list of antibiotics - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

5/25/12 List of antibiotics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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List of antibioticsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Following is the list of antibiotics, sorted by class. The highest division is between bactericidal antibiotics andbacteriostatic antibiotics. Bactericidals kill bacteria directly where bacteriostatics prevent them from dividing.However, these classifications are based on laboratory behavior; in practice, both of these are capable of ending a

bacterial infection.[1]

See also pathogenic bacteria for a list of antibiotics sorted by target bacteria.

Antibiotics by class

Generic name Brand names Common uses[2] Possible side

effects[2]Mechanism of

action

Aminoglycosides

Amikacin Amikin

Infections caused

by Gram-negative

bacteria, such asEscherichia coli

and Klebsiella

particularly

Pseudomonas

aeruginosa.Effective against

Aerobic bacteria

(not

obligate/facultativeanaerobes) and

tularemia.

Hearing loss

Vertigo

Kidneydamage

Binding to thebacterial 30S

ribosomal subunit

(some work by

binding to the

50S subunit),inhibiting the

translocation of

the peptidyl-

tRNA from the

A-site to the P-site and also

causing

misreading of

mRNA, leavingthe bacterium

unable tosynthesize

proteins vital to

its growth.

Gentamicin Garamycin

Kanamycin Kantrex

Neomycin Neo-Fradin[3]

Netilmicin Netromycin

Tobramycin Nebcin

Paromomycin Humatin

Ansamycins

Geldanamycin Experimental, as

antitumor

antibioticsHerbimycin

Carbacephem

Loracarbef Lorabid Discontinued

prevents bacterial

cell division by

inhibiting cell wall

synthesis.



Carbapenems

Ertapenem Invanz Bactericidal for

both Gram-positive and

Gram-negative

organisms and

therefore useful for

empiric broad-

spectrum

antibacterial

coverage. (Note

MRSA resistance

to this class.)

Gastrointestinal

upset and

diarrhea

Nausea

SeizuresHeadache

Rash and

allergic

reactions

Inhibition of cell

wall synthesis

Doripenem Doribax

Imipenem/Cilastatin Primaxin

Meropenem Merrem

Cephalosporins (First generation)

Cefadroxil Duricef

Good coverage

against Grampositive infections.

Gastrointestinalupset and

diarrheaNausea (if

alcohol takenconcurrently)Allergic

reactions

Same mode of

action as other

beta-lactamantibiotics:

disrupt thesynthesis of the

peptidoglycanlayer of bacterial

cell walls.

CefazolinAncef

(discontinued)

Cefalotin or CefalothinKeflin

(discontinued)

Cefalexin Keflex

Cephalosporins (Second generation)

Cefaclor Distaclor

Less gram positive

cover, improvedgram negative

cover.

Gastrointestinalupset anddiarrhea

Nausea (ifalcohol taken

concurrently)Allergic

reactions

Same mode ofaction as other



peptidoglycanlayer of bacterialcell walls.

CefamandoleMandol

(discontinued)

CefoxitinMefoxin(discontinued)

Cefprozil Cefzil

CefuroximeCeftin, Zinnat(UK)

Cephalosporins (Third generation)

Cefixime Suprax

Improved

coverage of Gramnegative

Gastrointestinal

upset anddiarrhea

Same mode ofaction as other


CefdinirOmnicef,

Cefdiel

Cefditoren Spectracef

CefoperazoneCefobid

(discontinued)



Cefotaxime Claforan organisms, except

Pseudomonas.Reduced Gram

positive cover.

Nausea (if

alcohol takenconcurrently)

Allergicreactions

disrupt the

synthesis of thepeptidoglycan

layer of bacterialcell walls.

Cefpodoxime Vantin

Ceftazidime Fortaz

Ceftibuten Cedax

CeftizoximeCefizox(discontinued)

Ceftriaxone Rocephin

Cephalosporins (Fourth generation)

Cefepime MaxipimeCoverspseudomonalinfections.

Gastrointestinal

upset anddiarrhea

Nausea (ifalcohol taken

concurrently)Allergicreactions

Same mode ofaction as otherbeta-lactam

antibiotics:disrupt the



Cephalosporins (Fifth generation)

Ceftaroline fosamil TeflaroUsed to treatMRSA

Gastrointestinal

upset anddiarrhea

Allergicreaction

Same mode ofaction as otherbeta-lactam




Ceftobiprole ZefteraUsed to treat

MRSA

Gastrointestinalupset and

diarrheaNausea (if

alcohol taken

concurrently)Allergic

reactions

Same mode of

action as otherbeta-lactam



layer of bacterial

cell walls.

Glycopeptides

TeicoplaninTargocid

(UK) inhibiting

peptidoglycanVancomycin Vancocin



synthesisTelavancin Vibativ

Lincosamides

Clindamycin Cleocin Serious staph-,

pneumo-, and

streptococcal

infections inpenicillin-allergic

patients, also

anaerobicinfections;

clindamycin

topically for acne

Possible C. difficile-

related

pseudomembranous

enterocolitis

Bind to 50Ssubunit of

bacterial

ribosomal RNA

thereby inhibitingprotein synthesis

Lincomycin Lincocin

Lipopeptide

Daptomycin CubicinGram-positive

organisms

Bind to the

membrane and

cause rapiddepolarization,

resulting in a loss

of membranepotential leading

to inhibition of

protein, DNA

and RNAsynthesis

Macrolides

AzithromycinZithromax,Sumamed,

Xithrone Streptococcalinfections, syphilis,

upper respiratory

tract infections,lower respiratory

tract infections,

mycoplasmal

infections, Lymedisease

Nausea,vomiting, and

diarrhea

(especially at

higher doses)Prolonged QT

interval

(especially

erythromycin)Jaundice

inhibition of

bacterial protein

biosynthesis by

binding reversiblyto the subunit

50S of the

bacterialribosome,

thereby inhibiting

translocation of

peptidyl tRNA.

Clarithromycin Biaxin

DirithromycinDynabac

(discontinued)

ErythromycinErythocin,

Erythroped

Roxithromycin

TroleandomycinTao

(discontinued)

Telithromycin Ketek PneumoniaVisual Disturbance,

Liver Toxicity.[4]

Spectinomycin Trobicin Gonorrhea

Spiramycin Rovamycine Mouth infections



Monobactams

Aztreonam Azactam

Same mode of

action as other


disrupt the

synthesis of the

peptidoglycanlayer of bacterial

cell walls.

Nitrofurans

Furazolidone Furoxone

Bacterial or

protozoal diarrhea

or enteritis

NitrofurantoinMacrodantin,

Macrobid

Urinary tract

infections

Penicillins

AmoxicillinNovamox,

Amoxil

Wide range of

infections; penicillin

used for

streptococcalinfections, syphilis,

and Lyme disease

Gastrointestinal

upset anddiarrhea

Allergy with

serious

anaphylacticreactions

Brain and

kidney damage(rare)

Same mode of

action as otherbeta-lactam

antibiotics:


peptidoglycan

layer of bacterial

cell walls.

AmpicillinPrincipen

(discontinued)

Azlocillin

CarbenicillinGeocillin

(discontinued)

CloxacillinTegopen

(discontinued)

DicloxacillinDynapen(discontinued)

Flucloxacillin

Floxapen(Sold to

European

generics

ActavisGroup)

MezlocillinMezlin

(discontinued)

MethicillinStaphcillin

(discontinued)

NafcillinUnipen



(discontinued)

OxacillinProstaphlin

(discontinued)

Penicillin GPentids

(discontinued)

Penicillin VVeetids (Pen-Vee-K)

(discontinued)

PiperacillinPipracil

(discontinued)

Penicillin G Pfizerpen

Temocillin

Negaban

(UK)

(discontinued)

TicarcillinTicar

(discontinued)

Penicillin combinations

Amoxicillin/clavulanate Augmentin The second

componentprevents bacterial

resistance to the

first component

Ampicillin/sulbactam Unasyn

Piperacillin/tazobactam Zosyn

Ticarcillin/clavulanate Timentin

Polypeptides

Bacitracin

Eye, ear or

bladder infections;

usually applied

directly to the eye

or inhaled into the

lungs; rarely given

by injection,although the use of

intravenous colistin

is experiencing a

Kidney and nerve

damage (when given

by injection)

Inhibits isoprenyl

pyrophosphate, a

molecule that

carries the

building blocks ofthe peptidoglycan

bacterial cell wall

outside of the

inner membrane[5]

Colistin Coly-Mycin-S Interact with the

gram negativebacterial outer

membrane and

cytoplasmic

membrane. It

displaces

bacterial counter

ions, which



Polymyxin B

resurgence due tothe emergence of

multi drug resistant

organisms.

destabilizes theouter membrane.

They act like a

detergent against

the cytoplasmic

membrane, which

alters its

permeability.Polymyxin B and

E are bactericidal

even in an

isosmotic

solution.

Quinolones

Ciprofloxacin

Cipro,

Ciproxin,

Ciprobay Urinary tract

infections, bacterial

prostatitis,

community-

acquired

pneumonia,

bacterial diarrhea,mycoplasmal

infections,

gonorrhea

Nausea (rare),

irreversible damageto central nervous

system (uncommon),

tendinosis (rare)

inhibit the

bacterial DNA

gyrase or the

topoisomerase

IV enzyme,

thereby inhibiting

DNA replicationand transcription.

Enoxacin Penetrex

Gatifloxacin Tequin

Levofloxacin Levaquin

Lomefloxacin Maxaquin

Moxifloxacin Avelox

Nalidixic acid NegGram

Norfloxacin Noroxin

OfloxacinFloxin,

Ocuflox

Trovafloxacin Trovan Withdrawn

Grepafloxacin Raxar Withdrawn

Sparfloxacin Zagam Withdrawn

Temafloxacin Omniflox Withdrawn

Sulfonamides

Mafenide Sulfamylon

Nausea,

Folate synthesis

inhibition. They

are competitive

inhibitors of the

enzyme

dihydropteroate

synthetase,DHPS. DHPS

Sulfonamidochrysoidine

(archaic)Prontosil

SulfacetamideSulamyd,

Bleph-10

Sulfadiazine Micro-Sulfon

Silver sulfadiazine Silvadene



Urinary tractinfections (except

sulfacetamide,

used for eye

infections, and

mafenide and silver

sulfadiazine, used

topically for burns)

vomiting, anddiarrhea

Allergy

(including skin

rashes)

Crystals in

urine

Kidney failureDecrease in

white blood

cell count

Sensitivity to

sunlight

catalyses theconversion of

PABA (para-

aminobenzoate)

to

dihydropteroate,

a key step in

folate synthesis.Folate is

necessary for the

cell to synthesize

nucleic acids

(nucleic acids are

essential building

blocks of DNAand RNA), and

in its absence

cells will be

unable to divide.

SulfamethizoleThiosulfil

Forte

Sulfamethoxazole Gantanol

Sulfanilimide (archaic)

Sulfasalazine Azulfidine

Sulfisoxazole Gantrisin

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

(Co-trimoxazole) (TMP-SMX)

Bactrim,

Septra

Tetracyclines

Demeclocycline Declomycin

Syphilis,

chlamydial

infections, Lyme

disease,

mycoplasmal

infections, acnerickettsial

infections, *malaria

*Note: Malaria is

caused by a protist

and not a

bacterium.

Gastrointestinal

upset

Sensitivity tosunlight

Potential

toxicity to

mother and

fetus during

pregnancy

Enamel

hypoplasia(staining of

teeth;

potentially

permanent)

transient

depression of

bone growth

inhibiting thebinding of

aminoacyl-tRNA

to the mRNA-

ribosome

complex. They

do so mainly by

binding to the30S ribosomal

subunit in the

mRNA

translation

complex.

Doxycycline Vibramycin

Minocycline Minocin

Oxytetracycline Terramycin

Tetracycline

Sumycin,

Achromycin

V, Steclin

Drugs against mycobacteria

Clofazimine Lamprene Antileprotic

Dapsone Avlosulfon Antileprotic



Capreomycin Capastat Antituberculosis

Cycloserine Seromycin

Antituberculosis,

urinary tractinfections

Ethambutol Myambutol Antituberculosis

Ethionamide Trecator AntituberculosisInhibits peptidesynthesis

Isoniazid I.N.H. Antituberculosis

Pyrazinamide Aldinamide Antituberculosis

Rifampicin (Rifampin in US)Rifadin,

Rimactane

mostly Gram-

positive and

mycobacteria

Reddish-orange

sweat, tears, and

urine

Binds to the β

subunit of RNA

polymerase to

inhibit

transcription

Rifabutin MycobutinMycobacterium

avium complex

rash, discolored

urine, GI symptoms

Rifapentine Priftin Antituberculosis

Streptomycin AntituberculosisNeurotoxicity,

ototoxicity

As other

aminoglycosides

Others

Arsphenamine Salvarsan

Spirochaetal

infections

(obsolete)

Chloramphenicol Chloromycetin

meningitis, MRSA,

topical use, or for

low cost internal

treatment. Historic:

typhus, cholera.

gram negative,

gram positive,anaerobes

Rarely: aplasticanemia.

Inhibits bacterial

protein synthesis

by binding to the

50S subunit of

the ribosome

Fosfomycin MonurolAcute cystitis inwomen

Inactivates

enolpyruvyl

transferase,

thereby blocking

cell wall synthesis

Fusidic acid Fucidin

Linezolid Zyvox VRSA Thrombocytopenia

Produces toxic

free radicals

which disrupt



Metronidazole Flagyl

Infections caused

by anaerobic

bacteria; also

amoebiasis,

trichomoniasis,

Giardiasis

Discolored urine,

headache, metallic

taste, nausea ; alcohol

is contraindicated

DNA and

proteins. This

non-specific

mechanism is

responsible for its

activity against a

variety of

bacteria,amoebae, and

protozoa.

Mupirocin BactrobanOintment forimpetigo, cream

for infected cuts

Inhibits isoleucine

t-RNA

synthetase

(IleRS) causing

inhibition of

protein synthesis

Platensimycin

Quinupristin/Dalfopristin Synercid

Rifaximin XifaxanTraveler's diarrhea

caused by E. coli

Thiamphenicol

Gram-negative,

Gram-positive,

anaerobes. widely

used in veterinary

medicine.

Lacks known anemic

side-effects.

A

chloramphenicolanalog. May

inhibit bacterial

protein synthesis

by binding to the

50S subunit of

the ribosome

Tigecycline Tigacyl

TinidazoleTindamax

Fasigyn

protozoan

infections

upset stomach, bitter

taste, and itchiness

TrimethoprimProloprim,

Trimpex

Generic NameBrand

NamesCommon Uses[2] Possible Side

Effects[2]Mechanism of

action

References

1. ^ Pelczar, M.J., Chan, E.C.S. and Krieg, N.R. (1999) “Host-Parasite Interaction; Nonspecific Host Resistance”, In:Microbiology Conceptsand Applications, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, U.S.A. pp. 478-479.

2. ̂a b c d For common Uses and possible side effects reference is: Robert Berkow (ed.) The Merck Manual ofMedical Information - Home Edition. Pocket (September 1999), ISBN 0-671-02727-1.



3. ^ "Neomycin Drug Information" (http://www.uptodate.com/contents/neomycin-drug-information?source=search_result&search=neomycin&selectedTitle=1~135) . uptodate.http://www.uptodate.com/contents/neomycin-drug-information?source=search_result&search=neomycin&selectedTitle=1~135. Retrieved 2/11/2012.(Subscription required)

4. ^ Splete, Heidi; Kerri Wachter (March 2006). "Liver toxicity reported with Ketek". Internal Medicine News.

5. ^ Mechanism of Action of Bacitracin: Complexation with Metal Ion and C55-Isoprenyl Pyrophosphate(http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/68/12/3223) K. John Stone and Jack L. Strominger

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