RupeeEnglish

Urdu

Palestine

East Jerusalem (claimed capital)

Ramallah (West Bank seat of

government)

Gaza (Gaza Strip seat of government)

Territory occupied by Israel

State of Palestine (flag displayed)proclaimed on territory

Israeli shekel Arabic

Philippines Manila PesoFilipino

English

Qatar Doha Riyal Arabic

Saudi Arabia Riyadh Saudi riyal Arabic

Singapore Singapore Singapore dollar

English

Chinese

malay

Tamil

South Korea Seoul South Korean won Korean

South Ossetia

Tskhinvali



Recognized by United Nations as de jure

part of Georgia

Russian ruble

Ossetic

Georgian

Russian

Sri Lanka Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte Sri Lankan rupeeSinhalaTamil

Syria Damascus Syrian pound Arabic

Taipei



Europe

TaiwanDe facto sovereign state lacking general


Recognized by United Nations as part of

China.

New Taiwan dollarStandard

Chinese

Tajikistan Dushanbe Somoni Tajik

Thailand Bangkok Baht Thai

Turkey [Europe] Ankara Turkish lira Turkish

Turkmenistan Ashgabat Turkmen new manat Turkmen

United ArabEmirates

Abu Dhabi UAE dirham Arabic

Uzbekistan TashkentUzbekistan som

(O'zbekiston so'mi) Uzbek

Vietnam Hanoi ng Vietnamese

Yemen Sana'a Yemeni rial Arabic

Notes

The Russian Federation is classified as a European country by the United Nations Statistics Division. Russia ishistorically the successor of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, a medieval state of northeastern Europe. The Russianconquest of Northern Asia begins in the late 16th century. Today, most of the territory of Russia is in Asia, butmost of its population lives in the European part.

Europe

Main articles: Europe and List of sovereign states

and dependent territories in Europe

See also: Eurasia and List of sovereign states and

dependent territories in Eurasia

Further information: Geography of Europe

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territoriesin Europe with geographical data such as area,population, and population density, see here.

Europe ( i/jrp/ EWR-p or /jrp/ YUR-p[13]) is, byconvention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprisingthe westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generallydivided from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and



Area 10,180,000 km2 (3,930,000 sq mi)[n]

Population 739,165,030[n] (2011), 3rd)

Pop. density 72.5/km2



Time Zones UTC to UTC+6

Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and BlackSeas, and the waterways connecting the Black and Aegean

Seas.[14] Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to thenorth, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Seato the south, and the Black Sea and connected waterways tothe southeast. Yet the borders of Europea concept datingback to classical antiquityare somewhat arbitrary, as theprimarily physiographic term "continent" can incorporatecultural and political elements.

Europe is the world's second-smallest continent by surface area, covering about 10,180,000 square kilometres(3,930,000 sq mi) or 2% of the Earth's surface and about 6.8% of its land area. Of Europe's approximately 50states, Russia is by far the largest by both area and population, taking up 40% of the continent (although the countryhas territory in both Europe and Asia), while the Vatican City is the smallest. Europe is the third-most populous

continent after Asia and Africa, with a population of 733 million or about 11% of the world's population.[15]

Europe, in particular Ancient Greece, is the birthplace of Western culture.[16] It played a predominant role in globalaffairs from the 15th century onwards, especially after the beginning of colonialism. Between the 16th and 20thcenturies, European nations controlled at various times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania, and large portions of

Asia. In 1900, Europe's share of the world's population was 25%.[17] Both World Wars were largely focused uponEurope, greatly contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century

as the United States and Soviet Union took prominence.[18] During the Cold War, Europe was divided along theIron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east. European integration led to theformation of the Council of Europe and the European Union in Western Europe, both of which have beenexpanding eastward since the revolutions of 1989 and the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.


language

land Islands

Mariehamn

Autonomous region of Finland (recognized by

international treaty)

Euro Swedish

Albania Tirana Lek Albanian

Andorra Andorra la Vella Euro Catalan

Austria Vienna Euro German

Belarus MinskBelarusian

ruble

Belarusian

Russian

Belgium Brussels Euro

Dutch

French

German

Bosnia and

HerzegovinaSarajevo

Convertible

mark

Bosnian

Croatian



Serbian

Bulgaria Sofia Lev Bulgarian

Croatia Zagreb Kuna Croatian

Czech Republic PragueCzechkoruna

Slovak

German

PolishBulgarian

CroatianGreekHungarian

RomaniRussian

RusynSerbian

Ukrainian

Denmark CopenhagenDanish

krone[a]Danish

Estonia Tallinn Euro Estonian

Faroe IslandsTrshavnSelf-governing territory of the Danish Realm

Faroesekrna

FaroeseDanish

Finland Helsinki EuroFinnishSwedish

France ParisEuro

CFP francFrench

Germany Berlin Euro German

GibraltarGibraltarOverseas territory of the United Kingdom

Gibraltarpound

English

Greece Athens Euro Greek

GuernseySaint Peter PortBritish Crown dependency

Poundsterling

EnglishFrench

Hungary Budapest Forint Hungarian

Iceland ReykjavkIcelandic

krnaIcelandic

Ireland Dublin Euro Irish

Isle of ManDouglas

British Crown dependency

Pound

sterling

English

Manx



Italy Rome Euro Italian

JerseySaint Helier

British Crown dependency

Pound

sterling

English

French

Kosovo

PristinaDe facto sovereign state recognized by over 80 UN

member statesA United Nations mandate in Serbian territory was

put in place starting in 1999.

EuroAlbanianSerbian

Latvia Riga Lats Latvian

Liechtenstein Vaduz Swiss franc German

Lithuania VilniusLithuanianlitas

Lithuanian

Luxembourg Luxembourg EuroLuxembourgishFrenchGerman

Macedonia SkopjeMacedoniandenar

Macedonian

Malta Valletta EuroMaltese

English

Moldova ChiinuMoldovan

leuMoldovan

Monaco Monaco Euro

MongasqueItalian

OccitanEnglish

Montenegro Podgorica Euro Montenegrin

Netherlands Amsterdam

EuroUS dollarNA guilder

Aruban florin

Dutch

Norway OsloNorwegian

krone

Norwegian

BokmlNynorsk

Poland Warsaw Zoty Polish

Portugal Lisbon Euro Portuguese

Romanian



Romania Bucharest

Romanian

leu Romanian

Russia Moscow Russian ruble

Russian

27 others co-official

San Marino San Marino Euro Italian

Serbia Belgrade Serbian dinar Serbian

Slovakia Bratislava Euro Slovak

Slovenia Ljubljana Euro Slovene

Spain Madrid Euro

Spanish

CatalanGalician

Basque

SvalbardLongyearbyenSpecial territory of Norway (recognized by

international treaty)

Norwegian

kroneNorwegian

Sweden StockholmSwedish

kronaSwedish

Switzerland Bern Swiss franc

GermanFrench

ItalianRomansh

Transnistria

Tiraspol

De facto sovereign state lacking general internationalrecognition

Recognized by United Nations as de jure part ofMoldova

Transnistrianruble

RussianMoldovan

Ukrainian

Ukraine KievUkrainian

hryvniaUkrainian

United Kingdom LondonPoundsterling

English

Vatican City Vatican City Euro Italian

Notes

Transcontinental countries in Europe and Asia, classified as West Asian countries by the United NationsStatistics Division:



North America

Area 24,709,000 km2 (9,540,000 sq mi)

Population 528,720,588 (2008, 4th)

Pop. density 22.9/km2 (59.3/sq mi)[b]



Time Zones UTC-10 to UTC

Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey.

In West Asia, but a member of the European Union: Cyprus.

North America

Main articles: North America and List of sovereign

states and dependent territories in North America

See also: Americas and List of sovereign states and

dependent territories in the Americas

Further information: Geography of North America

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territoriesin North America with geographical data such as area,population, and population density, see here.

North America is a continent wholly within the NorthernHemisphere and almost wholly within the WesternHemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of

the Americas.[19] It is bordered to the north by the ArcticOcean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west andsouth by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by SouthAmerica and the Caribbean Sea.

North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 squarekilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 4.8% of theplanet's surface or about 16.5% of its land area. As of July2008, its population was estimated at nearly 529 millionpeople across 23 independent states. North America is thethird-largest continent in area, following Asia and Africa, andthe fourth in population after Asia, Africa, and Europe.


language

Anguilla The ValleyOverseas territory of the UnitedKingdom

Antigua and Barbuda St. John's

Aruba OranjestadConstituent country of the Kingdom ofthe Netherlands

Bahamas Nassau

Barbados Bridgetown

Belize Belmopan



Bermuda HamiltonOverseas territory of the UnitedKingdom

Bonaire Kralendijk Special municipality of the Netherlands

British Virgin Islands Road TownOverseas territory of the UnitedKingdom

Canada Ottawa

Cayman Islands George TownOverseas territory of the United

Kingdom

Clipperton Island Overseas territory of France

Costa Rica San Jos

Cuba Havana

Curaao WillemstadConstituent country of the Kingdom of

the Netherlands

Dominica Roseau

Dominican Republic Santo Domingo

El Salvador San Salvador

Greenland NuukSelf-governing territory of the Danish

Realm

Grenada St. George's

Guadeloupe Basse-Terre Overseas department of France

Guatemala Guatemala City

Haiti Port-au-Prince

Honduras Tegucigalpa

Jamaica Kingston

Martinique Fort-de-France Overseas department of France

Mexico Mexico City



South America

Montserrat Plymouth (official)Brades (seat ofgovernment)

Overseas territory of the UnitedKingdom

Navassa Island Insular area of the United States of

America

Nicaragua Managua

Panama Panama City

Puerto Rico San JuanInsular area of the United States ofAmerica

Saba The Bottom Special municipality of the Netherlands

Saint Barthlemy Gustavia Overseas collectivity of France

Saint Kitts and Nevis Basseterre

Saint Lucia Castries

Saint Martin Marigot Overseas collectivity of France

Saint Pierre and

MiquelonSaint-Pierre Overseas collectivity of France

Saint Vincent and theGrenadines

Kingstown

Sint Eustatius Oranjestad Special municipality of the Netherlands

Sint Maarten PhilipsburgConstituent country of the Kingdom ofthe Netherlands

Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain

Turks and Caicos

IslandsCockburn Town

Overseas territory of the United

Kingdom

United States Washington, D.C.

United States VirginIslands

Charlotte AmalieInsular area of the United States ofAmerica

South America

Main articles: South America and List of sovereign



Area17,840,000 km2

(6,890,000 sq mi)

Population 387,489,196 (2011, 5th)

Pop. density 21.4 per km2 (56.0 per sq mi)



Time Zones UTC-2 to UTC-5

states and dependent territories in South America

See also: Americas and List of sovereign states anddependent territories in the Americas

Further information: Geography of South America

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territoriesin South America with geographical data such as area,population, and population density, see here.

South America is a continent located in the WesternHemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a

relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere.[20][21]

It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on thenorth and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and theCaribbean Sea lie to the northwest. It is formed by twelvesovereign states - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia,Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, andVenezuela - the French Guiana, which is an overseas regionof France, and the Falkland Islands, a British OverseasTerritory. In addition to this, the ABC islands of theNetherlands may also be considered part of South America,as well as Trinidad and Tobago. The South American statesthat border the Caribbean Sea Colombia, Venezuela,Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana are also known asCaribbean South America.

South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi). Its population as of 2005 hasbeen estimated at more than 371,090,000. South America ranks fourth in area (after Asia, Africa, and NorthAmerica) and fifth in population (after Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America). The word America was coinedin 1507 by cartographers Martin Waldseemller and Matthias Ringmann, after Amerigo Vespucci, who was thefirst European to suggest that the lands newly discovered by Europeans were not India, but a New World unknownto Europeans.



Oceania


language

Argentina Buenos Aires Peso Spanish

BoliviaSucre (official)La Paz (seat of government)

BolivianoSpanishQuechua

Aymara

Brazil Braslia Real Portuguese

Chile Santiago Peso Spanish

Colombia Bogot Peso Spanish

Ecuador Quito United States dollar Spanish

FalklandIslands

StanleyOverseas territory of the UnitedKingdom

Falkland Islandspound

English

French GuianaCayenneOverseas department of France

Guyana Georgetown Guyanese dollar English

Paraguay Asuncin GuaranSpanish

Guaran

Peru Lima Nuevo sol Spanish

Suriname Paramaribo Surinamese dollar Dutch

Uruguay Montevideo Uruguayan peso Spanish

Venezuela Caracas Bolvar fuerte Spanish

Oceania

Main articles: Oceania and List of sovereign statesand dependent territories in Oceania

See also: Australia (continent) and Pacific Islands

Further information: Geography of Oceania



Geopolitical Oceania

Area17,840,000 km2

(6,890,000 sq mi)

Population 387,489,196 (2011, 5th)

Pop. density 21.4 per km2 (56.0 per sq mi)



Time Zones UTC-2 to UTC-5

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territoriesin Oceania with geographical data such as area,population, and population density, see here.

Oceania (UK pron.: /n/ or /sn/;[22]

US /oi ni /)[23] is a region centered on the islands of the

tropical Pacific Ocean.[24] Opinions of what constitutesOceania range from the coral atolls and volcanic islands ofthe South Pacific (ethnologically divided into the subregions

of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia)[25] to the entireinsular region between Asia and the Americas, includingAustralasia and the Malay Archipelago.The term issometimes used more specifically to denote a continent

comprising Australia and proximate islands,[26][27][28][29] orbiogeographically as a synonym for either the Australasianecozone (Wallacea and Australasia) or the Pacific ecozone(Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia apart either from

New Zealand[30] or from mainland New Guinea).[31]


language

AmericanSamoa

Pago Pago

Insular area of the United States ofAmerica

United States dollarEnglishSamoan

Ashmore and

CartierIslands

Externalterritory of

Australia

Australia Canberra Australian dollar None[c]

Baker Island Insular area of the United States ofAmerica

Cook Islands

AvaruaSelf-governing parliamentary

democracy in free association withNew Zealand

New Zealand dollarCook Islands dollar

EnglishCookIslands

Mori



Coral Sea

Islands External territory of Australia

Fiji Suva

FrenchPolynesia

Papeete Overseas collectivity of France

Guam HagtaInsular area of the United States ofAmerica

Howland

Island

Insular area of the United States of

America

Jarvis Island Insular area of the United States of

America

JohnstonAtoll


KingmanReef


Kiribati South Tarawa

Marshall

IslandsMajuro

Micronesia Palikir

Midway

Atoll


America

Nauru Yaren (seat of government)

NewCaledonia

NoumaSui generis collectivity (specialcollectivity) of France

NewZealand

Wellington

Niue Alofi

Self-governing parliamentary

democracy in free association withNew Zealand

Norfolk

IslandKingston Self-governing territory of Australia

Northern

MarianaIslands

SaipanInsular area of the United States of

America

Palau Melekeok

Palmyra Insular area of the United States of



Antarctica

Area 14,000,000 km2 (5,400,000 sq mi)[32]

Demonym Antarctican

Palmyra

Atoll


America

Papua NewGuinea

Port Moresby

Pitcairn

IslandsAdamstown

Overseas territory of the United

Kingdom

Samoa Apia

Solomon

IslandsHoniara

TokelauNukunonu (main settlement, althougheach atoll has its own administrative

centre)

Dependent territory of New

Zealand

Tonga Nukualofa

Tuvalu Funafuti

Vanuatu Port Vila

Wake Island Insular area of the United States ofAmerica

Wallis andFutuna

Mata-Utu Overseas collectivity of France

Antarctica

Main article: Antarctica

Further information: Geography of Antarctica

Antarctica ( i/ntrtk/ or /ntrktk/)[d] is Earth'ssouthernmost continent, containing the geographic SouthPole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the SouthernHemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and

is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14.0 million km2

(5.4 million sq mi), it is the fifth-largest continent in area afterAsia, Africa, North America, and South America. Forcomparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia.About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages atleast 1 mile (1.6 km) in thickness.

Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiestcontinent, and has the highest average elevation of all the

continents.[35] Antarctica is considered a desert, with annualprecipitation of only 200 mm (8 inches) along the coast and



far less inland.[36] The temperature in Antarctica has reached 89 C (129 F). There are no permanent humanresidents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scatteredacross the continent. Only cold-adapted organisms survive there, including many types of algae, animals (forexample mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades), bacteria, fungi, plants, and protista. Vegetation whereit occurs is tundra.

Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis ("Southern Land") date back to antiquity, the firstconfirmed sighting of the continent is commonly accepted to have occurred in 1820 by the Russian expedition ofFabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny. The continent, however, remainedlargely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment, lack of resources, and isolation.The Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959 by 12 countries; to date, 49 countries have signed the treaty. The treatyprohibits military activities and mineral mining, prohibits nuclear explosions and nuclear waste disposal, supportsscientific research, and protects the continent's ecozone. Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000scientists from many nations.

Antarctica is regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System, which defines it as all land and ice shelves south of 60S,and has no government and belongs to no country. However, the following territorial claims in Antarctica have beenmade:

Argentina: Argentine AntarcticaAustralia: Australian Antarctic TerritoryBrazil: Brazilian Antarctica (unofficial)

Chile: AntrticaFrance: Adlie LandNew Zealand: Ross DependencyNorway: Peter I Island and Queen Maud LandUnited Kingdom: British Antarctic Territory

(Unclaimed: Marie Byrd Land)

Moreover, the following dependent territories are situated in the wider Antarctic Region:




Language

Bouvet IslandDependent territory of Norway

French Southern Territories

Alfred Faure (Crozet Islands)Port-aux-Franais (KerguelenIslands)

Martin-de-Vivis (Saint Paul andAmsterdam Islands)Overseas territory of France

Euro French

Heard Island and McDonaldIslandsExternal territory of Australia

South Georgia and the South

Sandwich Islands

King Edward PointOverseas territory of the UnitedKingdom

Pound

sterlingEnglish

See also

List of countries and capitals in native languagesList of national capitalsList of currencies

Notes

a. ^ In the Faroe Islands the currency has a separate design and is known as the krna, but is not a separatecurrency.

b. ^ This North American density figure is based on a total land area of 23,090,542 km2 only, considerably less thanthe total combined land and water area of 24,709,000 km.

c. ^ English does not have de jure status.

d. ^ The word was originally pronounced without /k/, but the spelling pronunciation has become very common. The

"c" was originally added to the spelling for etymological reasons and then began to be pronounced.[33][34]

References

1. ^ "World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision" (http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm/)United Nations (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, population division)

2. ^ Sayre, April Pulley. (1999) Africa, Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-7613-1367-2.

3. ^ See List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa.

4. ^ Homo sapiens: University of Utah News Release: Feb. 16, 2005(http://web.utah.edu/unews/releases/05/feb/homosapiens.html)

5. ^ Visual Geography. "Africa. General info" (http://www.visualgeography.com/continents/africa.html) .http://www.visualgeography.com/continents/africa.html. Retrieved 2007-11-24.

6. ^ IMF WEO Oct. 2010 (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/pdf/c2.pdf) . Retrieved 2010 October15.



15.

7. ^ National Geographic Family Reference Atlas of the World. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society(U.S.). 2006. p. 264.

8. ^ "Continents of the World" (http://www.worldatlas.com/geoquiz/thelist.htm) . The List. Worldatlas.com. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20110722181955/http://www.worldatlas.com/geoquiz/thelist.htm) from the original on22 July 2011. http://www.worldatlas.com/geoquiz/thelist.htm. Retrieved 25 July 2011.

9. ^ "Like herrings in a barrel" (http://www.economist.com/diversions/millennium/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=346605) . The Economist (The Economist online, The Economist Group) (Millennium issue: Population).23 December 1999. http://www.economist.com/diversions/millennium/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=346605..

10. ^ "Asia" (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110518/Asia) . eb.com, Encyclopdia Britannica. Chicago:Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc.. 2006. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110518/Asia.

11. ^ National Geographic Atlas of the World (7th ed.). Washington, DC: National Geographic. 1999. ISBN 978-0-7922-7528-2. "Europe" (pp. 689); "Asia" (pp. 901): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe isformed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets,the Bosporus and Dardanelles."

12. ^ "Asia" (http://accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=054800&referURL=http%3a%2f%2faccessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fid%3d054800) . AccessScience.McGraw-Hill. http://accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=054800&referURL=http%3a%2f%2faccessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fid%3d054800. Retrieved 26 July2011.

13. ^ OED Online gives the pronunciation of "Europe" as: Brit. jrp, jrp, U.S. jrp, jrp.

14. ^ National Geographic Atlas of the World (7th ed.). Washington, DC: National Geographic. 1999. ISBN 0-7922-7528-4. "Europe" (pp. 689); "Asia" (pp. 901): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe ... isformed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets,the Bosporus and Dardanelles."

15. ^ "Global: UN Migrants, Population (http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=3585_0_5_0) ". MigrationNews. January 2010 Volume 17 Number 1.

16. ^ Lewis & Wigen 1997, p. 226

17. ^ World Population Growth, 19502050(http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/PopulationGrowth.aspx?p=1) . PopulationReference Bureau.

18. ^ National Geographic, 534.

19. ^ "North America" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/418612/North-America) . EncyclopdiaBritannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/418612/North-America.

20. ^ South America (http://www.bartleby.com/65/st/SthAmer.html) . The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. 20016.New York, Columbia University Press": "fourth largest continent ..., the southern of the two continents of theWestern Hemisphere."

21. ^ "LANIC country page" (http://lanic.utexas.edu/subject/countries/) . Lanic.utexas.edu.http://lanic.utexas.edu/subject/countries/. Retrieved 2010-10-24.

22. ^ Pronunciation: The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) ISBN 0-19-861263-X p.1282 "Oceania /sn, --/".

23. ^ "Oceania" (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/oceania) . Dictionary.com. Random House, Inc.. 2012.http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/oceania.

24. ^ For a history of the term, see Douglas & Ballard (2008) Foreign bodies: Oceania and the science of race 17501940

25. ^ "Oceania" (http://www.bartleby.com/65/oc/Oceania.html) . 2005. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. ColumbiaUniversity Press.

26. ^ Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic andother groupings (http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm) , United Nations StatisticsDivision. Revised August 28, 2007. Accessed on line October 11, 2007.

27. ^ The Atlas of Canada(http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/international/world/referencemap_image_view) . Revised DateModified: August 17, 2004. Accessed on line January 31, 2011.



Modified: August 17, 2004. Accessed on line January 31, 2011.

28. ^ "Encarta Mexico "Oceana"" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1257053672622272) . Mx.encarta.msn.com.Archived from the original (http://mx.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557382/Ocean%C3%ADa.html) on 2009-11-01. http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1257053672622272. Retrieved 2009-04-17.

29. ^ Lewis, Martin W.; Kren E. Wigen (1997). The Myth of Continents: a Critique of Metageography. Berkeley:University of California Press. p. 32. ISBN 0-520-20742-4, ISBN 0-520-20743-2. "Interestingly enough, theanswer [from a scholar who sought to calculate the number of continents] conformed almost precisely to theconventional list: North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Oceania (Australia plus New Zealand), Africa, andAntarctica."

30. ^ Udvardy. 1975. A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world

31. ^ Steadman. 2006. Extinction & biogeography of tropical Pacific birds

32. ^ United States Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Antarctica" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ay.html) . The World Factbook. Government of the United States.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ay.html. Retrieved 22 October 2011.

33. ^ Crystal, David (2006). The Fight for English. Oxford University Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-19-920764-0.

34. ^ Harper, Douglas. "Antarctic" (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=antarctic&allowed_in_frame=0) .Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=antarctic&allowed_in_frame=0.Retrieved 16 November 2011.

35. ^ National Satellite, Data, and Information Service. "National Geophysical Data Center"(http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/2minrelief.html) . Government of the United States. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20060613001502/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/2minrelief.html) from theoriginal on 13 June 2006. http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/2minrelief.html. Retrieved 9 June 2006.

36. ^ Joyce, C. Alan (18 January 2007). "The World at a Glance: Surprising Facts"(http://www.worldalmanac.com/blog/2007/01/the_world_at_a_glance_surprisi.html) . The World Almanac.Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20090304001123/http://www.worldalmanac.com/blog/2007/01/the_world_at_a_glance_surprisi.html) from the original on 4 March 2009.http://www.worldalmanac.com/blog/2007/01/the_world_at_a_glance_surprisi.html. Retrieved 7 February 2009.

External links

European Commission: List of countries, territories and currencies (http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm)

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Categories: Lists of countries by continent Country classifications

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