lipids (fats) - jackson's ib biology · 2019. 11. 14. · lipids (fats) animal fat (solid @...
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Which are made of Which are made of Which are made of
which contain which contain which contain
Lipids Nucleic acids (e.g., DNA/RNA) Proteins
Glycerol &
3 Fatty Acids
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
Carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon, hydrogen oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen,
2 3 4
main function
main function main function
ENERGY
STORAGE
long-term
CATALYSIS
&
STRUCTURE
/SUPPORT
ENCODING
HEREDITARY
INFORMATION
Lipids (fats)
Animal fat (solid @ room temp)
Plant oils (liquid @ room temp)
Main Function: long-term energy storage
Other Functions: thermal insulation, absorb fat-soluble vitamins
(A, D, K, E), form cell membranes, steroids
Special Feature: contain more energy per gram than
any other biological molecule (9 cal/g)
Groupings: Mostly C and H atoms (hydrocarbons)
Types: 1. Fats and oils (triglycerides) 2. Phospholipids 3. Steroids
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Triglycerides
Glycerol
Fatty acids
1
2
3
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Making and Breaking Lipids (fats)
Fats and oils are called triglycerides because of their structure
Condensation
Synthesis
Hydrolysis
What functional groups are
present on the glycerol and fatty
acid molecules?
+ 3 H2O
Ester linkage
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Adipocytes (rat)
FA
FA
FA = TG (Triglyceride)
Courtesy of Dr. Ceddia – York University
TG
TG
TG TG
TG
TG
Lipid droplet
Triglycerides
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Saturated Unsaturated Polyunsaturated
No double
bonds
Has at least
one double
bond
Several
double bonds
Types of Fatty Acids
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CH2-CH
BEND DUE
TO DOUBLE
BOND
Types of Fatty Acids
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Saturated Unsaturated Polyunsaturated
Types of Fatty Acids
Straight
chains
Kinks / bends
at the double
bonds
Kinks / bends
at the double
bonds
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butter,
lard olive oil, vegetable oil,
peanut oil, canola oil
Types of Fatty Acids
Saturated Unsaturated Polyunsaturated
Which is better for you?
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Fatty acids
pack
closely,
solid @ RT
Fatty acids are not packed
closely, liquid @ RT
Types of Fatty Acids
Saturated Unsaturated Polyunsaturated
Which is better for you?
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Types of Fatty Acids
Taking a perfectly good
fat and making it bad!
Addition of hydrogen atoms
to the acid, causing double
bonds to become single
ones.
(unsaturated becomes
saturated)
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Down with Trans fats!
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Phospholipids (along with glycolipids,
cholesterol and proteins) make up an
important part of the cell membrane
Fat derivatives in which one fatty acid has
been replaced by a phosphate group and
one of several nitrogen-containing
molecules.
Phospholipids
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Phospholipids
Nitrogen-containing
group
e.g. R group called choline and is called Phosphatidylcholine
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The phospholipid can also be represented as:
Polar Head – hydrophilic
(water-loving)
Non-Polar Tails (fatty acids) –
hydrophobic (water-hating)
Phospholipids
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Cholesterol • Precursor for other steroids
•Reacts with sunlight to form Vitamin D
• Component of animal cell membranes
• Contributes to atherosclerosis
•Produced in the liver
Steroids
Steroids consist of 4 fused carbon rings with an
alcohol group
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Precursor for other hormones
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Since cholesterol is not soluble in the
blood, it must be transported by
lipoproteins
Two lipoproteins are HDL & LDL
HDL molecules
are smaller and
denser, with a high
amount of protein
LDL molecules
contain much more
cholesterol and can
cause serious health
effects
HDL is “good”; LDL is “bad”
Cholesterol