lisbon, portugal 1 rosário macário and josé viegas e xploring the c omplexity of p olicy d esign...
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Lisbon, Portugal Lisbon, Portugal
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Rosário Macário and José Viegas
EXPLORING THE COMPLEXITY OF POLICY DESIGN
Rosário Macário and José Viegas
Instituto Superior Técnico Universidade Técnica de Lisboa
Duration: 48 monthsStarted: November 2010
Finish: October 2014
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Integrated strategies are implemented through the combination of sectorial policies and measures to achieve cumulative positive effects or to mitigate negative effects of any of them.
Integrated strategies can accrue synergies between policies and/or measures and that is the main reason for policy packaging
Policy packaging can also occur to increase public acceptability, by adding some compensation to social groups who would otherwise clearly be losing.
Not a new problem ! … But design and implementation of integrated strategies is still a challenge since there are numerous barriers to concerted decision processes
Motivation Motivation
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The ultimate goal of the ExPoD project is to: understand decision making processes in BRT systems and to develop a formal structure for retrospective analysis of the various
interplaying policy components, and finally develop a systems dynamic model to search for well designed
and promising policy packages.
Aim Aim
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Interaction with other BRT ALC projects Interaction with other BRT ALC projects
ExPod Decision processes and policy packaging
BRT system performance
BRT ALC
Institutional design
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Policies vs measures A first step in this process is to obtain a clear view on different types of
policies that can be devised. From the outset we propose to define policies as public initiatives
developed in different areas of responsibilities (or different decision areas, normally materialized by government bodies) with specific purposes and using measures as the main instruments of intervention.
In our definition one measure can be the instrument of more than one policy and some examples of policy areas re: land use and transport policy; energy policy; fiscal policy; innovation and technology policy; etc.
In literature (as well as in practice) we find a very blurred distinction between policies and measures
ExPoD approachExPoD approach
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The analysis of policy design and implementation require the understanding of a multi-agent complex system often with multiple levels of government
Policy packaging often means “cherry picking” components governed by different public sector areas, calling for negotiation and agreement whenever clear hierarchies are absent
The real worldThe real world
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A set of case studies where retrospective analysis of the various interplaying policy components is possible so that we can deepen the understanding on barriers to policy design and causes for policy underperformance
The use of inductive case studies will allow us to grasp these relations and hopefully find some qualitative and quantitative elements in support of our analysis.
The qualitative and quantitative information obtained will be the input to induce a system dynamics model to support the design of policy packages.
MethodMethod
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Life-style oriented measures, where intervention is only of subsidiary help since the basic element is a
change of attitude towards mobility and material consumption. Information and education play a strong role here since knowing the consequences (e.g. environmental damage, etc) of a given transport policy or the effect of certain transport choices may well influence behavioral change.;
Market oriented measures, which assume that people are willing to change their lifestyle or mobility
behavior if others do the same and no material disadvantage will result. In these cases measures like fiscal reforms or changed property rights might change the incentive structure. This approach relies on the public acceptance of price as a mechanism to allocate services and goods;
Grouping measures to implement policies (I) Grouping measures to implement policies (I)
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Regulation oriented measures, which rely upon legal and regulatory changes, technical standards and
norms (e.g. speed limits, maximum weight of vehicles, etc), on innovative planning methodologies (e.g. spatial planning and transport impact assessment) and on government reform. In general this approach is rather rationalist although it can be tempered with strong participatory processes to provide the argumentative element;
Provision of public infrastructure and public transport services, which is often adopted as a policy approach and seen as associated
with regulation oriented policies, with which it is also often confused.
Grouping measures to implement policies (II) Grouping measures to implement policies (II)
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The most critical element of this analysis is the ability to effectively assess performances, so that we can identify the best assembled policy packages and respective measures.
At the outset we consider that assessment has to cover both policies defined at the strategic level, and thus with a high level of abstraction, but also measures (policy materialization) defined at the tactical level (planning) and effectively implemented at the operational level, and by then with low (if any) level of abstraction
Feed-back cycles are the privileged instrument to assess the definition of strategic objectives against impacts and operational objectives against results and they rely on performance indicators
Critical elementsCritical elements
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ExPoD pillarsExPoD pillars
Own Approval
Approval by others
Own process
Others process
Decision-making
Man
agem
ent
Classification of processes in
ownership and approval
The ExPoD project builds in three main pillars: • Decision-making processes• Policies and packages of measures •Agents’ behavior
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WP1 Literature review WP2 Exploratory survey WP3 Inductive Case studies WP4 Analytical research on policy packaging WP5 Design and implementation of SD tool WP6 Deductive Case studies WP7 Guidelines on policy packaging for BRT systems
Work structureWork structure
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Preliminary Preliminary selection of casesselection of cases
BRT System / Location
BRT Type (1-BRT-lite to 5-
Full BRT)
Status (1-conception;
2- implementation
3-“cruise”; 4- “redevelop.”)
Network/ Geography
Political framework/ Ownership / Stakeholders
Notes
RetBus Barcelona, Spain
2?? 2 (due Jan/2011) System (11 routes) CENIT / TMB / Ajuntament de Barcelona
http://its.berkeley.edu/btl/2010/spring/Barcelona-BRT
Amadora, Portugal 5 1/2 (due on 2013) Single line CMAmadora, DolceVita (Shopping Mall Owner)
OrangeLine Los Angeles, USA
2 3 (2005) Single line
Paris (Val de Marne), France
3 3 1993) Single line
Transitway Ottawa, Canada
5 3 (1983) System (several routes)
Belo Horizonte, Brazil
5 1 / 2 System (3 routes) BHTRANS
RIT Curitiba, Brazil
5 4 (1973) System (12 routes) Transport/Land use coordination
Transmilenio Bogotá, Colombia
5 4 (2000) System
SIT-Optibús Leon, Mexico
5 4 (2003) System (3 routes) Market arrangement (13 historic concessionaires formed 4 new operators)
Transantiago Santiago, Chile
5 3 (2007) System (several routes)
Several Systems Quito, Ecuador
?? 1995/2001/2004 System/Single line Several systems within the same city
Yutorīto Line, Nagoya, Japan
5 3 (2001) Single line (part of a wider system of normal buses)
Nagoya Guideway Bus
Includes a guided bus segment
Transjakarta Jakarta, Indonesia
5 3 (2004) System
Perth, Australia 5 (?) 2 Single line O-Bahn Adelaide, Australia
5 3 (1986) System (18 routes) Guided system
Kunming China
5 3 (1999) System (several routes)
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Bus Rapid Transit Bus Rapid Transit Across Latitudes and CulturesAcross Latitudes and Cultures
VREF Center of ExcellenceVREF Center of Excellence
Thank you for your attention !
Rosário Macário
José Viegas