linux kernel 2
TRANSCRIPT
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LINUX KERNEL 2.6
INTERNAL GUIDE: B.PADMAJA
NAME: T.RAMNATH REDDY
ROLL NO. : 10U51A1257
BRANCH: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
SECTION: B
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ABSTRACT:
This thesis is a study of internal working and interfaces of Linux kernel version 2.6.
It emphasizes differences towards kernel 2.4 and it tries to introduce this problems
to reader knowledgable only in common principles of operating systems.
The thesis starts with briefing of kernel subsystems and continues with deeper
analysis of important issues like various locking, semaphores and other synchronization
mechanisms, suitable data structures, interrupt handling, atomic operations,
device driver model and memory allocation.
Process management and new scheduler with support for multiprocessing and
NUMA architectures and preemption are explored deeply. The core of the work
is concluded with description of loadable kernel module creation together with an
exemplar module.
INTRODUCTION:
linux (also known as GNU/Linux) is a computer operating system, like Microsoft Windows or
Apple Mac OS. Unlike those two, however, Linux is built with a collaborative development
model. The operating system and most of its software are created by volunteers and employees
of companies, governments and organisations from all over the world.
The operating system is free to use and everyone has the freedom to contribute to its
development. This co-operative development model means that everyone can benefit. Because of
this, we like to call itFree Software, or Socially Responsible Software. Closely related is the
concept ofOpen Source Software. Together, Free and Open Source Software is collectively
abbreviated as FOSS. Thiscontrasts with theproprietary (or closed source) development model
used by some software companies today.
http://www.softwareliberty.com/http://www.softwareliberty.com/http://www.softwareliberty.com/http://www.opensource.org/docs/osdhttp://www.opensource.org/docs/osdhttp://www.opensource.org/docs/osdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source_vs._closed_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source_vs._closed_sourcehttp://www.linfo.org/proprietary.htmlhttp://www.linfo.org/proprietary.htmlhttp://www.linfo.org/proprietary.htmlhttp://www.linfo.org/proprietary.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source_vs._closed_sourcehttp://www.opensource.org/docs/osdhttp://www.softwareliberty.com/ -
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Many of the principles behind FOSS are derived from the axiom ofstanding on the shoulders
of giants, most famously used by Isaac Newton, which has guided scientific and industrial
development for hundreds of years.Transparency of the code and development process means
that it can be participated in and audited at all levels. Software is just another form of
information, and people have the right to have full control over that information. In the same way
that you are free to share cooking recipes with your neighbour, you should also have the freedom
to share and change software.
Linux has many otherbenefits, including speed, security and stability. It is renowned for its
ability to run well on more modest hardware. Linux comes from the venerableUNIX family of
operating systems, and so has been built from the ground-up with Internet-style networking and
security in mind. Hence, viruses, worms, spyware and adware are basically a non-issue on Linux.
Linux is a free open-source operating system based on UNIX. Linux was originally created by
Linus Torvalds with the assistance of developers from around the globe. Linux is free to
download, edit and distribute. Linux is a very powerful operating system and it is gradually
becoming popular throughout the world.
HISTORY:
The Linux kernel project was started in 1991 by Linus Torvalds as a Minix-like Operating
System for his 386. (Linus had originally wanted to name the project Freax, but the now-familiar
name is the one that stuck.) The first official release of Linux 1.0 was in March 1994, but it
supported only single-processor i386 machines. Just a year later, Linux 1.2 was released (March
1995) and was the first version with support for different hardware platforms (specifically:
Alpha, Sparc, and Mips), but still only single-processor models. Linux 2.0 arrived in June of
1996 and also included support for a number of new architectures, but more importantly brought
Linux into the world of multi-processor machines (SMP). After 2.0, subsequent major releases
have been somewhat slower in coming (Linux 2.2 in January 1999 and 2.4 in January 2001),
each revision expanding Linux's support for new hardware and system types as well as boosting
scalability. (Linux 2.4 was also notable in being the release that really broke Linux into the
http://www.cyber.com.au/users/conz/shoulders.htmlhttp://www.cyber.com.au/users/conz/shoulders.htmlhttp://www.cyber.com.au/users/conz/shoulders.htmlhttp://www.cyber.com.au/users/conz/shoulders.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_transparencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_transparencyhttp://www.linfo.org/reasons_to_convert.htmlhttp://www.linfo.org/reasons_to_convert.htmlhttp://www.linfo.org/reasons_to_convert.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-likehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-likehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-likehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-likehttp://www.linfo.org/reasons_to_convert.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_transparencyhttp://www.cyber.com.au/users/conz/shoulders.htmlhttp://www.cyber.com.au/users/conz/shoulders.html -
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desktop space with kernel support for ISA Plug-and-Play, USB, PC Card support, and other
additions.) Linux 2.6, released 12/17/03, stands not only to build on these features, but also to be
another "major leap" with improved support for both significantly larger systems and
significantly smaller ones (PDAs and other devices.)
FEATURES IN KERNEL 2.6
Scalability. Preemptible kernel. New scheduling algorithm Improved threading model Hyperthreading Module subsystem and device model System hardware support Block device support INPUT/OUTPUT support Audio and multimedia