linux conf admin
DESCRIPTION
dgdfhdf bdfgdTRANSCRIPT
Linux System Configuration and
Administration “Power Linux – Unleash the full potentials of Linux”,
BIET, Davangere.By
Chetan Kumar SWipro Technologies
BEIT Presentation
Organization of the Talk Installation of Linux System Configuration
Network configurationSharing with WindowsPrinter ConfigurationSome security configuration
AdministrationsUser ManagementUser home pages
BEIT Presentation
Organization of Talk System maintenance
Using package manager
Cost Effective Linux solutionsNetwork BootingSingle media Linux
BEIT Presentation
Where do you start Is Your Hardware Compatible?
http://hardware.redhat.com/hcl/ Do You Have Enough Disk Space?
You have to decide, remove any virus if required, use fips
Can You Install Using the CD-ROM? Your BIOS may need to be changed to boot
from your CD-ROM Alternative Boot Methods
Boot Diskette Driver Diskettes
Network Device Drivers Diskette
BEIT Presentation
Gather more info Use ‘other’ OS to
know morePersonal Desktop
Installations Learning About
Your Hardware with Windows
BEIT Presentation
The auspicious occasion The Graphical Installation
Program User Interface (text mode is also available) Choose the language,
keyboard and mouse
Choose upgrade or new installation Better to choose fresh
installation
BEIT Presentation
Installation of Linux…•Choose personal desktop installationFor the first, but next time you bet on Custom
•After all Linux is knowing more
Choose partition using disk druidOtherwise fdisk, in older
BEIT Presentation
Installation of Linux…• Configure the partition:
• Set the mount point• Set the SWAP size• Set the /boot space • Enable Ext3 formatting
BEIT Presentation
Installation of Linux…Choose the boot loader Grub or Lilo
• Configure the “Network Configuration”
• DHCP, Firewall, IP address etc..
BEIT Presentation
Installation of Linux…Choose the “Root password”
Accept the default package selection or customize using the “Customize option”
BEIT Presentation
Installation of Linux…
Installation starts and go on inserting the required CD when asked
BEIT Presentation
Post Installation
Create a boot diskette
Configure your video card, monitor and screen resolution
Reboot and start your Linux….!
BEIT Presentation
System Configuration Kickstart Configurator
Kickstart Configurator allows you to create a kickstart file using a graphical user interface, so that you do not have to remember the correct syntax of the file.
To use Kickstart Configurator, you must be running the X Window System. To start Kickstart Configurator, select the Main Menu Button (on the Panel) => System Tools => Kickstart, or type the command /usr/sbin/redhat-config-kickstart.
As you are creating a kickstart file, you can select File => Preview at any time to review your current selections.
BEIT Presentation
System Configuration… Network configuration
• Networking can always be configured after installation with the Network Administration Tool (redhat-config-network).
• For each Ethernet card on the system, click Add Network Device and select the network device and network type of the device. Select eth0 as the network device for the first Ethernet card, select eth1 for the second Ethernet card, and so on.
BEIT Presentation
Printer Configuration Menu=> Printing=> New Printer => choose the printer
and printing tool (e.g. Post script printer) Testing printer
Just do lpq to see printer status Lpr <filename>
Should print the file
BEIT Presentation
Printer Configuration Useful Websites http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/p/printer.html
General denitions of printers and descriptions of printer types.
http://www.linuxprinting.org A database of documents about printing, along with a database of
nearly 1000 printers compatible with Linux printing facilities.
http://www.cups.org/ Documentation, FAQs, and newsgroups about CUPS.
http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Printing-HOWTO/index.html The Linux Printing-HOWTO from the Linux Documentation Project.
BEIT Presentation
User SecurityAuthenticationIn the Authentication section, select whether to use shadow passwords and MD5 encryption for user passwords.
The Authentication Configuration options allow you to configure the following methods ofauthentication: NIS, LDAP, Kerberos 5, Hesiod, SMB, Name Switch Cache
These methods are not enabled by default. To enable one or more of these methods,click the appropriate tab, click the checkbox next to Enable, and enter theappropriate information for the authentication method.
BEIT Presentation
Network Security Firewalls
Choose between High, Medium, and Disabled
security levels.
BEIT Presentation
Network Security Common Access control system
/etc/hosts /etc/hosts.allow /etc/hosts.deny /etc/hosts.equiv
For more info refer docs on iptable, firewall
BEIT Presentation
Sharing With Windows SMB protocol to share files and printers
across a network connection. Operating systems that support this protocol include Microsoft Windows (through its Network Neighborhood), OS/2, and Linux.
SMB implementation in Linux is called samba There are two things one can do
Share your files/printer with other windows machine
Access windows shared printer/files on linux
BEIT Presentation
Allow Windows to share You need to start samba server and nmb
server /etc/rc.d/init.d/smb start
What ever you want to share is added in /etc/samba/smb.conf Every change in conf file require restarting of
server Just browse OR find computer from windows
to see these files/folders You can share folders, CD, printer
BEIT Presentation
To access windows share Smbclient is a samba client
Smbclient –L myhost to see all share Smbclient \\\\myhost\\myshare
This will login to share and you can access the share \\\\myhost\\printer can be written to print files
Smbmount can be used to mount (map) folders on to local host Smbumount to unmount
There are tools (GUI) for both sharing and accessing files
BEIT Presentation
User Management
BEIT Presentation
User Management
Simple way to add user is adduser command Passwd will allow to change the passwd Ofcourse there are host of GUI tools for all
these user management Group all common user to single group Be carefull while editing /etc/passwd
/etc/shadow passwd file may also exist
BEIT Presentation
User Management
Common files to look at /etc/passwd /etc/group /etc/shadow /etc/samba/smbusers
BEIT Presentation
User Management
Common files to look at /etc/passwd /etc/group /etc/shadow /etc/samba/smbusers
BEIT Presentation
Web server on Linux
Apache server is mostly available on LinuxRpm –q –all | grep apache to check
This can be started via init services /etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd start
Configuration files are at /etc/httpd/conf/ Normally log files at /var/log/httpd
BEIT Presentation
User home pages
Will allow user to have home pageshttp://myhost.com/~user1
Need to edit /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.confEnable UserDir public_htmlAny user can have their page at public_html
Eg. /home/user1/public_html for user1 /home/user2/public_html for user2
BEIT Presentation
System maintenanceUsing package manager
Package Management Tool Because people use their
computers differently, users might want to install or remove packages after installation. The Package Management Tool allows users to perform these actions.
RPM is good package management tool in RedHat Linux
BEIT Presentation
System maintenance (redhat) The X Window System is
required to run the Package Management Tool.
To start the application, go to the Main Menu Button (on the Panel) => System Settings => Add/Remove Applications,
Type the command redhat-config-packages at shell prompt.
Command line tool rpm
BEIT Presentation
Lost Root Passwd
BEIT Presentation
Lost Root Passwd If you have Lilo installed, type
LILI: linux init 1 Change the root passwd, reboot aga
If you have installed grub Type ‘e’ to go to edit mode, add init 1 argument at
the end Boot with knoppix or single floppy linux
Mount the disk and change root passwd Reboot !!
BEIT Presentation
Cost Effective Linux Solutions You have PC, with less harddisk for dual OS You have PC, on which you do not want to
install Linux Good heaven's do not do that
There is a spurt of Linux PC requirements for short duration of time For Linux LAB in one term OR during LAB
examinations You have old PC, with out sizable hard diskSo you need Linux host for all the above case
BEIT Presentation
Cost Effective Linux Solution
Some most easy approachNetwork bootingSingle CD LinuxSingle floppy Linux
BEIT Presentation
Network Booting No need for harddisk(or harddisk with
Linux) on every host High level work flow
The system boots up, may be with floppy (could be with hard disk also)
Sends dhcp request for IP number, gets oneMounts the root file system over NFS
BEIT Presentation
Requirements for Network Booting
Setup an LAN infrastructure Need to setup nfs server Need to setup dhcp server Build a kernel image for network booting
BEIT Presentation
Setup an LAN infrastructure
Ethernet Cable
Hub Ethernet Cable
Your m/c to be booted
Your host, NFS server and DHCP server should be on same LAN
NFS server
BEIT Presentation
Setup nfs server• Edit /etc/exports file before starting the nfs server.
• / 10.114.7.115(rw,no_root_squash)• This will export all files with root r/w to host
10.114.7.115• Save your exports file and from the prompt
execute exportfs command• Start the nfs server (nfs daemon)
• E.g. /etc/rc.d/inid.d/nfs start
BEIT Presentation
Setup dhcp server Add in your /etc/dhcpd.conf before starting the dhcp server.
Set the correct MAC address in /etc/dhcpd.conf as follows:
subnet <subnet address e.g.10.3.31.0> netmask 255.255.255.0 {}subnet 10.10.10.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
host master {hardware Ethernet <Mac address of your Ethernet card>;fixed-address <IP address of your machine e.g.10.10.10.1>;option root-path <your root path>”;
}} Save your /etc/dhcpd.conf file start the dhcpd dameon by “/etc/rc.d/init.d/dhcpd start” command
BEIT Presentation
Build a kernel image for network booting
Linux Kernel compilation steps: Assumptions: machine x86 (i386); boot loader lilo. Get plain vanilla kernel from www.kernel.org Explode it into a directory (better if can do it in /usr/src/) => tar -zxvf
linux-2.x.xx.tar.gz Optional: create a symbolic link ln -s linux-2.x.xx linux cd to linux directory cd /usr/src/linux or cd /usr/src/linux-2.x.xx Select the components support by make menuconfig or make xconfig -
save the configuration Select IP:BOOTP support from Networking options In File system -> Network File System -> Select
NFS File system support and Root file system on NFS
Do Make dep bzImage Make modules modules_install
BEIT Presentation
Build a kernel image for network booting…
Copy the /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/bzImage to /boot
Do mkbootdisk with new kernel as argument
Optional take a coffee or tea break ?
BEIT Presentation
Putting all together..
Make sure you are running dhcp server
Make sure you are running nfs server
On any PC that need Linux for temporary timeBoot with new floopy you just madeThat’s it !!!
BEIT Presentation
Knoppix Single CD Linux Knoppix is full Linux on a single CD Can be freely downloaded from
www.knoppix.com Just make your PC to boot from
CD, that is all required Your current software (OS) on your
system will not be lost If there is less memory, you can
create temporary swap on dos partation
You can access dos partation
BEIT Presentation
Knoppix more info Hardware Requirements
Minimum of 486 PC, 20M ram for text mode, 90M for graphics mode and128M for office suite
Bootable CD drive + key board, mouse, multimedia Software available
2.4 kernel, standard drivers, development tools, Internet applications, multimedia applications
Upto 2GB worth software in total How to load/install start
Step 1 put the 'cd' in drive, switch on the power All the configuration is “auto”
Step 2 Enjoy working on Linux
BEIT Presentation
Knoppix can be handy
The fact is you need not install Knoppix on harddisk So can be used in Demo of linux or software on
Linux So you need extra Linux machine lab ?? 2 minutes
!! No extra space on harddisk on old PC's, just use
knoppix Got a new laptop, just boot Linux on that in a jiffy
BEIT Presentation
Knoppix in Emergency
BEIT Presentation
Knoppix at emergency
Lost root passwd, boot knoppix, mount the harddisk, edit /mnt/etc/passwd, reboot old linux Can be dangerous, spurious user can do the same
Linux do not boot, boot with knoppix and recover the important files Best part is you also recover lost dos/windows files
as well You have screwed up your configuration
Boot with knoppix and bring back to default
BEIT Presentation
Single Floppy Linux
Similar to Knoppix, but over a floppy Will have much lesser applications Some distributions come with two or more floppy
MuLinux quite esay to use http://mulinux.nevalabs.org/
Coyote linux: mostly for network applications http://www.coyotelinux.com/
BEIT Presentation
References http://www.tldp.org/ (The Linux Documentation Project) : It contains a lots and lots
of well documented and timely documents to learn and trouble shoot your Linux system (it’s free) http://www.tldp.org/guides.html
The Linux System Administrators' Guide Lars Wirzenius, Joanna Oja, Stephen Stafford, and Alex Weeks It’s free and available at http://www.tldp.org/guides.html
The Linux Cookbook: Tips and Techniques for Everyday Use Michael Stutz It’s free and available at http://www.tldp.org/guides.html
The Linux Network Administrator's Guide, Second Edition Olaf Kirch and Terry Dawson It’s free and available at http://www.tldp.org/guides.html
http://www.redhat.com/docs/
BEIT Presentation
Thanks