LinkersWe are students at the UVM. However not all of us live in Juriquilla.

We are students at the UVM. However not all of us live in Juriquilla.

Linkers are words intended to direct your train of thought.

They Can:

•Add Information

•Contrast information

•Introduce results

•Give reasons

•Sequence events.

What does “However” do?

RecycleSee linkers at work:VASCULAR CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH DEVELOPMENT OF HCC (Hepatocellular Carcinoma )The liver has dual blood supply from the portal vein and the hepatic artery. HCC usually develops blood supply predominantly from the arterial system due to its high requirement of oxygen during progression. The presence of new unpaired arteries not accompanied by bile duct has been shown to be able to differentiate neoplastic nodules from regenerative cirrhotic nodules The number of unpaired arteries gradually increases from cirrhotic nodules (lowest) to low- and high-grade dysplastic nodules and with the greatest numbers in HCC, particularly in HCC smaller than 3 cm in diameter. Using smooth muscle acting as a marker to label arteries in the liver parenchyma, a study demonstrated that unpaired arteries were histologically useful for distinguishing dysplastic nodules from large cirrhotic nodules. The arterialization of HCC provides a characteristic vascular enhancement pattern in contrast computed tomography (CT) scan, which is useful as a diagnostic feature of HCC to differentiate it from other liver tumors such as secondary metastatic tumors. Typically, HCC manifests as a hyperattenuated lesion against a background of minimally enhanced liver parenchyma in the arterial phase because the tumor is supplied by the hepatic artery and is hypervascular, whereas on delayed phase images, the HCC becomes low attenuating compared with the surrounding liver parenchyma owing to early washout of contrast. However, not all HCCs develop the typical arterial blood supply. Some small HCCs can remain “hypovascular” on CT scan. A previous study has shown that the degree of arterialization correlated with tumor differentiation of HCC . The study showed that well-differentiated HCC with a diameter less than 3 cm often received preferential portal venous blood, whereas moderately and poorly differentiated ones were all supplied with arterial blood. When tumors grow in size beyond 3 cm, most HCCs including well-differentiated ones generally develop a predominant arterial blood supply.

Adding

Paul is a doctor (+) His sister is a paramedic. (+) (Same train of

thought)

Paul is a doctor _in addition_ his sister is a paramedic.

Paul is a doctor _besides_ his sister is a paramedic.

Paul is a doctor _what’s more,_ his sister is a paramedic.

Paul is a doctor _furthermore,_ his sister is a paramedic.

Paul is a doctor , his sister is a paramedic as well.

Contrasting

Physical exercise is good. (+) You have to be careful when

doing it. (-)

Drinking in excess is bad for one’s health.(-) Paul drinks

a lot. (+)

Drinking in excess is bad for one’s health, but Paul drinks a lot.

Drinking in excess is bad for one’s health. However, Paul

drinks a lot.

Drinking in excess is bad for one’s health, yet, Paul drinks a

lot.

Drinking in excess is bad for one’s health. In spite of that,

Paul drinks a lot.

Drinking in excess is bad for one’s health. Never the less,

Paul drinks a lot.

Activity 1

Find linkers within the following text:

Muscular DystrophyMuscular Dystrophy (MD) is a group of genetic diseases that cause the muscle fibers to become easily damaged. There are over one dozen different types of MD. However, the most common general symptoms of MD are muscle weakness, lack of coordination and loss of mobility. The most severe type, Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, it can cause mental retardation and it primarily affects young boys. MD is diagnosed through genetic tests, muscle biopsies, and blood tests that measure for high levels of creatine kinase. On top of this, it can be diagnosed via ultrasounds. Although there is no cure for MD, it can be treated to reduce the severity with physical therapy, medication and surgery. Furthermore, special braces can be used to help with the symptoms.

Read more: Diseases of the Muscular System | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/about_5389470_diseases-muscular-system.html#ixzz1UNvqd6Hr

Activity 2Classify the linkers you found in the previous activity

Add info Contrast Info

HoweverandOn top of this AlthoughFurthermore

HomeworkFind an article or text on your own.

Identify linkers Which add or contrast information.Classify the linkers in two groups: Contrasting or Adding information.

Linkers: Introducing the Result of Previous Information

as a result,

Water is 12 times more dense than air. This density allows slow, controlled movements;

as a result, it’s easier to stretch and move joints through a wider range of motion.

so,

so,

as a consequence, consequently,

as a consequence, consequently,

Immersed up to your neck, your body weight is reduced by 90 percent

Performing exercises in water eases stress on the joints, bones and muscles.

Cause or Consequence?

Cause

Consequencethereby,

thereby,

therefore,

therefore,

Because,

Because,

because, due to the fact that

Due to the fact that,

Linkers used in this situation are very close to the ones in the next group: Giving the reason for Something.

Activity:

Cicle the Causes and Underline the Consequences.

The integrity of the bone has been damaged, therefore the bone structure fails and a fracture occurs.

Muscles that surround the injured area may go into spasm because they try to hold the broken bone fragments in place, and these spasms may cause further pain.

Some fractures occur without any obvious trauma due to osteoporosis, the loss of calcium in bone

Bones are the body's storage place for calcium. Because they are under hormone control, calcium content of bone is constantly increasing or decreasing.

Activity:

Cicle the Causes and Underline the Consequences.

The integrity of the bone has been damaged, therefore the bone structure fails and a fracture occurs.

Muscles that surround the injured area may go into spasm because they try to hold the broken bone fragments in place, and these spasms may cause further pain.

Some fractures occur without any obvious trauma due to osteoporosis, the loss of calcium in bone

Bones are the body's storage place for calcium. Because they are under hormone control, calcium content of bone is constantly increasing or decreasing.

they are under hormone control, calcium content of bone is constantly increasing or decreasing.

Giving the reason for somethingas since because

BecauseAsSince

in order to

that’s why

for this reason

X-rays are often taken

What do you notice in the examples next?

Probably there is no natural consequence but an intention..

Since the fracture site in the bone communicates with the outside world, these injuries often need to be cleaned out aggressively

diagnose a fracture.

so thatX-rays are often taken the doctor can diagnose a fracture.

The doctor has to diagnose a fracture X-rays are often taken.

The doctor has to diagnose a fracture X-rays are often taken.

Expressing Sequence of Events.

Firstly, warm up before and cool down afterward with gentle stretching exercises to keep joints and muscles flexible.Then keep in mind you have to tighten abdominal muscles to stabilize your movements and properly support your spine.After that, touch your heel to the floor whenever your foot lands.

What causes a fracture?

When outside forces are applied to bone it has the potential to fail. Fractures occur when bone cannot withstand those outside forces. Fracture, break, or crack all mean the same thing. One term is not better or worse than another. The integrity of the bone has been damaged and the bone structure fails and a fracture occurs.

Often a fracture is easy to detect because there is obvious deformity. However, at times it is not easily diagnosed. It is important for the physician to take a history of the injury in order to decide what potential problems might exist. Moreover, fractures don't always occur in isolation, and there may be associated injuries that need to be addressed.

The first step in describing a fracture is to decide if it is open or closed. If the skin over the break is disrupted, then an open fracture exists. After that, the skin can be cut, torn, or abraded (scraped), but if the skin's integrity is damaged, the potential for an infection to get into the bone exists. Since the fracture site in the bone communicates with the outside world, these injuries often need to be cleaned out aggressively and many times require anesthesia in the operating room to do the job effectively. Compound fracture was the previous term used to describe an open fracture.

Next, there needs to be a description of the fracture line. Does the fracture line go across the bone (transverse), at an angle (oblique) or does it spiral? Is the fracture in two pieces or is it comminuted, in multiple pieces?

Activity find as many linkers as possible and classify them.

What causes a fracture?

When outside forces are applied to bone it has the potential to fail. Fractures occur when bone cannot withstand those outside forces. Fracture, break, or crack all mean the same thing. One term is not better or worse than another. The integrity of the bone has been damaged and the bone structure fails and a fracture occurs.

Often a fracture is easy to detect because there is obvious deformity. However, at times it is not easily diagnosed. It is important for the physician to take a history of the injury in order to decide what potential problems might exist. Moreover, fractures don't always occur in isolation, and there may be associated injuries that need to be addressed.

The first step in describing a fracture is to decide if it is open or closed. If the skin over the break is disrupted, then an open fracture exists. After that, the skin can be cut, torn, or abraded (scraped), but if the skin's integrity is damaged, the potential for an infection to get into the bone exists. Since the fracture site in the bone communicates with the outside world, these injuries often need to be cleaned out aggressively and many times require anesthesia in the operating room to do the job effectively. Compound fracture was the previous term used to describe an open fracture.

Next, there needs to be a description of the fracture line. Does the fracture line go across the bone (transverse), at an angle (oblique) or does it spiral? Is the fracture in two pieces or is it comminuted, in multiple pieces?

Activity find as many linkers as possible and classify them.

http://www.cambridge.org/us/esl/touchstone/student/index.html

Homework for Advance Students:

Follow this link and answer the exercise in Volume 4, Unit 11 (Linking Ideas)

Record you grade and take note of the linkers used.Group them in the 5 uses.

Homework Level Students:

Follow this link and write 10 sentences where linkers are used.

http://www.medicinenet.com/bone_marrow/article.htm