linking sediment supply, substrate conditions, and ... · linking sediment supply, substrate...

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Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and Management Actions in the Napa River Watershed San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board Dyan Whyte and Mike Napolitano May 15, 2015

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Page 1: Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and ... · Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and Management Actions in the Napa River Watershed San Francisco Bay Regional

Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and Management Actions in the Napa River Watershed

San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board

Dyan Whyte and Mike NapolitanoMay 15, 2015

Page 2: Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and ... · Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and Management Actions in the Napa River Watershed San Francisco Bay Regional

Presentation Outline• Mid‐1990s through early‐2000s, sediment supply was about 180% natural and 

more than half was human‐caused

• At that time, salmon and steelhead habitat was adversely affected by high concentrations of sand in the streambed

• Channel incision identified as a major sediment source and primary agent of habitat simplification.

• This past decade, there has been a lot of river restoration and upland erosion control

• Therefore it’s reasonable to hypothesize that human‐caused erosion has decreased and that channel substrate conditions have improved

• How can determine how much progress has been made?

Page 3: Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and ... · Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and Management Actions in the Napa River Watershed San Francisco Bay Regional

Sediment Budget Identifies Sources and Relative Contributions

The 1994‐2004 sediment budget involved:• Extensive field reconnaissance to define sub‐areas that are similar with regard 

to natural process and land‐use effects on sediment supply 

• Identifying, mapping, and surveying sediment sources at representative sites

• Interpreting time‐sequential aerial photos, and conducting field surveys to identify natural and man‐made datums in order to define erosion timeframes.  

• Calculated rates of sediment delivery to channels (tons/km2/year)

• Verifying results by comparing to reservoir sedimentation rates 

Page 4: Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and ... · Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and Management Actions in the Napa River Watershed San Francisco Bay Regional

Napa RiverWatershed

Sediment Supply Terrain Types & Erosion potential

Hard Bedrock ‐ low‐moderate

Sedimentary – medium – high

Ash‐flow Tuff – medium‐high

Sheared Bedrock – high – extreme

Lowland/Valley Flat – High for incision

Page 5: Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and ... · Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and Management Actions in the Napa River Watershed San Francisco Bay Regional

Hard Bedrock Type

Cobble‐boulder substrate provides important rearing habitat, low natural erosion rates, but sensitive to small increase in fines.

Page 6: Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and ... · Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and Management Actions in the Napa River Watershed San Francisco Bay Regional

Soft Sedimentary Type

Very low natural erosion rates, but potential for significant reaction to changes in runoff.

Page 7: Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and ... · Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and Management Actions in the Napa River Watershed San Francisco Bay Regional

Upland Sediment Sources

Natural erosion Road-related

Vineyard-related Grazing-related

Page 8: Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and ... · Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and Management Actions in the Napa River Watershed San Francisco Bay Regional

Valley Floor Sediment Source

Human-caused Bed and Bank Erosion

Page 9: Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and ... · Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and Management Actions in the Napa River Watershed San Francisco Bay Regional

Sediment Budget FindingsRitchie Creek: 1994-2004

(2% of watershed drains into dams)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

all sizes coarse fine

Inpu

t rat

e (t/

km2 /y

r)

total inputdownstream ofdamsnatural input entirechannel network

1/3 sediment delivery land use activities (mainly roads)

Naturally occurring landslides main source

Carneros Creek (1994-2004)(22% of watershed drains into dams)

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

all sizes coarse fine

Inpu

t rat

e (t/

km2 /y

r) total input entire channelnetworktotal input downstreamof damsnatural input entire channel networknatural inputdownstream of dams

¾ sediment delivery from land use activities

Page 10: Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and ... · Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and Management Actions in the Napa River Watershed San Francisco Bay Regional

Fine sediment load is about 150% of natural background in middle reaches (where influences of dams are greatest).

Napa River at Conn Creek (1994-2004)(48% of watershed drains into dams)

1.4 1.51.0

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

44.5

total coarse fine

Inpu

t rat

e (x

100

t/km

2 /yr)

Rat

io (p

rese

nt-to

-nat

ural

)

present-daynaturalRatio (p:n)

Page 11: Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and ... · Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and Management Actions in the Napa River Watershed San Francisco Bay Regional

As sand deposition increases, flow rate through gravel (permeability) decreases

Source: McNeil and Ahnell (1964)

Page 12: Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and ... · Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and Management Actions in the Napa River Watershed San Francisco Bay Regional

Permeable gravel supports salmon egg survival

Baseline period, median streambed permeability = 4800 cm/hrTarget = 7800 cm/hr or   >50% survival

Page 13: Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and ... · Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and Management Actions in the Napa River Watershed San Francisco Bay Regional

Source: American Fisheries Society (1991).

(depth of scour)

(depth of scour)

(egg pocket)

(egg pocket)

As total amount of sediment transported near bed increases or gets finer in texture, extent of streambed scour increases

Target = Scour Depth < 15 cm 

Page 14: Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and ... · Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and Management Actions in the Napa River Watershed San Francisco Bay Regional

Restoring Habitat in the Napa River

Napa River at Rutherford Cross Road (looking downstream)

Photo Credit: Phillip Williams & Associates

Page 15: Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and ... · Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and Management Actions in the Napa River Watershed San Francisco Bay Regional

Restoring habitat along the Napa River

Rutherford ReachOakville to Oak Knoll 

Napa River Flood Protection Project

Napa County Flood Control& Water Conservation District

Page 16: Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and ... · Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and Management Actions in the Napa River Watershed San Francisco Bay Regional

Addressing incision at Rutherford Reach at Sequoia Grove

Photo credits: ESA Associates and Tessera Sciences

Page 17: Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and ... · Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and Management Actions in the Napa River Watershed San Francisco Bay Regional

Lots of Upland Erosion Control

Photo credits: Napa County Planning

52,500 Acres vineyard property (40% certified)

Erosion control looks goodWork underway to address concentrated runoff

Work underway to assess and control sediment delivery from roads

Page 18: Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and ... · Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and Management Actions in the Napa River Watershed San Francisco Bay Regional

Building a Plan for Demonstrating Success

• Update the sediment budget• Assess streambed permeability and redd scour• Link actions to changes

Page 19: Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and ... · Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and Management Actions in the Napa River Watershed San Francisco Bay Regional

Updating the Sediment Budget• Quantify sediment sources at a greater number of sites

• Cosmogenic analyses to improve estimates of natural supply

• Reassess ground‐cover to improve sheetwash estimate

• Road map and sediment traps to improve road delivery estimate 

• Update channel incision estimate to reflect restoration projects

• Additional reservoir surveys to check sediment delivery estimates

Page 20: Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and ... · Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and Management Actions in the Napa River Watershed San Francisco Bay Regional

Implement 2013  Recommendations for Permeability and Redd Scour Monitoring

Page 21: Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and ... · Linking Sediment Supply, Substrate Conditions, and Management Actions in the Napa River Watershed San Francisco Bay Regional

Why Invest in More Studies?

• Develop linkages between sediment supply and substrate conditions

• Update action plans as needed to optimize benefits and achieve sediment targets faster

• Predict future supply reductions from implementation of farm and ranch plans and planned restoration projects