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Appendix A Liquids and additives (dispersion aids)
For approximately 2S0 solids indicated in alphabetical order, the following table contains sedimentation liquids and dispersion aids (additives) known from literature or established by my own investigations [A2] [A 7] [A33] [BI2] [BI4] [BI7-B24] [C7] [C8] [D6] [F3-F8] [G8] [G9] [HI8-H20] [ll] [JS] [KI4] [KI8-K2I] [L6-L8] [M8] [P6] [R6] [SI7] [T4] [TS] [V2] [V4].
On the basis of the names of solids found in the literature, an attempt has been made to achieve greater uniformity; this has been successful in only a few cases. Thus, the user will find names of chemical compounds (calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide), minerals (cordierite, sillimanite), and groups of materials (alumina, coal). The indicated density values are for orientation only; by no means do they replace a density determination by the user.
The order ofliquids and additives is arbitrary and does not represent an order of preference in any case. Inaccurate and ambiguous data especially from older publications {glycol, alcohol} were adapted to modem usage as far as possible. Water always means distilled water.
Chemical formulae have been avoided in the column 'Additives', but for some important additives these data are contained in Appendix C. If two additives are to be used at the same time, this is indicated by a ' + '; the corresponding concentrations are always indicated. If there were no data on concentration, this is shown by the abbreviation 'n.d.'. A '-' means that no additive was indicated. The concentrations were converted to gil as far as they were unambiguously indicated; inaccurate data (such as '40% saccharose') were kept in the form in which they were indicated. All values refer to the concentration in the sedimentation vessel.
The question of whether the communicated electrolyte concentrations refer to the water-containing or water-free state remains open. Here, the user of the table has to create order himself on the basis of Appendix C.
Trade names of tensides have always been avoided, and the main chemical compounds contained in these products have been indicated instead (see also Appendix D containing some trade names and main components).
Tab
le A
.I L
iqui
ds a
nd a
ddit
ives
(di
sper
sing
aid
s)
Sol
id
Typ
e
Abr
asiv
es (
see
also
si
licon
car
bide
, co
rund
um)
Act
ivat
ed c
harc
oal
(see
als
o co
al)
Act
ive
eart
h
Alk
ali
salt
s
Alu
min
a (s
ee a
lso
coru
ndum
, al
umin
ium
oxi
de)
Den
sity
(g
/cm
3)
2.0
Wat
er
Wat
er L
iqui
d
Wat
er
Isop
ropa
nol
Isob
utan
ol
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Lin
seed
oil
+ xy
lene
n-
buty
lam
ine
Cyc
lohe
xano
ne
Cyc
lohe
xano
l n-
buta
ne
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Add
itiv
e
Con
cent
rati
on
Typ
e (g
/l)
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.3-
1.5
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e n.
d.
Am
mon
iaca
l w
ater
Tet
raso
dium
pho
spha
te
Sod
ium
Iin
olea
te
Sod
ium
oxa
late
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e
Pot
assi
um/s
odiu
m
hexa
met
apho
spha
te
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
Sod
ium
tar
trat
e H
ydro
chlo
ric
acid
5.8
vol.
%
n.d.
n.
d.
n.d.
n.d.
0.
45-1
.35
1.0
1.0
1.0
pH
=3
~ )::,.
:g CI>
:::J
0..
>;:.
)::,.
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.3-
1.5
Car
bon
tetr
achl
orid
e C
ydoh
exan
one
Alu
min
a ce
men
t 3.
2 E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Cal
cium
chl
orid
e 1.
0 (s
ee a
lso
cem
ent)
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
C
obal
t ch
lori
de
0.65
C
ydoh
exan
ol
Cyd
ohex
anon
e Q
uino
line
Alu
min
ium
2.
7 C
arbo
n te
trac
hlor
ide
Wat
er +
50 v
ol. %
et
hyle
ne g
lyco
l W
ater
W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
n.
d.
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tar
trat
e 1
gil
Wat
er
Sod
ium
oxa
late
n.
d.
Wat
er +
ethy
lene
S
odiu
m t
riph
osph
ate
n.d.
G
lyco
l E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e n.
d.
Cyd
ohex
anon
e C
ydoh
exan
ol
r-C
hlor
ofor
m
is·
Isop
ropa
nol
c: Q:
Par
affi
n oi
l L
ead
naph
than
ate
n.d.
en
Wat
er
Hyd
roch
lori
c ac
id
pH
=3
O
l ::J
Q
A
lum
iniu
m f
luor
ide
Wat
er +
glyc
erol
O
l
(20v
ol.
%)
Q 9:
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
C
alci
um c
hlor
ide
0.05
-0.5
~.
E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Str
onti
um c
hlor
ide
0.05
-0.5
CD
en
E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Cob
alt
chlo
ride
0.
05-0
.5
r\.)
(Con
tinu
ed)
co
......
Tab
le A
.I (c
onti
nued
) I\
) ~
Solid
A
ddit
ive
):..
"t
J
Den
sity
C
once
ntra
tion
"t
J (J) :;:,
Typ
e (g
jcm
3)
Liq
uid
Typ
e (g
il)
Q.
:i<'
):,.
Alu
min
ium
hyd
roxi
de
2.3-
2.4
Wat
er
Wat
er
Sac
char
ose
40%
A
lum
iniu
m o
xide
3.
5-4.
1 n-
buty
lam
ine
(see
als
o al
umin
a,
Car
bon
tetr
achl
orid
e co
rund
um)
Wat
er
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
0.5-
1.0
Wat
er
Sod
ium
car
bona
te
n.d.
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
3-1.
5 W
ater
P
otas
sium
/sod
ium
1.
0 py
roph
osph
ate
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tar
trat
e 1.
0 W
ater
S
odiu
m t
artr
ate
1.0,
pH
=9
W
ater
S
odiu
m o
xala
te
Wat
er
Hyd
roch
lori
c ac
id
pH
=3
n-
buta
nol
Cyc
lohe
xano
ne
Lin
seed
oil
+ xy
lene
W
ater
9-
10 e
thox
y oc
tyl
phen
ol
0.5-
1 W
ater
A
lkyl
phe
nol
ethy
lene
0.
5-1
oxid
e co
nden
sate
Is
ooct
ane
Sor
bita
ne m
onol
aura
te
n.d.
Alu
min
ium
sili
cate
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
27
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e n.
d.
Alu
min
ium
sili
cide
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
3-1.
5 W
ater
S
odiu
m t
riph
osph
ate
n.d.
Alu
min
ous
eart
h 1.
8 W
ater
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
artr
ate
1.0
Wat
er
Sod
ium
oxa
late
n.
d.
Wat
er
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
1.0
Wat
er
Hyd
roch
lori
c ac
id
n.d.
C
arb
on
tet
rach
lori
de
Alu
min
ous
eart
h ce
men
t E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Cob
alt
chlo
ride
n.
d.
Am
mon
ium
per
chlo
rate
2.
0 Is
obut
anol
B
enze
ne
Nap
htha
lene
ste
aros
ulph
onic
S
ome
drop
s ac
id
Am
mon
ium
pho
spha
te
1.8
Met
hano
l S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
2.
0
Anh
ydri
te
Met
hano
l (w
ater
-fre
e an
d a
ceto
ne-f
ree)
Ant
hrac
ene
past
e 1.
2 W
ater
S
odiu
m t
riph
osph
ate
n.d.
Ant
hrac
ite
1.4-
1.7
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e 0.
5 W
ater
S
odiu
m a
lkyl
nap
htha
lene
1.
0 su
lpho
nate
r-
Ant
imon
ic o
xide
3.
8-5.
3 W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
3-1.
5 ..0
.
Wat
er
Pot
assi
um/s
odiu
m h
ex a-
0.5
c: Q
met
a pho
spha
te
(f)
III
Wat
er
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
n.d.
::
J
Wat
er
Lig
nin
sulp
hona
te
Q
III
Apa
tite
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
riph
osph
ate
7.8
Q S:
Wat
er
Alu
min
ium
chl
orid
e 0.
24
~.
CD
Ars
enat
e (w
ater
-W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
45-1
.35
(f)
inso
lubl
e)
Wat
er +
50 v
ol.
%
I\)
Q)
etha
nol
(Con
tinu
ed)
w
Tab
le A
.I
(con
tinue
d)
I\:l ~
Sol
id
Add
itiv
e ):
.. "0
Den
sity
C
once
ntra
tion
"0
(1
) ::J
T
ype
(gfc
m3
) L
iqui
d T
ype
(gil)
~ ):
..
Ars
enic
tri
oxid
e 3.
8 n-
octa
nol
Cyc
lohe
xano
ne
Cyc
lohe
xano
l P
etro
leum
O
leic
aci
d 1.
8
Ars
enio
us a
cid
Cyc
lohe
xano
ne
Cyc
lohe
xano
l n-
octa
nol
Ash
(se
e al
so f
ly a
sh,
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
ra py
roph
osph
ate
1.0
flue
dus
t)
Bar
ium
car
bo
nat
e 4.
4 W
ater
S
od
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
n.d.
C
yclo
hexa
none
M
etha
nol
Wat
er
So
diu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 1.
0 M
iner
aI s
piri
t,
ligr
oin
Bar
ium
sal
ts (
wat
er-
Wat
er
So
diu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
45-1
.35
inso
lubl
e)
Bar
ium
str
onti
um
Wat
er +
etha
nol
carb
on
ate
Wat
er +
met
hano
l C
yclo
hexa
none
B
ariu
m s
ulph
ate,
4.
3-4.
5 W
ater
S
od
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
1.0
bary
te
+ so
dium
sil
icat
e 1.
0
Wat
er
Alk
yl p
heno
leth
ylen
e 1.
0 ox
ide
cond
ensa
te
Wat
er
Sod
ium
met
hyle
ne
0.5-
1 di
naph
thyl
sul
phon
ate
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.3-
2.25
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
3-1.
5 +
hydr
ochl
oric
aci
d 3.
65
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e n.
d.
Wat
er +
ethy
lene
gl
ycol
W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
0.
5-2.
0 W
ater
+ m
etha
nol
Wat
er +
diet
hyl-
phth
alat
e W
ater
N
atri
um c
itra
te
1.0
Bar
ium
tit
anat
e 5.
3-5.
8 W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
0.
5-2.
0 W
ater
P
otas
sium
/sod
ium
1.
0 he
xam
etap
hosp
hate
C
yc1o
hexa
none
W
ater
+ et
hyle
ne
glyc
ol
r-W
ater
S
econ
dary
Na
alky
l n.
d.
.0'
c::
sulp
hate
Q
'" B
auxi
te
3.3
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
ra p
yrop
hosp
hate
n.
d.
III
::J
Ben
toni
te
2.7
Wat
er
Sod
ium
car
bona
te
0.5
Q
Wat
er
Am
mon
ia
0.15
%
III
Q
Wat
er
Sod
a ly
e n.
d.
§.:
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
ra p
yrop
hosp
hate
n.
d.
;;:::-
CD
Wat
er
Sod
ium
oxa
late
0.
05
'" W
ater
P
otas
si u
m/s
odi u
rn
1.0
I\)
Q:)
hexa
met
apho
spha
te
(Jl
(Con
tinu
ed)
Tab
le A
.I
(con
tinu
ed)
Sol
id
Typ
e
Ber
yl
Bis
mut
h co
mpo
unds
Bla
ck i
ron
Bla
nc f
ixe
Bla
st-f
urna
ce s
lag
Bon
e fl
our
Bon
e as
h
Bor
on (
amor
phou
s)
Bor
on c
arbi
de
Bor
on n
itri
de
Den
sity
(g
/cm
3)
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er L
iqui
d
(Im
poss
ible
-m
agne
tic
floc
cula
tion
)
Wat
er
2.5-
3.0
1.7-
2.0
2.5
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Qui
noli
ne
Cyc
lohe
xano
l C
yclo
hexa
none
Is
opro
pano
l
Wat
er
Wat
er
n-bu
tano
l + et
hano
l n-
buta
nol
Wat
er
n-bu
tano
l + et
hano
l
n-bu
tano
l n-
buta
nol +
etha
nol
Add
itiv
e
Typ
e
Sod
ium
sil
icat
e (w
ater
gl
ass)
Sod
ium
sil
icat
e S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
Sod
ium
tet
ra p
yro
ph
osp
hat
e
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
Sod
ium
tet
rap
yro
ph
osp
hat
e
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
Sod
ium
tet
rap
yro
ph
osp
hat
e
Con
cent
rati
on
0.2
1.0
1.0
1.35
0.9
(gil)
1.0
0.45
-1.3
5
2.0
n.d.
I\)
~
):,. ~ ~
<D
::J
Q
;;:"
):,.
Bor
on o
xide
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
5-1
Bra
n W
ater
S
odiu
m t
riph
osph
ate
n.d.
Bro
nze
8.7-
8.9
Cyc
lohe
xano
l C
yclo
hexa
none
Bro
wn
coal
(se
e al
so
1.2-
1.4
Wat
er
Wet
ting
age
nt
Som
e dr
ops
coal
) Is
obut
anol
D
ieth
ylph
thal
ate
Cyc
lohe
xano
ne +
10
wt.%
met
hano
l C
yclo
hexa
nol +
10
wt.%
met
hano
l W
ater
+ g
lyce
rol
Cad
miu
m a
rsen
ate
4.2
Wat
er +
50
vol.
%
met
hano
l W
ater
+ 5
0 vo
l. %
et
hano
l
Cad
miu
m c
olou
r W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
1.
0 W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
45-1
.35
Cad
miu
m s
ulph
ide
Cyc
lohe
xano
ne
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
ra py
roph
osph
ate
n.d.
(-
.0"
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
c:
is:
Cal
cium
ars
enat
e W
ater
+ 5
0 vo
l. %
(/
)
etha
nol
III
::J
Wat
er+
50
vol
. %
Q
III
met
hano
l Q
Cal
cium
car
bona
te
2.7-
2.9
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
~
~.
Gly
cero
l CD
(/
)
Wat
er
Isop
ropa
nol
i'V
OJ
( Con
tinu
ed)
'-J
Tab
le A
.I
(con
tinu
ed)
Sol
id
Typ
e D
ensi
ty
(gjc
m3
)
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er L
iqui
d
Wat
er +
met
hano
l W
ater
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Ace
tone
X
ylen
e W
ater
+2
0 v
ol.
%
glyc
erol
Typ
e
Sod
ium
pol
yacr
ylat
e A
mm
onia
cal
wat
er
Sod
ium
met
hyle
ne
Add
itiv
e
dina
phth
yl s
ulph
onat
e S
odiu
m t
riph
osph
ate
9-1
0 e
thox
yoct
ylph
enol
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 9
-10
eth
oxyo
ctyl
phen
ol
Sod
ium
sili
cate
(w
ater
gl
ass)
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
S
odiu
m s
ilica
te (
wat
er
glas
s) +
pota
ssiu
m
citr
ate
Sod
ium
sili
cate
+
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
Sod
ium
cit
rate
+
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
Sod
ium
met
hyle
ne
dina
phty
l su
lpho
nate
S
odiu
m a
lkyl
sul
phon
ate
Con
cent
rati
on
(gjl)
n.d.
5.
8 vo
l. %
0.
5-1.
0
n.d.
0.
5-1.
0 0.
3-2.
25
n.d.
2.
0
0.5-
2.0
20.0
32
.4
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
n.d.
I\.)
~
:h
"0
"0
CD
::J
Q. :;;:.
:h-
Cyc
lohe
xano
ne+
10
vol.%
iso
amyl
al
coho
l W
ater
+ 5
0 vo
l. %
et
hyle
ne g
lyco
l
Cal
cium
flu
orid
e,
3.2
Wat
er
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
1.0
fluo
rite
W
ater
A
mm
onia
cal
wat
er
1 vo
l. %
W
ater
P
otas
sium
chl
orid
e 0.
074
Wat
er
Nit
ric
acid
0.
126
(0.0
02n)
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.3~1.5
Wat
er
Gel
atin
+ s
odiu
m c
arbo
nate
1~2.5
Met
hano
l P
otas
sium
chl
orid
e 0.
074
Cyc
lohe
xano
l C
yclo
hexa
none
A
ceto
ne
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
Cal
cium
hyd
roxi
de
2.3
Cyc
lohe
xano
l E
than
ol
Isop
ropa
nol
Wat
er
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
0.5
r-C
alci
um-m
agne
sium
2.
9 W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
0.5~2.0
.c'
c:
carb
onat
e, d
olom
ite
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e n.
d.
Q
CIJ
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.3~1.5
il)
Wat
er
Am
mon
ia
5.8
vol.
%
:::J
Q
(25
gil)
il) Q
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
§}
C
alci
um-m
agne
sium
X
ylen
e O
leic
aci
d n.
d.
~'
CD
oxid
e CI
J
I\.)
(Co
ntin
ue
d)
0::>
(0
Tab
le A
.I
(con
tinu
ed)
I\.)
(0
a
Sol
id
Add
itiv
e ):
,.
"t:J
Den
sity
"t:
J C
once
ntra
tion
(!
) ::J
T
ype
(g/c
m3
) L
iqui
d T
ype
(gil)
Q
>;:
. ):
,.
Cal
cium
oxi
de
3.3-
3.6
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
C
hino
line
A
ceto
ne
Cyc
1ohe
xano
ne
Cyc
1ohe
xano
l E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Pet
role
um
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
C
alci
um c
hlor
ide
0.05
-0.5
E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Str
onti
um c
hlor
ide
0.05
-0.5
E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Cob
alt
chlo
ride
0.
05-0
.5
Lig
roin
Cal
cium
pho
spha
te
2.3
Isob
utan
ol
(wat
er-s
olub
le)
Hex
ane
n-oc
tano
l
Cal
cium
pho
spha
te
2.2-
3.2
Wat
er
(wat
er-i
nsol
uble
) W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e n.
d.
Wat
er
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
0.5-
2.0
Wat
er
Sod
ium
sili
cate
(w
ater
gla
ss)
1.0
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e n.
d.
Wat
er +
etha
nol
n-bu
tano
l et
hano
l W
ater
S
odiu
m s
ilica
te +
poly
-ox
yeth
ylen
e th
ioet
her
1.0-
0.2
Cal
cium
sal
ts
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.9
(wat
er-i
nsol
uble
)
Cal
cium
sta
nnat
e W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 1.
0
Cal
cium
sul
phat
e (s
ee
gyps
um,
anhy
drite
)
Cal
cium
tri
phos
phat
e W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
45-1
.35
Met
hano
l W
ater
Cal
cium
wol
fram
ate
Wat
er
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
n.d.
W
ater
S
odiu
m c
itra
te
0.5
Cal
omel
7.
2 C
yd
oh
exan
on
e C
ydoh
exan
ol
Can
e su
gar
(see
1.
6 D
ieth
ylph
thal
ate
also
sug
ar)
Isob
utan
ol
Isoa
myl
alc
ohol
Car
bon
blac
k 1.
7-2.
0 C
yd
oh
exan
e D
ioct
yles
ter
of s
odiu
m-
sulp
hosu
ccin
ic a
cid
Ace
tone
C
ydoh
exan
ol
r-M
etha
nol
..0"
t:::
Eth
anol
~
Wat
er
Dio
ctyl
este
r of
sod
ium
-1.
0-10
.0
OJ
sulp
hosu
ccin
ic a
cid
::::J
Q..
Wat
er
Nap
htha
lene
sul
phon
ic
n.d.
OJ
acid
con
dens
ate
Q.. ~
Wat
er
Sod
ium
lin
olea
te
10.0
:;,:-
Isop
ropa
nol
CD
(I)
Wat
er
Tan
nic
acid
1.
0 I\
)
(Con
tinu
ed)
(0
.....
.
Tab
le A
.I
(con
tinu
ed)
Sol
id
Typ
e
Car
boru
ndum
(se
e si
lico
n ca
rbid
e)
Cel
lulo
se
Cem
ent
(see
als
o P
ortl
and
cem
ent,
alum
ina
cem
ent)
Den
sity
(g
/cm
3)
2.9-
3.2
Liq
uid
Wat
er
Isob
utan
ol
Gly
cero
l
Pet
rol
Whi
te s
piri
t B
enze
ne
Pyr
idin
e P
etro
leum
B
enze
ne
Isop
ropa
nol
Met
hano
l n-
buta
nol
Isob
utan
ol
Par
affi
nic
oil
Ker
osen
e C
yc1o
hexa
nol
Cyc
1ohe
xano
ne
Add
itiv
e
Typ
e
Mon
oest
er o
f su
lpho
su
ccin
ic a
cid
with
et
hoxy
late
d co
conu
t al
coho
l, d
i-so
dium
sal
t
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e
Ole
ic a
cid
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
Con
cent
rati
on
(gil
)
1.0
1.0-
10.0
Sat
urat
ed
~ ),..
-0
-0
<D
::J ~ ),..
Cer
amic
bul
k go
ods
mas
ses
Cer
ussi
te
Cha
lk (
see
also
C
alci
um c
arbo
nate
) 2.
6
Cyc
1ohe
xano
l + 50
vo
l. %
isoa
myl
al
coho
l C
yc1o
hexa
nol +
10
vol.
% is
oam
yl
alco
hol
Qui
noli
ne
Eth
anol
E
than
ol
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Pet
rol
Pet
rol
Gly
cero
l M
etha
nol +
glyc
erol
C
asto
r oi
l
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Cal
cium
chl
orid
e S
tron
tium
chl
orid
e
Cal
cium
chl
orid
e S
tron
tium
chl
orid
e C
obal
t ch
lori
de
Ole
ic a
cid
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
Pot
assi
um/s
odiu
m h
exa
met
apho
spha
te
Pot
assi
um/s
odiu
m h
exa
met
apho
spha
te +
so
dium
car
bona
te
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
Sod
ium
sil
icat
e (w
ater
gl
ass)
0.05
5-5.
5 0.
075-
0.32
0.05
-0.5
0.
05-0
.5
0.05
-0.5
1.0-
10.0
0.45
-1.4
1.
0
n.d.
n.d
1.0
2.0
( Con
tinu
ed)
r- .0'
t:: ~ OJ
::J
Q
OJ
Q 9:
~.
OJ ~
Tab
le A
.I
(con
tinue
d)
I\J
<0
~
Sol
id
Add
itiv
e ):
. "b
Den
sity
C
once
ntra
tion
"b
<D
Typ
e (g
/cm
3)
Liq
uid
:::J
Typ
e (g
il)
Q.
;;:.
):.
Wat
er
Pot
assi
um c
itra
te
5.5
Wat
er
Sod
ium
cit
rate
0.
1 W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
py
rop
ho
sph
ate
0.3-
1.5
Wat
er
Am
mon
ia
2.0
Ace
tone
P
etro
leum
Is
opro
pano
l
Cha
lk (
prec
ipit
ated
) Is
opro
pano
l
Cha
rcoa
l 10
4 W
ater
S
odiu
m l
inol
eate
10
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
5-1.
0 Is
opro
pano
l W
ater
A
mm
onia
0.
3
Chi
na c
lay
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e n.
d.
Chr
ome
dye
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
ra p
yro
ph
osp
hat
e 00
45-1
.35
Chr
ome
yello
w
3.3
Cyc
iohe
xano
ne
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
Chr
omiu
m
Isob
utan
ol
n-bu
tano
l P
etro
leum
Chr
omiu
m o
xide
2.
7-5.
3 W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
3-2.
25
Cyc
iohe
xano
l +
10
vol.
% is
oam
yl
alco
hol
Wat
er
Pot
assi
um/s
odiu
m h
exa-
0.6
met
apho
spha
te +
sod
ium
0.
12
carb
onat
e
Cla
y 2.
5-2.
6 W
ater
S
odiu
m c
arbo
nate
n.
d.
Wat
er
Wat
er
Sod
ium
oxa
late
0.
67
Wat
er
Sod
ium
sil
icat
e (w
ater
20
.0
glas
s)
Wat
er
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
1.0
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.3-
1.5
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e n.
d.
Wat
er
Pot
assi
um/s
odiu
m h
exa-
1.0
met
apho
spha
te
Isop
ropa
nol
But
ylph
thal
ate +
et
hano
l W
ater
S
odiu
m p
olya
cryl
ate
10
Cla
yey
shal
e (s
ee a
lso
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e n.
d.
schi
st)
Coa
l (s
ee a
lso
Wat
er
Sod
ium
lin
olea
te
0.5-
1.0
r-ac
tiva
ted
coal
, W
ater
C
alci
um c
hlor
ide
1.0
.0.
ligni
te,
hard
coa
l) W
ater
O
leic
aci
d -
met
hyl-
n.d.
e: ~
taur
ide-
sodi
um-s
alt
III
Eth
anol
C
alci
um c
hlor
ide
10-1
5 :::
l
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
0.
. II
I E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Cal
cium
chl
orid
e 0.
05-0
.5
0..
0..
Isop
ropa
nol
~:
-<::
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
S
tron
tium
chl
orid
e 0.
05-0
.5
CI>
C/)
Wat
er
Pol
yiso
bute
ne
1.0-
4 su
ccin
amid
e ~
(Con
tinu
ed)
01
Tab
le A
.I (c
onti
nued
)
Solid
Typ
e D
ensi
ty
(g/ c
m3)
L
iqui
d
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
M
etha
nol
Cyc
lohe
xane
M
iner
al s
piri
t (l
igro
in)
Cyc
lohe
xano
l W
ater
Cyc
lohe
xano
ne
Xyl
ene
Eth
anol
A
ceto
ne
Pet
role
um
Isob
utan
ol
Pet
rol
Wat
er
Cyc
lohe
xano
l + 50
vo
l. %
met
hano
l W
ater
+ 50
vol
. %
et
hano
l W
ater
Wat
er +
50v
ol.%
cy
lcoh
exan
ol
Add
itiv
e
Typ
e
Cob
alt
chlo
ride
Nap
htha
lene
sul
phon
ic a
cid
cond
ensa
te
Ole
ic a
cid
Ole
ic a
cid
Pol
yoxy
ethy
lene
sor
bita
ne
mon
oste
arat
e
Dio
ctyl
este
r of
sod
ium
su
lpho
succ
inic
aci
d
Con
cent
rati
on
(g/l)
0.05
-0.5
n.d.
1-10
1-10
n.
d.
0.5-
1.0
~ ~
:g (1) :;,
Q
)(.
~
Cob
alt
8.8
Isob
utan
ol
n-bu
tano
l C
yclo
hexa
ne
Cyc
lohe
xano
ne
Die
thyl
phth
alat
e C
yclo
hexa
nol
Eth
anol
C
olza
oil
+ a
ceto
ne
Wat
er +
eth
ylen
e S
odiu
m t
riph
osph
ate
n.d.
gl
ycol
E
than
ol +
5% w
ater
Cob
alt
oxid
e W
ater
P
otas
sium
/sod
ium
hex
a-0.
6 m
eta p
hosp
hate
+
sodi
um c
arbo
nate
0.
12
Coc
oa
1.5
Die
thyl
phth
alat
e Is
oam
yl a
lcoh
ol
Isob
utan
ol
n-bu
tano
l B
enze
ne
Isob
utan
ol +
r-
diet
hylp
htha
late
.0
. A
ceto
ne
c:
Q
Cyc
lohe
xano
ne
CI)
OJ
Cof
fee
Min
eral
oil
::J
Q.
Cok
e 1.
6-1.
9 Is
obut
anol
OJ
Q
.
Isop
ropa
nol
9:
Wat
er
Sod
ium
alk
yl
1.0
~.
("()
naph
thal
ene
sulp
hona
te
CI)
Wat
er
Sod
ium
lin
olea
te
1.0
r"0
(Con
tinu
ed)
<0
'-
I
Tab
le A
.I
(con
tinu
ed)
Sol
id
Typ
e
Cop
per
Den
sity
(g
/cm
3)
8.9
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er L
iqui
d
Eth
anol
E
than
ol +
50
vol.%
et
hyle
ne g
lyco
l
Eth
anol
W
ater
W
ater
W
ater
+5
0 v
ol.%
gl
ycer
ol
Ace
tone
n-
buta
nol
Col
za o
il C
olza
oil
+ a
ceto
ne
Soy
a be
an o
il +
50 v
ol.%
ace
tone
Add
itiv
e
Typ
e
Sod
ium
ole
ate
Tan
nic
acid
+ am
mon
ia
Nap
htha
lene
sul
phon
ic a
cid
cond
ensa
te
Cal
cium
chl
orid
e C
alci
um c
hlor
ide
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
+
Cal
cium
chl
orid
e 50
vol
.% e
than
ol
Cyc
lohe
xano
ne
Cyc
lQhe
xano
l Is
oam
yl a
lcoh
ol
Con
cent
rati
on
(g/I)
2.0-
10.0
0.
5/0.
8-3.
2 n.
d.
1.0
1.0
20
6.0
I\)
co
Q)
):,.
"0
"0
CD
::J
~ ):,.
Cop
per
com
poun
ds
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.45
-1.3
5 (w
ater
-ins
olub
le)
Wat
er
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
0.5
Cop
per
hydr
oxid
e W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
0.
5
Cop
per
oxid
es
Wat
er
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
n.d.
Cop
per
oxyc
hlor
ide
Wat
er
Cop
per
phth
aloc
yani
ne
Wat
er
Cop
per
slag
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 1.
0
Cor
dier
ite
3.0
Wat
er
Sod
ium
sal
t of
the
poly
-S
ome
drop
s of
an
mer
ized
car
boxy
lic
acid
aq
ueou
s so
luti
on
Cor
nflo
ur
1.5
Isob
utan
ol
Isob
utan
ol +
di
ethy
lpht
hala
te
Die
thyl
phth
alat
e P
etro
leum
Cor
undu
m (
see
also
4.
0 W
ater
al
umin
ium
oxi
de,
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.45
-1.3
5 al
umin
a)
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e n.
d.
Cru
de p
hosp
hate
s W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
45-1
.35
[-
(see
als
o ph
osph
ates
) W
ater
S
odiu
m t
riph
osph
ate
n.d.
.0
. c:: C
ryol
ite
3.0
Wat
er +
20 v
ol.
%
~ gl
ycer
ol
OJ
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
::J
Q
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e n.
d.
OJ
3.0
Wat
er
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
n.d.
Q
S:
Cul
tiva
ted
soil
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.45
-1.3
5 ~.
CD
(s
ee a
lso
soil,
W
ater
S
odiu
m o
xala
te
0.67
Cr
.l
eart
h)
Wat
er
Am
mon
iaca
l w
ater
5.
8 vo
l. %
I\
)
( Con
tinu
ed)
co
co
Tab
le A
.I
(con
tinu
ed)
w
<:)
<
:)
Sol
id
Add
itiv
e ):
,. " " D
ensi
ty
Con
cent
rati
on
CD
:::J
Typ
e (g
/cm
3)
Liq
uid
Typ
e (g
/i)
Q ;;:.
):,.
Dia
man
t 3.
5 O
live
oil
Min
eral
oil
Wat
er
Gel
atin
+ so
dium
1.
0-2.
0 ca
rbon
ate
pH
=9
W
ater
D
ioct
yles
ter
of
sodi
um
sulp
hosu
ccin
ic a
cid
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e n.
d.
Eth
anol
W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
0.
5
Dia
tom
aceo
us e
arth
W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
1.
0 W
ater
Dic
alci
um p
hosp
hate
2.
3 M
etha
nol
Wat
er +
etha
nol
Dol
omit
e (s
ee
2.9
calc
ium
/mag
nesi
um
carb
onat
e)
Dri
ed y
east
W
ater
+ et
hano
l
Dru
g (h
ydro
phob
ic)
Wat
er +
1%
Pol
yoxy
ethy
lene
20
met
hylc
ellu
lose
so
rbit
ane
mon
o-ol
eate
5.
0 W
ater
+ 1%
P
olyo
xyet
hyle
ne 2
0 m
ethy
lcel
lulo
se
sorb
itan
e m
ono-
olea
te
5.0
Wat
er +
1%
Pol
yoxy
ethy
lene
-m
ethy
lcel
lulo
se
poly
oxyp
ropy
lene
bl
ock
com
poly
mer
s 5.
0
Dye
s, m
iner
al
Wat
er
Pot
assi
um c
itra
te
30
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.3-
1.5
Wat
er
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
2.0
Ear
th (
see
also
W
ater
s{
)il,
cult
ivat
ed
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.45
-1.3
5
soil)
W
ater
S
odiu
m o
xala
te
20.0
W
ater
+ et
hyle
ne
glyc
ol
But
ylph
thal
ate +
et
hano
l
Ena
mel
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
3-1.
5
Ens
tati
te
3.0-
3.3
Wat
er
Pot
assi
um (
sodi
um h
exa-
1.0
met
apho
spha
te)
Wat
er
Sod
ium
car
bona
te
n.d.
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 1.
0
Epo
xy p
owde
r 1.
2 W
ater
L
auri
c ac
id
n.d.
Fel
dspa
r 2.
6 W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
n.
d.
Wat
er
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e n.
d.
Wat
er
Sod
ium
oxa
late
n.
d.
r-
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.45
-1.3
5 .0
' c:
Fer
rite
4.
7 W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
2.
0 Q
(J
)
Il:l
FeS
iCr
4.9
Cyc
lohe
xano
l :::J
Cyc
lohe
xano
ne
Q
Il:l
Fil
ler
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e n.
d.
Q
Q
;::;:
Fir
ecla
y 2.
6 W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
3-1.
5 ~.
CD
Wat
er
Pot
assi
um/s
odiu
m h
exa-
1.0
(J)
met
a pho
spha
te
w
(Con
tinu
ed)
0
Tab
le A
.I (c
onti
nued
)
Sol
id
Typ
e
Fli
nt
Flo
ur
Flu
orit
e
Flu
orsp
ar (
see
calc
ium
flu
orid
e)
Den
sity
(g
/cm
3)
2.7
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er L
iqui
d
Pet
role
um
Isob
utan
ol
Isob
utan
ol +
di
ethy
lpht
hala
te
Die
thyl
phth
alat
e P
etro
l B
enze
ne
Isoa
myl
alc
ohol
C
yclo
hexa
none
C
yclo
hexa
nol
Pet
rol
Eth
anol
Wat
er
Add
itiv
e
Typ
e
Pot
assi
um/s
odiu
m h
exa
met
apho
spha
te +
so
dium
car
bo
nat
e S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
Sod
ium
oxa
late
S
odiu
m t
etra
py
rop
ho
sph
ate
Ole
ic a
cid
Ole
ic a
cid
Sod
ium
car
bona
te +
ge
lati
n
Con
cent
rati
on
(g/I)
n.d.
n.d.
n.
d.
n.d.
0.
45-1
.35
1.0-
10.0
1.0-
10.0
1-2.
5 1-
2.5
2 ):,.
"b
"b
<1
l :::J
Q ;;:.
):,.
Fly
ash
(see
als
o 2.
2-2.
3 W
ater
as
h, f
lue
dust
) W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
45-1
.35
Wat
er
Na
salt
of
poly
mer
ized
0.
57
subs
titu
ted
alky
l be
nzen
e su
i pho
nic
acid
W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
2.
0
For
ster
ite
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
1.0
Fou
ndry
san
d W
ater
S
oda
lye
n.d.
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
45-1
.35
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e n.
d.
Fri
tten
W
ater
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
45-1
.35
Wat
er
Sod
a ly
e n.
d.
Gar
net
3.8-
3.9
Wat
er
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
0.5
Gla
ss
2.4-
3.0
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.45
-1.3
5 W
ater
S
odiu
m m
ethy
lene
0.
5-1.
0 di
naph
thyl
sulp
hona
te
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e n.
d.
Wat
er
Alk
yl p
heno
leth
ylen
e 0.
5-1.
0 r-
oxid
e co
nden
sate
.0
' W
ater
P
otas
sium
/sod
ium
hex
a-0.
3 c: Q
m
etap
hosp
hate
+
C/,)
sodi
um c
arbo
nate
0.
06
ill
:::J
n-bu
tano
l Q
,
ill
Cyc
lohe
xano
l Q
,
Wat
er +
ethy
lene
Q
, ~ gl
ycol
(J
) C
/,)
Wat
er +
glyc
erol
M
etha
nol
w
(Con
tinu
ed)
8
Tab
le A
.I
(con
tinu
ed)
0.)
0 .f>
..
Sol
id
Add
itiv
e h "b
"b
D
ensi
ty
Con
cent
rati
on
CD
:::J
Typ
e (g
/cm
3)
Liq
uid
Typ
e (g
il)
Q ;;:.
h E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Lig
nin
solu
tion
W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
0.
5 W
ater
9
-10
eth
oxyo
ctyl
ph
eno
l
Gla
zes
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.3-
1.5
Gra
nite
W
ater
9
-10
eth
oxyo
ctyl
ph
eno
l n.
d.
Gra
phit
e 2.
0-2.
5 W
ater
T
anni
c ac
id
0.5
Wat
er
Sod
ium
lin
olea
te
5.0
Wat
er
Am
mon
ia +
0.
8-3.
2 so
dium
lin
olea
te
n.d.
W
ater
S
econ
dary
sod
ium
alk
yl
n.d.
su
lfat
e W
ater
S
odiu
m t
riph
osph
ate
n.d.
W
ater
L
igni
n su
lpho
nate
1.
0 E
than
ol
n-bu
tano
l W
ater
D
ioct
yles
ter
of s
odiu
m
0.5
vol.
%
sulp
hosu
ccin
ic a
cid
Wat
er
Car
boxy
met
hyl
cell
ulos
e 10
.0
Gyp
sum
2.
3 E
than
ol
Cal
cium
chl
orid
e 10
E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
C
obal
t ci
trat
e 3
Eth
anol
Eth
anol
+ 50
vol
. %
C
obal
t ci
trat
e 3
ethy
lene
gly
col
Met
hano
l M
etha
nol
Cal
cium
chl
orid
e 11
n-
amyl
alc
ohol
M
etha
nol +
ethy
lene
C
alci
um c
hlor
ide
n.d.
gl
ycol
+ et
hano
l E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Cob
alt
citr
ate
n.d.
E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Cal
cium
chl
orid
e 0.
05-0
.5
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
S
tron
tium
chl
orid
e 0.
05-0
.5
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
C
obal
t ch
lori
de
0.05
-0.5
Is
obut
anol
Gyp
sum
(flo
wer
of)
3.
0 E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol +
S
odiu
m c
itra
te
1.29
50
vol
. %
etha
nol
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
+
Cal
cium
cit
rate
0.
5 50
vol
. %
etha
nol
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
C
obal
t ci
trat
e n.
d.
Met
hano
l E
than
ol +
ethy
lene
P
otas
sium
cit
rate
0.
5-1.
0 gl
ycol
(-
Gyp
sum
(ra
w)
2.3
Wat
er
Pot
assi
um c
itra
te
30.0
.0
'
Wat
er
Dio
ctyl
este
r o
f so
dium
10
.0
c:
Q
sulp
hosu
ccin
ic a
cid
CIl
III
Eth
anol
C
alci
um c
hlor
ide
5.0
::J
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
C
obal
t ci
trat
e 0.
5-1.
0 Q
II
I
Met
hano
l Q
9:
Hae
mat
ite
5.2
Wat
er
~
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
ra py
roph
osph
ate
1.0
(I)
CIl
Wat
er
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
2.0
w
(Con
tinu
ed)
0 01
Tab
le A
.I
(con
tinu
ed)
Sol
id
Typ
e
Har
d co
al (
see
also
co
al)
Den
sity
(g
/cm
3)
1.4
Liq
uid
Ace
tone
C
yclo
hexa
nol
Cyc
lohe
xano
l + 50
vo
l. %
met
hano
l C
yclo
hexa
none
C
yclo
hexa
none
+
met
hano
l E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Eth
anol
E
than
ol
Ker
osen
e M
etha
nol
Pet
role
um
Wat
er
Wat
er +
etha
nol
Typ
e
Cal
cium
chl
orid
e
Dio
ctyl
este
r of
sod
ium
su
lpho
succ
inic
aci
d
Wat
er +
etha
nol
Sod
ium
lin
eole
ate +
Wat
er +
50 v
ol.
%
1,3-
buty
lene
gly
col
calc
ium
chl
orid
e
Wat
er +
50 v
ol.
%
Sod
ium
cit
rate
1,
3-bu
tyle
ne g
lyco
l W
ater
+ 50
vol
. %
W
etti
ng a
gent
1,
3-bu
tyle
ne g
lyco
l
Add
itiv
e
Con
cent
rati
on
(gil)
11.0
5.0-
10.0
n.d.
n.
d.
0.36
2
0.2-
0.3
~ :h
"b
"b
(J) :::J
Q :;;;:.
:h-
Wat
er
Sod
ium
lin
olea
te +
10
.0
sulp
hona
ted
loro
l n.
d.
(mai
n am
ou
nt
dode
cyl-
alco
hol)
W
ater
T
anni
c ac
id
n.d.
X
ylen
e
Hea
vy m
etal
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
45-1
.35
com
poun
ds
Hex
achl
oroc
yclo
hexa
ne
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e n.
d.
Hyd
rarg
illi
te
2.4
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
1.0
Hyd
rate
d lim
e (s
ee
calc
ium
hyd
roxi
de)
Ilm
enit
e 4.
7 W
ater
Iron
7.
8 W
ater
+ gl
ycer
ol
Cyc
lohe
xane
n-
buta
nol
Wat
er +
ethy
lene
gl
ycol
E
than
ol
r-
Soy
a be
an o
il +
50
.0'
c: vo
l. %
acet
one
Q
CIJ
Wat
er
Alk
yl p
heno
l et
hyle
ne
0.5-
1.0
III
oxid
e co
nden
sate
::J
Q
Col
za o
il +
acet
one
III
Wat
er +
ethy
lene
S
odiu
m t
riph
osph
ate
n.d.
Q
2: gl
ycol
;;;:
. C
yclo
hexa
nol
<1l
CIJ
Cyc
lo he
xano
ne
CAl
( Co
ntin
ue
d)
a "-J
Tab
le A
.I
(con
tinu
ed)
Sol
id
Typ
e
Iron
oxi
des
Iron
sul
phat
e
Iron
sul
phid
e (s
ee
also
pyr
ite)
Kag
run
Kao
lin
Den
sity
(g
/cm
3)
3.4-
5.7
1.8-
3.0
4.8
2.2-
2.6
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er L
iqui
d
Eth
anol
Add
itiv
e
Typ
e
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
9-1
0 e
thox
yoct
yl p
hen
ol
Pot
assi
um/s
odiu
m h
exa-
met
apho
spha
te
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
Par
affi
n oi
l + be
nzen
e W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
Isob
utan
ol
Cyc
lohe
xano
ne
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
Wat
er +
ethy
lene
gl
ycol
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Am
mon
ia
Lig
nin
sulp
hona
te p
H 1
0
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e H
ydro
chlo
ric
acid
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e +
sodi
um s
ilic
ate
(wat
er g
lass
)
Con
cent
rati
on
(g/l)
1.0
n.d.
0.5
0.3-
1.5
0.5
0.2
1% r
elat
ed
to s
olid
n.
d.
pH 3
0.
3-2.
25
2.25
1.
0
w
~
::t>
:g (I)
::J ~ ::t>
Wat
er
Pot
assi
um/s
odiu
m h
exa-
0.57
3 m
etap
hosp
hate
+
sodi
um c
arbo
nate
0.
127
Wat
er
Pot
assi
um/s
odiu
m h
exa-
1.0
met
apho
spha
te
Wat
er
Coc
onut
fat
am
ine
addi
tive
n.
d.
wit
h 15
eth
ylen
e ox
ide
grou
ps
Wat
er
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
0.45
+
sod
ium
car
bona
te
0.01
1 W
ater
S
odiu
m o
xala
te
0.67
W
ater
S
odiu
m h
ydro
xide
So
me
drop
s W
ater
S
odiu
m c
arbo
nate
0.
5 W
ater
S
odiu
m s
ilic
ate
(wat
er
0.2-
1 gl
ass)
W
ater
S
odiu
m p
olya
cryl
ate
10
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
1.0
+ so
dium
sil
icat
e 1.
0 W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
n.
d.
Kie
selg
u(h)
r W
ater
W
ater
S
odiu
m s
ilic
ate
n.d.
r-- .0.
(wat
er g
lass
) c::
W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
0.
5-1.
0 ~
Wat
er
Sod
ium
oxa
late
0.
67
III ~
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.5-
1.0
0..
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e n.
d.
III
Wat
er
Am
mon
ia
2.0
~ L
appi
ng p
owde
r W
ater
S
odiu
m t
riph
osph
ate
n.d.
~.
en
Lat
ex
Wat
er
Pol
yoxy
ethy
lene
sor
bita
ne
n.d.
C
o)
mon
oste
arat
e (C
onti
nued
) ~
Tab
le A
.I
(con
tinu
ed)
w
.....
0
Sol
id
Add
itiv
e ):
:.
"t)
"t)
Den
sity
C
once
ntra
tion
C
[) ::;,
Typ
e (g
/ cm
3)
Liq
uid
Typ
e (g
/l)
0.
)"(.
)::.
Lea
d 11
.3
Wat
er
Ace
tone
C
yc10
hexa
ne
Cyc
1ohe
xano
l C
yc1o
hexa
nol +
10%
m
etha
nol
Cyc
1ohe
xano
ne
n-bu
tano
l Is
oam
yl a
lcoh
ol
Lea
d ch
rom
ate
Cyc
1ohe
xano
ne
Lea
d cy
anam
ide
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.3-
1.5
Lea
d ox
ides
(se
e al
so
8-9.
5 E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
lead
pai
nt,
red
lead
) W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
5-1.
5 W
ater
S
odiu
m o
leat
e n.
d.
Xyl
ene
Cyc
1ohe
xano
ne
Wat
er +
glyc
erol
P
araf
fin
oil +
be
nzen
e W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
0.
5 W
ater
P
otas
sium
/sod
ium
hex
a-1
met
apho
spha
te
Gly
cero
l
Lea
d pa
int
(see
als
o W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
45-1
.35
lead
oxi
des,
red
lea
d)
Cyc
lohe
xano
l C
yclo
hexa
none
Lea
d su
lpha
te
5.6
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e n.
d.
Lea
d su
lphi
de
7.3
Cyc
lohe
xano
l
Lig
nite
Is
obut
anol
D
ieth
ylph
thal
ate
Cyc
lohe
xano
l + 10
%
met
hano
l
Lim
esto
ne (
see
calc
ium
ca
rbon
ate,
cha
lk)
Lit
hoph
one
4.2
Die
thyl
phth
alat
e G
lyce
rol
Wat
er
Sod
ium
met
hyle
ne d
i-1.
0 na
phth
yl su
lpho
nate
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
3-1.
5 W
ater
S
odiu
m t
riph
osph
ate
n.d.
W
ater
+ 33
% g
lyce
rol
Wat
er
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
1.0
Loe
ss
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e n.
d.
r- ..0'
Wat
er
Am
mon
ia
0.1
c:: W
ater
S
oidu
m s
ilic
ate
(wat
er
n.d.
Q
C
/)
glas
s)
III
::J
Lum
ines
cent
mat
eria
ls
Wat
er
Sod
ium
cit
rate
0.
5 Q
.
III
Mag
nesi
um
Eth
anol
Q
. 2: n-
buta
nol
::;;.
Mag
nesi
um c
arbo
nate
3.
5 W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
3-1.
5 CD
C
/)
Wat
er
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
n.d.
0
,)
(Con
tinu
ed)
.....
.....
Tab
le A
.I
(con
tinu
ed)
w .....
I\)
Sol
id
Add
itiv
e ),
.. -a
Den
sity
-a
C
once
ntra
tion
CD
:::J
T
ype
(g/c
m3
) L
iqui
d T
ype
(g/l)
Q
. ;;:.
),..
Met
hano
l E
than
ol
Wat
er
Am
mon
iaca
l w
ater
5.
8 vo
l. %
C
yclo
hexa
none
E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Cal
cium
chl
orid
e 0.
05-0
.5
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
S
tron
tium
chl
orid
e 0.
05-0
.5
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
C
ob
alt
chlo
ride
0.
05-0
.5
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
Mag
nesi
um o
xide
2.
8-3.
6 Is
obut
anol
E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Met
hano
l
Mag
nesi
um s
ilic
ates
3.
0-3.
3 W
ater
S
odiu
m t
riph
osph
ate
0.4
(see
als
o en
stat
ite)
W
ater
P
otas
sium
/sod
ium
hex
a-1.
0 m
etap
hosp
hate
W
ater
S
odiu
m c
arbo
nate
n.
d.
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
ra p
yrop
hosp
hate
1.
0 W
ater
P
otas
sium
/sod
ium
hex
a-
n.d.
m
etap
hosp
hate
+ so
diu
m
carb
onat
e M
etha
nol
Mag
nesi
um s
ilic
ide
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.3-
1.5
Mag
neti
te
Wat
er
Eth
anol
Met
hano
l N
itro
benz
ene
Man
gane
se
Cyc
iohe
xano
ne
Isob
utan
ol
Man
gane
se c
arbo
nate
W
ater
P
otas
sium
/sod
ium
hex
a-1.
0 m
eta p
hosp
hate
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 1.
0 C
ycio
hexa
none
Is
ooct
ane
Sor
bita
n m
onol
aura
te
n.d.
Man
gane
se d
ioxi
de,
4.7-
4.8
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.3-
2.25
py
rolu
site
W
ater
+ et
hyle
ne
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e n.
d.
glyc
ol
Man
gane
se o
xide
s 4.
5-5.
4 W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
3-2.
25
Wat
er
Sod
ium
met
hyle
ne d
i-0.
5-1.
0 na
phth
ylsu
lpho
nate
Mar
l 2.
7 W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e n.
d.
Wat
er
Pot
assi
um/s
odiu
m h
exa-
1.0
met
a pho
spha
te
Wat
er
Pot
assi
um/s
odiu
m h
ex a-
n.d.
m
etap
hosp
hate
+
r-so
dium
car
bona
te
n.d.
..0
' t::
M
ercu
ry c
ompo
unds
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
45-1
.35
Q
C/)
(wat
er-i
nsol
uble
) C
ycio
hexa
nol
III :::J
Met
als
(see
ele
men
ts)
Wat
er
Sod
ium
sal
t of
the
poly
m-
n.d.
Q
.
eriz
ed,
subs
titu
ted
III
Q.
alky
l be
nzen
e su
lpho
acid
9:
~.
M
ethy
l m
etha
cryl
ate
Wat
er
CD
C/)
Mic
a 2.
6-3.
2 W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e n.
d w
W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
2.
0 .....
. (C
on
tinu
ed
) w
Tab
le A
.I
(con
tinu
ed)
w
......
.j:".
Sol
id
Add
itiv
e » "tl
Den
sity
C
once
ntra
tion
"t
l Q
)
Typ
e (g
/cm
3)
Liq
uid
Typ
e (g
il)
::J ~
Mil
k po
wde
r 1.
4 Is
obut
anol
+ di
ethy
l-»
phth
alat
e n-
octa
nol
Isob
utan
ol
Isoa
myl
alc
ohol
Mil
ori
blue
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
riph
osph
ate
n.d.
Min
eral
pai
nt
Wat
er
Pot
assi
um c
itra
te
30.6
Min
eral
woo
l C
yclo
hexa
none
M
olyb
denu
m
10.2
W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
n.
d.
Eth
anol
A
ceto
ne
Gly
cero
l W
ater
+ gl
ycer
ol
Wat
er +
ethy
fene
gl
ycol
E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Mol
ybde
num
sul
phid
e C
yclo
hexa
none
Mol
ybde
num
tri
oxid
e W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
0.
5-1.
0
Wat
er +
glyc
erol
Nic
kel
8.8
Eth
anol
C
yclo
hexa
none
+ 10
%
acet
one
Wat
er
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
2.0
Cyc
10he
xane
C
yc1o
hexa
none
C
yc1o
hexa
nol
Col
za o
il +
acet
one
Wat
er +
glyc
erol
n-
buta
nol +
10 v
ol.
% ac
eton
e
Nic
kel
oxid
e 6.
8 W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
0.
5-1.
0 W
ater
+ gl
ycer
ol
Wat
er
Alk
ylph
enol
oxi
de c
onde
nsat
e 0.
5-1.
0
Org
anic
pow
ders
Is
obut
anol
+ di
ethy
l-ph
thal
ate
n-oc
tano
l Is
oam
yl a
lcoh
ol
Pen
icil
lin
1.2
Isoo
ctan
e n-
hept
ane
Pet
role
um c
oke
Met
hano
l
Pho
spha
te (
see
also
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
9 cr
ude
phos
phat
e)
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
1.0
Pho
spho
rus
(red
) 2.
2 M
etha
nol
r- .0.
Eth
anol
c:
Wat
er
Sod
ium
sil
icat
e 0.
5-1.
0 Q
en
W
ater
P
otas
sium
sil
icat
e 0.
12 v
ol.
%
OJ :::J
n-bu
tano
l Q
.
Wat
er
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
0.5
OJ
Q.
Pho
spho
rus
(whi
te)
1.8
Wat
er
Sod
ium
sal
t of
the
poly
mer
ized
, 9:
~.
su
bsti
tute
d al
kyl
benz
ene
0.2
<l)
sulp
honi
c ac
id +
pota
ssiu
m
en
sili
cate
1.
0 w
.....
. (C
onti
nued
) (.J
1
Tab
le A
.1
(con
tinu
ed)
Sol
id
Typ
e
Pig
men
ts
Pol
len
Pol
yest
er
Pol
ymet
hylm
etha
cryl
ate
Pol
yvin
ylac
etat
e
Den
sity
(g
/cm
3)
Liq
uid
Wat
er
Cyd
ohex
anon
e C
ydoh
exan
ol
Isop
ropa
nol
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er +
ethy
lene
gl
ycol
W
ater
Eth
anol
M
etha
nol
Isop
ropa
nol
Isob
utan
ol
Cyd
ohex
anol
G
lyce
rol
Par
affi
nic
oil
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
w
-...
0)
Add
itiv
e ):
,.
'0
Con
cent
rati
on
'0
CD
::J
Typ
e (g
il)
~ ):,.
Alk
ylph
enol
ethy
lene
oxi
de
0.5-
1.0
cond
ensa
te
Sod
ium
tet
rap
yro
ph
osp
hat
e 0.
45-2
.25
Dio
ctyl
este
r o
f so
diu
m
n.d.
su
lpho
succ
inic
aci
d
Pot
assi
um c
itra
te
0.5-
1.0
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e
Sod
ium
tet
rap
yro
ph
osp
hat
e n.
d.
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
1.0
Poly
viny
lchl
orid
e 1.
4 W
ater
W
etti
ng a
gent
S
ome
drop
s Is
opro
pano
l S
odiu
m l
inol
eate
n.
d.
Isob
utan
ol
Wat
er
Tan
nic
acid
1.
0 W
ater
S
odiu
m t
riph
osph
ate
n.d.
W
ater
S
odiu
m l
inol
eate
n.
d.
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
Por
cela
in p
owde
r 2.
4 W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
0.
5
Por
tlan
d ce
men
t 3.
1 Is
ooct
ane
Sor
bita
ne m
onol
aura
te
n.d.
n-
buta
nol
Ben
zyl
alco
hol
Qui
noli
ne
Cyc
lohe
xano
l C
yclo
hexa
none
C
yclo
hexa
none
+
isoa
myl
alc
ohol
E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Eth
anol
C
alci
um c
hlor
ide
0.05
-0.2
E
than
ol
Str
onti
um c
hlor
ide
0.08
-0.3
E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Cal
cium
chl
orid
e 0.
05-0
.45
Eth
anol
r-
Isob
utan
ol
..Q'
c::
Cas
tor
oil
Q '"
Min
eral
oil
!.ll
Ker
osen
e :::J
0.
. M
etha
nol
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
Sat
urat
ed
!.ll
Par
affi
nic
oil
0.. 2:
Isop
ropa
nol
<:'
(1)
Pot
assi
um c
hlor
ate
2.3
Cyc
lohe
xano
ne
'" C
yclo
hexa
nol
c.v
.....
(Con
tinu
ed)
'oJ
Tab
le A
.I
(con
tinue
d)
w
.....
co
Solid
A
ddit
ive
:b
""0
""0
Den
sity
C
once
ntra
tion
CD
:::"
l T
ype
(g/c
m3
) L
iqui
d T
ype
(gil)
~ :b
P
otas
sium
chl
orid
e C
yclo
hexa
nol
Pot
assi
um d
ichr
omat
e n-
buta
nol
Pot
assi
um p
erch
lora
te
Eth
anol
Po
tato
sta
rch
Isob
utan
ol
Cyc
lohe
xano
ne
Isob
utan
ol
+ di
ethy
lpht
hala
te
Die
thyl
phth
alat
e
Pot
tery
(st
one)
2.
8 W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
2.
0
Pow
er s
tati
on a
sh (
see
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
1.0
also
ash
, fl
yash
)
Pru
ssia
n bl
ue
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.3-
1.5
Pum
ice
Wat
er
Min
eral
spi
rit
Pum
icit
e W
ater
Puz
zola
na
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.45
-1.3
5 W
ater
Pyr
ite
(see
als
o 4.
4 E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
iron
sul
phid
e)
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
C
alci
um c
hlor
ide
0.05
-0.5
E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Str
onti
um c
hlor
ide
0.05
-0.5
E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Cob
alt
chlo
ride
0.
05-0
.5
Met
hano
l + ca
rbon
te
trac
hlor
ide
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
n.d.
W
ater
+ gl
ycer
ol
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
n.d.
Pyr
olus
ite
4.9
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.45~1.35
Wat
er +
ethy
lene
S
odiu
m t
riph
osph
ate
n.d.
gl
ycol
Qua
rtz
(see
als
o 2.
65
Wat
er
Alk
ylph
enol
ethy
lene
oxi
de
0.5~1.0
sand
, sa
ndst
one)
co
nden
sate
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.45~1.35
Eth
anol
S
odiu
m t
riph
osph
ate
0.5~1.0
Wat
er
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
0.5
Xyl
ene
Wat
er
Sod
ium
oxa
late
0.
67
Wat
er +
50 v
ol. %
et
hano
l W
ater
S
odiu
m t
riph
osph
ate
n.d.
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 1.
0 +
poly
oxye
thyl
ene
thio
ethe
r W
ater
r-
Wat
er
OH
-io
ns
pH=7~8
.0'
Wat
er
9~ 10
eth
oxy
octy
lphe
nol
n.d.
e: ~
Qua
rtz
mat
eria
l W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 1.
0 OJ
:::J
R
aw m
eal,
slur
ries
C
ycio
hexa
nol
Q.
(cem
ent
man
ufac
ture
) C
ycio
hexa
nol +
50 v
ol.
~
OJ
Q.
% is
oam
yl a
lcoh
ol
9:
Isob
utan
ol
~- CD
Wat
er
(I)
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
ra py
roph
osph
ate
0.45~1.35
w
( Con
tinu
ed)
.... (0
Tab
le A
.l
(co
ntin
ue
d)
Sol
id
Typ
e
Red
iro
n ox
ide
Red
lea
d (s
ee a
lso
lead
oxi
des,
lea
d pa
int)
Res
in
Rut
heni
um o
xide
San
d
Den
sity
(g
jcm
3)
9.0
7.0
Liq
uid
Wat
er
Xyl
enol
sol
utio
n
Par
affi
nic
oil +
be
nzen
e C
yclo
hexa
none
E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Wat
er +
ethy
lene
gl
ycol
C
yclo
hexa
nol
Wat
er
Xyl
ene
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er +
cycl
ohex
anol
E
than
ol +
buty
l-ph
thal
ate
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
w
I\)
0
Add
itiv
e » -0
-0
C
once
ntra
tion
CD
:::J
T
ype
(gil)
Q
. x'
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
1.0
»
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e n.
d.
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.3-
1.5
Cal
cium
chl
orid
e 0.
05-0
.5
Str
onti
um c
hlor
ide
0.05
-0.5
C
obal
t ch
lori
de
0.05
-0.5
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e n.
d.
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
0.5
Sod
ium
sil
icat
e (w
ater
gla
ss)
2.0
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e n.
d.
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.5-
1.0
San
dsto
ne (
see
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.45
-1.3
5 al
so q
uart
z, s
and)
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
riph
osph
ate
n.d.
W
ater
+ cy
c1oh
exan
one
Sele
nium
4.
5 C
yc1o
hexa
none
C
yc1o
hexa
nol
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Cal
cium
chl
orid
e 0.
05-0
.5
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
S
tron
tium
chl
orid
e 0.
05-0
.5
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
C
obal
t ch
lori
de
0.05
-0.5
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
45-1
.35
Schi
st
2.7
Eth
anol
C
alci
um c
hlor
ide
n.d.
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 1.
0
Silic
a ge
l 2.
0-2.
4 W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 1.
0 +
9-1
0 e
thox
yoct
yl
Som
e dr
ops
phen
ol
Silic
a m
ater
ial
Wat
er
2.2-
2.3
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
1.0
Silic
ates
W
ater
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
45-2
.25
Wat
er +
50 v
ol.
%
r- .0.
etha
nol
c: a.:
Wat
er +
50 v
ol.
%
en
glyc
ol
Il:l
::J
Wat
er +
ethy
lene
S
odiu
m t
riph
osph
ate
n.d.
0
.
glyc
ol
Il:l
0.
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
2.25
9:
+
sodi
um o
xala
te +
sodi
um
0.67
~.
~
hexa
met
apho
spha
te
1.0
en w
(Con
tinu
ed)
f\:)
.....
.
Tab
le A
.I
(con
tinu
ed)
Sol
id
Typ
e
Sil
icon
Silic
on c
arbi
de
Den
sity
(g
fcm
3)
2.4
3.2
Liq
uid
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Eth
anol
n-bu
tano
l M
etha
nol
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er +
ethy
lene
gl
ycol
W
ater
w
I\)
I\)
Add
itiv
e ):
,.
"0
Con
cent
rati
on
"0
CD
::J
Typ
e (g
il)
Q.
);C.
):,.
Sod
ium
met
hyle
ne d
inap
hthy
l 0.
5-1.
0 su
lpho
nate
Alk
yl t
rim
ethy
l am
mon
ium
0.
5-1.
0 br
omid
e S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
0.
5
Sod
ium
sal
t o
f et
hyle
ne
10.0
di
amin
e te
tra
acet
ic a
cid
P
olyo
xyet
hyle
ne s
orbi
tane
n.
d.
mon
oste
arat
e
Pot
assi
um/s
odiu
m h
exa-
met
apho
spha
te
Pot
assi
um/s
odiu
m h
ex a
-n.
d.
met
apho
spha
te +
sod
ium
ca
rbon
ate
n.d.
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
45-1
.35
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
0.5-
2.0
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
n.d.
Non
yl p
heno
xy p
olye
than
ol
Som
e dr
ops
Wat
er +
ethy
lene
S
odiu
m t
riph
osph
ate
n.d.
gl
ycol
Silic
on o
xide
W
ater
+ 50
vol
. %
(s
ee a
lso
quar
tz,
xyle
ne
silic
a m
ater
ial)
W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
0.
5 W
ater
9
-10
eth
oxyo
ctyl
phen
ol
Som
e dr
ops
Wat
er +
etha
nol
Min
eral
spi
rit
(lig
roin
)
Sil
lim
anit
e W
ater
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 10
-25
Wat
er +
50 v
ol.
%
etha
nol
Silv
er
Wat
er +
glyc
erol
E
than
ol
Sil v
er h
alid
e 6.
0 W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
0.
5
Silv
er-p
alla
dium
10
.6
Tol
uene
pa
ste
Slag
(se
e al
so
Wat
er
r-co
nver
ter
slag
) Is
opro
pano
l .0
' W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
3-1.
5 c: Q
So
ft i
ron.
7.
8 W
ater
+ gl
ycer
ol
<J)
Ql
(see
als
o iro
n)
::J
Q.
Sod
ium
bic
arbo
nate
2.
2 M
ethy
l al
coho
l Q
l Q
. C
yclo
hexa
none
2:
Cyc
lohe
xano
l :;:::
. CD
Sod
ium
nitr
ite
Min
eral
spi
rit
Pol
yoxy
ethy
lene
sor
bita
ne
n.d.
<
J)
mon
oste
arat
e w
I\
.)
( Con
tinu
ed)
w
Tab
le A
.I (c
onti
nued
)
Sol
id
Typ
e
Sod
ium
pho
spha
te
Soi
l (s
ee a
lso
cult
ivat
ed s
oil,
eart
h)
Sta
rch
Den
sity
(g
/cm
3)
1.5
Liq
uid
Eth
anol
M
etha
nol
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er +
ethy
lene
gl
ycol
W
ater
B
utyl
phth
alat
e +
et
hano
l
Wat
er
Isob
utan
ol
Isop
ropa
nol
Die
thyl
phth
alat
e B
utyl
phth
alat
e +
et
hano
l Is
obut
anol
+
diet
hylp
htha
late
C
yclo
hexa
nol
Ben
zene
E
than
dl
Met
han
ol
Gly
cero
l Is
oam
yl a
lcoh
ol
Add
itiv
e
Typ
e
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
Sod
ium
oxa
late
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
Con
cent
rati
on
(g/l)
0.3-
1.0
0.67
-20g
jI
2.0
~ ),.
~
CD
::J ~ ),.
Ste
atit
e 2.
7-2.
8 W
ater
P
otas
sium
/sod
ium
hex
a-1.
0 m
etap
hosp
hate
W
ater
P
otas
sium
/sod
ium
hex
a-n.
d.
met
apho
spha
te +
po
tass
ium
car
bona
te
n.d.
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e
Stee
l 7.
8 W
ater
+ et
hyle
ne
glyc
ol
Wat
er +
50 w
eigh
t %
C
obal
t ch
lori
de
0.1
ethy
lene
gly
col
Wat
er
Alk
ylph
enol
ethy
lene
1.
0 ox
ide
cond
ensa
te
Str
onti
um c
arbo
nate
3.
7 E
than
ol
Cyc
lohe
xano
ne
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
1.0
Str
onti
um s
alts
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
45-1
.35
(wat
er-i
nsol
uble
)
Str
onti
um t
itana
te
Wat
er
Pot
assi
um/s
odiu
m h
exa-
1.0
met
apho
spha
te
Sug
ar (
see
also
can
e 1.
6 Is
obut
anol
r- .0
. su
gar)
Is
ohnt
anol
+ di
ethy
l-c:
phth
alat
e Q
C
J)
Die
thyl
phth
alat
e Q
) ::J
Isoa
myl
alc
ohol
0.
.
Cyc
lohe
xano
ne
Q) 0..
Isop
ropa
nol
0..
Sul
phid
es
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
~ co
W
ater
P
etro
leum
soa
p +
0.
5-1.
0 C
J)
tric
hlor
oeth
ylen
e w
I\
J
(Con
tinu
ed)
(J1
Tab
le A
.I
(con
tinu
ed)
w
I'V
0)
Sol
id
Add
itiv
e p "b
Den
sity
C
once
ntra
tion
"b
<l
l :::J
T
ype
(g/c
m3
) L
iqui
d T
ype
(gil)
~ p
SuI p
honi
c am
ide
1.3
Isop
ropa
nol
9-1
0 e
thox
yoct
ylph
enol
So
me
drop
s
Sul
phur
2.
1 W
ater
S
odiu
m l
inol
eate
0.
5-1.
0 W
ater
S
odiu
m l
inol
eate
+
n.d.
so
dium
ole
ate
n.d.
W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
2.
0
Sul
phur
sto
ne
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
Syn
thet
ic m
ater
ials
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
45-1
.35
(pla
stic
) W
ater
S
odiu
m t
riph
osph
ate
n.d.
Is
obut
anol
Tal
cum
2.
7 W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
3-1.
5 W
ater
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
1.
0-2.
0
Tan
talu
m
16.6
C
yclo
hexa
nol
Cyc
lohe
xano
ne
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
0.
1
Tef
lon
2.1
Isop
ropa
nol
Isob
utan
ol
Thi
ogut
t C
yclo
hexa
none
Tho
rium
W
ater
+ 2
5% g
lyce
rol
Wat
er +
33%
gly
cero
l
Tho
rium
oxi
de
Wat
er
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
0.5-
1.9
Wat
er+
25
vol
. %
S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
0.
5-1.
0 et
hyle
ne g
lyco
l
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
0.5-
1.0
Xyl
ene
Wat
er
Sec
onda
ry s
odiu
m a
lcyl
-n.
d.
sulp
hate
W
ater
+ 25
% g
lyce
rol
Tin
7.
3 n-
buta
nol
Isob
utan
ol
Isob
utan
ol +
n-
buta
nol
Tin
dio
xide
7.
0 W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e 0.
9 W
ater
S
odiu
m c
itra
te
n.d.
W
ater
P
otas
sium
/sod
ium
hex
a-1.
0 m
etap
hosp
hate
W
ater
P
otas
sium
/sod
ium
hex
a-0.
6 m
etap
hosp
hate
+
sodi
um c
arbo
nate
0.
12
Tin
whi
te
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
ra py
roph
osph
ate
0.45
-1.3
5
Tit
ania
W
ater
S
odiu
m t
etra
pyro
phos
phat
e n.
d.
Xyl
enol
sol
utio
n
Tit
anif
erou
s ir
on o
re
Wat
er
r-T
itan
ium
5.
0 W
ater
A
lkyl
phen
olet
hyle
ne o
xide
0.
5-1.
0 .0
. c::
co
nden
sate
~
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
1.0
III
Wat
er
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
1.0
::J
Wat
er +
50 v
ol.
%
Q
III
ethy
lene
gly
col
Q
Q
Tit
aniu
m c
arbi
de
3.8
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tet
rapy
roph
osph
ate
1.0
~:
Wat
er
Sod
ium
sal
t of
pol
ymer
ized
So
me
drop
s CD
C
/)
carb
oxyl
ic a
cid
of 2
5% a
queo
us
w
solu
tion
I\
) "-
J
(Con
tinu
ed)
Tab
le A
.I
(con
tinu
ed)
Sol
id
Typ
e
Tit
aniu
m d
ioxi
de
(rut
ile,
ana
tase
)
Den
sity
(g
/cm
3)
3.8-
4.2
Liq
uid
Wat
er +
etha
nol
Lin
seed
oil
Eth
anol
W
ater
Xyl
ene +
linse
ed o
il
Wat
er +
50 w
t. %
et
hyle
ne g
lyco
l W
ater
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Cyc
lohe
xano
ne
Cyc
lohe
xano
l + to
vo
l. %
isoa
myl
al
coho
l M
etha
nol
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
Add
itiv
e
Typ
e
Pot
assi
um/s
odiu
m h
exa
met
apho
spha
te +
po
tass
ium
hyd
roxi
de
Sod
ium
saI
t o
f po
lym
eriz
ed
carb
oxyl
ic a
cid
Sod
ium
met
hyle
ne-
dina
phth
ylsu
lpho
nate
S
od
ium
tet
ra p
yro
ph
osp
hat
e S
od
ium
hex
amet
aph
osp
hat
e A
lkyl
trim
ethy
lam
mon
ium
br
omid
e
Con
cent
rati
on
(g/l)
0.3
pH =
to
.7
Som
e dr
ops
of
25%
aqu
eous
so
luti
on
1.0
1.0
0.5-
1.0
0.5-
1.0
fd Q)
:t:. :g Cl
l :::J
~ :t:.
Wat
er +
25%
gly
cero
l X
ylen
e W
ater
A
lkyl
phen
olet
hyle
ne o
xide
0.
5-1.
0 co
nden
sate
Tol
uidi
ne r
ed
Wat
er
Sod
ium
tri
phos
phat
e n.
d.
To
oth
cem
ent
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
Tra
ss
Isob
utan
ol
Tri
poly
phos
phat
e M
etha
nol
Tuf
f (v
olca
nic)
W
ater
S
odiu
m o
xala
te
0.67
W
ater
A
mm
onia
2.
0 W
ater
S
odiu
m s
ilic
ate
n.d
Tun
gste
n 19
.1
Wat
er
Eth
yoxy
late
d no
nylp
heno
l S
ome
drop
s G
lyce
rol
Ace
tone
+ co
lza
oil
Eth
anol
A
ceto
ne
Met
hano
l W
ater
(so
lid
in H
F
pret
reat
and
was
h)
{-
Wat
er +
ethy
lene
.0
' gl
ycol
c::
Ci
Wat
er +
glyc
erol
en
n-bu
tano
l m
::
J
Wat
er +
50%
gly
cero
l S
odiu
m h
exam
etap
hosp
hate
2.
0 Q
.
Wat
er
Sac
char
ose +
30
0 m
Q
.
etho
xyla
ted
nony
lphe
nol
Som
e dr
ops
~
Wat
er
9-10
eth
oxyo
ctyl
phen
ol
n.d.
;::
. CD
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
C
alci
um c
hlor
ide
0.05
-0.5
en
Gly
cero
l c.v
f\
.)
( Con
tinu
ed)
~
Tab
le A
.I (c
onti
nued
)
Sol
id
Typ
e
Tun
gste
n ca
rbid
e
Tun
gste
n ox
ides
Den
sity
(g
jcm
3)
15.9
7.2-
12.1
Liq
uid
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
A
ceto
ne +
corz
a oi
l E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Eth
anol
W
ater
+ et
hyle
ne
glyc
ol
Veg
etab
le o
il W
ater
W
ater
W
ater
+ et
hyle
ne
glyc
ol
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycof
E
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er +
etha
nol
Cyc
1ohe
xano
ne
n-bu
tano
l W
ater
+ gl
ycer
ol
n-bu
tano
l + et
hano
l C
yc1o
hexa
nol
Add
itiv
e
Typ
e
Str
onti
um c
hlor
ide
Cob
alt
chlo
ride
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
Cal
cium
chl
orid
e S
tron
tium
chl
orid
e C
obal
t ch
lori
de
Sod
ium
hex
amet
apho
spha
te
Sod
ium
tet
rap
yro
ph
osp
hat
e
Con
cent
rati
on
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Appendix B Density and viscosity of several liquids as functions of temperature
In order to facilitate the use of the data in Appendix A, Appendix B lists the density and viscosity of the liquids as a function of temperature. [A2] [D6] [H22] [L3] [P7] [V2] were evaluated for this. The author had to face a whole number of difficulties. First, completeness did not prove feasible. In the books and publications used, insufficient data were found particularly for liquid mixtures and vegetable oils; in many cases, there were no data for the selected temperature range (18-36 QC). This problem is less critical with respect to the densities. As will be seen, density changes practically linearly in the indicated range and less than approximately 3% on the whole, so that intermediate values can be estimated with sufficient accuracy. For mixtures, the known relationships for the calculation of the mean density are used if the values of the components are known:
p = V 1Pl + V2P2
1 m1 m2 -=-+-P PI P2
where p is the mean density of the mixture, PI' P2 the density of the components, VI' V2 the volume proportions of the components and ml , m2 the mass proportions of the components.
With respect to the lacking viscosity data, the only solution for the user is to do the measurements him- or herself. If the viscosity of a liquid is known at two different temperatures Tl and Tz, the material-dependent constants A and B
A = Tl (log '11 - B) = Tz(log '12 - B)
T210g'12 - Tllog '11 B=-------
T2 - Tl
contained in the equation of Andrade (quoted in [S2])
log '1 = AjT + B
Density and viscosity of liquids 335
can be calculated. By this, an estimate of the viscosity at any temperature T is obtained from log 11 = A/T + B which is usually sufficiently accurate. Further empirical formulae for the calculation of viscosities of liquid mixtures are given in [A2].
An important problem is also the fact that literature data for a liquid can differ even within one publication [L3]. Therefore, the following approach was used: ·all available values of density and viscosity were graphically represented in dependence on temperature; then the required regression curves were drawn and graphical interpolations and extrapolations were performed. This means that the given values are not physical material constants but only a table adapted to the needs of sedimentation analysis, and complying only with these requirements of accuracy.
It should be mentioned that certain liquids (benzene, petroleum) have a changing composition so that their density and viscosity data are especially unreliable. Furthermore, it is important that if electrolytes are added as dispersion aids, their density and viscosity values change so slightly that they do not have to be corrected for our purposes [A2] [B15]. For tensides this has to be tested if thought necessary.
Table B.1 Density and viscosity of several liquids as functions of temperature
Temperature Density Viscosity Liquid (0C) (g/cm3) (mPas( ~ cP))
Acetone (C3H60) 18 0.793 0.332 20 0.790 0.326 22 0.788 0.319 24 0.786 0.313 26 0.784 0.306 28 0.781 0.300 30 0.779 0.293 32 0.777 0.287 34 0.774 0.280 36 0.772 0.274
Benzene (C6H6) 18 0.882 0.670 20 0.879 0.652 22 0.877 0.635 24 0.875 0.615 26 0.873 0.600 28 0.871 0.580 30 0.869 0.564 32 0.867 0.550 34 0.864 0.535 36 0.862 0.520
336 Appendix B
Table B.1 (continued)
Temperature Density Viscosity Liquid (0C) (g/cm3) (mPa s( ~ cP))
Benzyl alcohol (C7H sO) 18 1.048 6.35 20 1.046 5.80 22 1.044 5.45 24 1.043 5.15 26 1.041 4.90 28 1.040 4.75 30 1.038 4.65
32 1.036 4.55
34 1.035 4.50 36 1.033 4.45
Carbon tetrachloride (CCI4 ) 18 1.598 0.990 20 1.594 0.960 22 1.590 0.935 24 1.586 0.91 26 1.582 0.887 28 1.579 0.865 30 1.575 0.840 32 1.571 0.815 34 1.567 0.795 36 1.563 0.775
Carbon tetrachloride + 25 wt. % methanol 18 1.276 0.883 20 1.273 0.863 22 1.269 0.842 24 1.266 0.820 26 1.263 0.80 28 1.260 0.78 30 1.257 0.76 32 1.254 0.739 34 1.251 0.718 36 1.248 0.697
Carbon tetrachloride + 50 wt. % methanol 18 1.062 0.773 20 1.059 0.752 22 1.056 0.732 24 1.054 0.712 26 1.051 0.692 28 1.049 0.67 30 1.046 0.65 32 1.043 0.63 34 1.041 0.61 36 1.039 0.59
Carbon tetrachloride + 75 wt. % methanol 18 0.909 0.687 20 0.907 0.67
22 0.905 0.652
Density and viscosity of liquids 337
Table B.1 (continued)
Temperature Density Viscosity Liquid CC) (gjcm3) (mPa s( ~ cP))
24 0.902 0.635 26 0.900 0.617 28 0.898 0.60 30 0.896 0.58 32 0.893 0.562 34 0.891 0.545 36 0.890 0.527
Castor oil 18 1150 20 0.96 980 22 850 24 730 26 620 28 520 30 450 32 385 34 340 36 300
Chloroform (CHCl3) 18 1.494 0.581 20 1.490 0.569 22 1.486 0.558 24 1.482 0.546 26 1.478 0.535 28 1.474 0.524 30 1.470 0.513 32 1.466 0.504 34 2.462 0.495 36 1.458 0.486
Cyclohexane (C6Hd 18 0.781 1.015 20 0.779 0.978 22 0.777 0.970 24 0.775 0.91 26 0.773 0.88 28 0.771 0.85 30 0.769 0.825 32 0.767 0.80 34 0.765 0.777 36 0.763 0.752
Cyclohexanol (C6H 12O) 18 0.946 solid 20 0.944 68.0 22 0.942 62.5 24 0.941 56.5 26 0.939 51.0 28 0.938 45.0
338 Appendix B
Table B.t (continued)
Temperature Density Viscosity Liquid (0C) (gjcm 3) (mPa sC~ cP))
30 0.936 39.5 32 0.934 35.0 34 0.933 31.0 36 0.931 27.5
Cyclohexanol + 10 vol. % isoamyl alcohol 18 55.5 20 0.93 49 22 44 24 39 26 35.5 28 31.5 30 28.5 32 34 36
Cyclohexanone (C6H100) 18 0.950 2.31 20 0.948 2.22 22 0.946 2.13 24 0.945 2.04 26 0.943 1.96 28 0.941 1.89 30 0.939 1.81 32 0.937 1.75 34 0.936 1.68 36 0.934 1.62
(Di-)butylphthalate (C16H2204) 18 1.048 20 1.046 22 1.045 24 1.043 26 1.042 28 1.040 30 1.038 32 1.037 34 1.035 36 1.033
Diethylphthalate (C12H 140 4) 18 13.6 20 1.118 12.3 22 11.3 24 10.45 26 9.78 28 9.20 30 8.7 32 8.2
Density and viscosity of liquids 339
Table B.l (continued)
Temperature Density Viscosity Liquid ("C) (gjcm3 ) (mPa s( ~ cP))
34 7.8 36 7.3
Ethanol (C2H6O) 18 0.791 1.25 20 0.790 1.19 22 0.788 1.145 24 0.786 1.10 26 0.784 1.06 28 0.783 1.025 30 0.781 0.995 32 0.779 0.965 34 0.778 0.930 36 0.776 0.90
Ethylene glycol (C2H 60 2) 18 1.117 22.4 20 1.116 20.5 22 1.114 18.9 24 1.113 17.4 26 1.111 16.0 28 1.110 14.8 30 1.109 13.7 32 1.107 12.7 34 1.106 11.7 36 1.104 10.8
Glycerol (C3 HsO) 18 1.261 1790 20 1.260 1490 22 1.259 1260 24 1.258 1050 26 1.256 880 28 1.255 730 30 1.254 620 32 1.253 520 34 1.252 440 36 1.250 380
Isoamyl alcohol (CSH 12O) 18 0.815 4.60 20 0.813 4.25 22 0.811 3.95 24 0.808 3.67 26 0.806 3.42 28 0.804 3.20 30 0.801 3.00 32 0.799 2.78 34 0.797 2.60 36 0.794 2.45
340 Appendix B
Table B.1 (continued)
Temperature Density Viscosity Liquid (0C) (g/cm3 ) (mPa sC~ cP))
Isobutanol (C4 H lOO) 18 0.804 4.20 20 0.802 3.90 22 0.800 3.68 24 0.799 3.45 26 0.797 3.25 28 0.796 3.07 30 0.794 2.90 32 0.793 2.72
34 0.791 2.57 36 0.790 2.42
Isooctane (CSHlS) 18 20 0.692 0.49 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
Isopropanol (C3H sO) 18 0.788 2.57 20 0.786 2.41 22 0.784 2.27 24 0.782 2.13 26 0.780 2.01 28 0.779 1.89 30 0.777 1.77 32 0.776 1.67 34 0.774 1.57 36 0.772 1.48
Kerosene 18 20 0.9 100 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
Kerosene + 40% benzene 18 20 0.892 3.936
Density and viscosity of liquids 341
Table B.1 (continued)
Temperature Density Viscosity Liquid (0C) (gjcm3 ) (mPa s( ~ cP))
22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
Linseed oil 18 58.0
20 0.93 52.0 22 47.0 24 43.0 26 39.5 28 36.3 30 34.0
32 31.5 34 29.5
36 27.5
Methanol (CH4 O) 18 0.795 0.613 20 0.793 0.597
22 0.791 0.580 24 0.789 0.563 26 0.787 0.547
28 0.785 0.532
30 0.783 0.517 32 0.781 0.503 34 0.779 0.490 36 0.778 0.479
Methanol + 25 wt. % glycerol 18 0.876 20 0.874 22 0.872 2.06 24 0.870 1.94 26 0.868 1.84 28 0.866 1.76 30 0.864 1.67 32 0.862 1.59 34 0.860 1.51 36 0.859 1.45
Methanol + 50 wt. % glycerol 18 0.975 20 0.973 22 0.972 10.85 24 0.970 10.05
342 Appendix B
Table B.l (continued)
Temperature Density Viscosity Liquid CC) (g/cm3 ) (mPa s( ~ cP))
26 0.968 9.25 28 0.966 8.6 30 0.964 7.95 32 0.962 7.35 34 0.960 6.75 36 0.959 6.25
Methanol + 75 wt. % glycerol 18 1.100 20 1.098 22 1.097 75 24 1.095 66 26 1.093 59 28 1.092 52.5 30 1.090 47
32 1.089 42 34 1.087 37.5
36 1.085 33.5
m-xylene (1,3 dimethyl benzene) 18 0.867 0.635 20 0.865 0.62 22 0.864 0.61 24 0.862 0.595 26 0.861 0.582 28 0.859 0.57 30 0.857 0.558 32 0.855 0.545 34 0.853 0.53 36 0.852 0.52
n-amyl alcohol (pentanol-l) (C SH 12O) 18 0.816 4.2 20 0.814 3.9 22 0.813 3.7 24 0.812 3.48 26 0.810 3.3 28 0.809 3.13 30 0.807 2.98 32 0.806 2.85 34 0.804 2.72 36 0.803 2.60
n-butanal (n-butyraldehyde) (C4 HsO) 18 0.819 0.460 20 0:817 0.450 22 0.815 0.441 24 0.813 0.432 26 0.811 0.422 28 0.809 0.413
Density and viscosity of liquids 343
Table B.t (continued)
Temperature Density Viscosity Liquid CC) (gjcm 3) (mPas( ~ cP»
30 0.807 0.404 32 0.805 0.395 34 0.803 0.386 36 0.801 0.377
n-butanol (C4HlOO) 18 0.811 3.13 20 0.810 2.98 22 0.808 2.82 24 0.807 2.68
26 0.806 2.53 28 0.804 2.40 30 0.803 2.25
32 0.801 2.15
34 0.800 2.03
36 0.799 1.95
n-butylamine (C4HllN) 18 0.653
20 0.73 0.631
22 0.610 24 0.590
26 0.570 28 0.552 30 0.535 32 0.521 34 0.506 36 0.492
n-hexane (C6H 14) 18 0.662 0.324 20 0.660 0.317 22 0.658 0.310 24 0.656 0.304 26 0.654 0.2985
28 0.653 0.294
30 0.651 0.289 32 0.649 0.284 34 0.647 0.279
36 0.645 0.274
Nitrobenzene (C6 H s02N) 18 1.205 2.095 20 1.203 2.01 22 1.201 1.93 24 1.199 1.86 26 1.197 1.79 28 1.195 1.725 30 1.193 1.665 32 1.191 1.62
344 Appendix 8
Table B.1 (continued)
Temperature Density Viscosity Liquid CC) (g/cm3) (mPa s( ~ cP))
34 1.189 1.58 36 1.187 1.53
n-octanol (CSH 1SO) 18 0.826 9.65 20 0.825 9.0 22 0.823 8.3 24 0.822 7.7 26 0.821 7.1 28 0.819 6.6 30 0.818 6.1 32 0.817 5.7 34 0.815 5.3 36 0.814 4.9
Olive oil 18 88 20 0.92 82 22 76 24 70 26 65 28 59.5 30 54.5 32 51.0 34 46.5 36 43
Petrol 18 0.66 20 0.7 0.65 22 0.64 24 0.63 26 0.623 28 0.615 30 0.605 32 0.597 34 0.590 36 0.580
Petroleum 18 0.804 20 0.800 22 0.796 24 0.792 2.28 26 0.788 2.18 28 0.784 2.08 30 0.780 2.0 32 0.776 1.93 34 0.772 1.85 36 0.768 1.78
Density and viscosity of liquids 345
Table B.1 (continued)
Temperature Density Viscosity Liquid (0C) (gjcm 3) (mPa s( ~ cP))
Pyridine (CsHsN) 18 0.984 0.985 20 0.982 0.955 22 0.980 0.925 24 0.978 0.90 26 0.976 0.875 28 0.974 0.85 30 0.972 0.825 32 0.970 0.805 34 0.968 0.785 36 0.966 0.765
Quinoline (C9H7N) 18 1.095 3.87 20 1.093 3.66 22 1.091 3.49 24 1.090 3.33 26 1.088 3.20 28 1.087 3.07 30 1.085 2.95 32 1.083 2.82 34 1.082 2.70 36 1.080 2.59
Rape oil 18 86 20 0.91 78 22 72 24 66 26 61 28 56 30 52 32 48 34 45 36 42
Soya bean oil 18 77 20 0.92 69 22 62 24 55.5 26 50 28 44.5 30 40.5 32 37.8 34 35 36 32.5
Toluene (C7H9) 18 0.863 0.604 20 0.861 0.591
346 Appendix B
Table B.1 (continued)
Temperature Density Viscosity Liquid ("C) (gjcm 3) (mPa s( ~ cP))
22 0.859 0.578 24 0.858 0.565 26 0.856 0.552 28 0.854 0.539 30 0.852 0.527 32 0.850 0.513 34 0.849 0.501 36 0.847 0.489
Water 18 0.999 1.056 20 0.998 1.005 22 0.998 0.958 24 0.997 0.914 26 0.997 0.873 28 0.996 0.836 30 0.996 0.801 32 0.995 0.768 34 0.994 0.738 36 0.994 0.708
Water + 50 vol. % 1,3 butylene glycol 18 9.28 20 1.002 8.40 22 7.64 24 7.0 26 6.42 28 5.9 30 5.45 32 5.05 34 4.7 36
Water + 5 wt. % ethanol 18 0.986 1.38 20 0.985 1.32 22 0.985 1.26 24 0.984 1.20 26 0.984 1.15 28 0.983 1.10 30 0.982 1.06 32 0.981 1.02 34 0.980 0.97 36 0.980 0.93
Water + lOwt. % ethanol 18 0.973 1.63 20 0.972 1.54 22 0.972 1.45 24 0.971 1.36
Density and viscosity of liquids 347
Table B.1 ( continued)
Temperature Density Viscosity Liquid (0C) (gjcm 3) (mPa sC~ cP))
26 0.971 1.28 28 0.970 1.22 30 0.969 1.16 32 0.968 1.09 34 0.967 1.03 36 0.967 0.98
Water + 20 wt. % ethanol 18 0.949 2.35 20 0.948 2.18 22 0.947 2.03 24 0.946 1.89 26 0.946 1.75 28 0.945 1.64 30 0.944 1.55 32 0.943 1.46 34 0.942 1.37 36 0.941 1.30
Water + 30wt. % ethanol 18 0.926 2.95 20 0.925 2.71 22 0.924 2.49 24 0.923 2.28 26 0.922 2.11 28 0.921 1.98 30 0.920 1.87 32 0.919 1.75 34 0.918 1.63 36 0.917 1.54
Water+40wt. % ethanol 18 0.904 3.15 20 0.903 2.91 22 0.902 2.69 24 0.900 2.45 26 0.899 2.27 28 0.898 2.14 30 0.897 2.02 32 0.896 1.89 34 0.895 1.78 36 0.894 1.68
Water + 50 wt. % ethanol 18 0.883 3.10 20 0.882 2.87 22 0.881 2.62 24 0.879 2.40 26 0.878 2.25 28 0.877 2.14
348 Appendix B
Table B.1 (continued)
Temperature Density Viscosity Liquid CC) (gjcm3 ) (mPa s( ~ cP))
30 0.875 2.02 32 0.874 1.89 34 0.873 1.78 36 0.872 1.67
Water + 1Owt. % ethylene glycol 18 1.010 1.35 20 1.009 1.30 22 1.009 1.25
24 1.008 1.20 26 1.007 1.15 28 1.006 1.07 30 1.006 1.00 32 1.005 0.95 34 1.004 0.90 36 1.004 0.85
Water+20wt. % ethylene glycol 18 1.021 1.85 20 1.020 1.75 22 1.019 1.65 24 1.018 1.55 26 1.018 1.45 28 1.017 1.35 30 1.017 1.25 32 1.016 1.15 34 1.015 1.08 36 1.014 1.00
Water + 30 wt. % ethylene glycol 18 1.032 2.50 20 1.031 2.30 22 1.030 1,13 24 1.029 2.00 26 1.029 1.85 28 1.028 1.72 30 1.027 1.60 32 1.026 1.50 34 1.025 1.38 36 1.025 1.25
Water+40wt. % ethylene glycol 18 1.043 3.2 20 1.042 3.0 22 1.041 2.8
24 1.040 2.6 26 1.040 2.4 28 1.039 2.2 30 1.038 2.03 32 1.037 1.85
Density and viscosity of liquids 349
Table B.1 (continued)
Temperature Density Viscosity Liquid (DC) (g/cm3) (mPa s( ~ cP))
34 1.036 1.72 36 1.035 1.6
Water+50wt. % ethylene glycol 18 1.055 4.1 20 1.054 3.85 22 1.053 3.6 24 1.052 3.35 26 1.051 3.15 28 1.050 2.92 30 1.049 2.70 32 1.048 2.5 34 1.047 2.3 36 1.046 2.1
Water+60wt. % ethylene glycol 18 1.067 5.7 20 1.066 5.3 22 1.065 4.9 24 1.064 4.52 26 1.062 4.15 28 1.061 3.8 30 1.061 3.5 32 1.060 3.2 34 1.058 2.9 36 1.057 2.7
Water + 70wt. % ethylene glycol 18 1.079 7.95 20 1.078 7.40 22 1.076 6.90 24 1.075 6.35 26 1.074 5.85 28 1.073 5.3 30 1.072 4.75 32 1.071 4.25 34 1.070 3.75 36 1.069 3.3
Water+80wt. % ethylene glycol 18 1.091 12.4 20 1.090 11.1 22 1.089 10.15 24 1.088 9.2 26 1.086 8.25 28 1.085 7.4 30 1.084 6.6 32 1.083 5.9 34 1.082 5.2 36 1.080 4.6
350 Appendix B
Table B.1 (continued)
Temperature Density Viscosity Liquid CC) (gjcm 3) (mPa s( ~ cP))
Water+90wt. % ethylene glycol 18 1.104 16.6 20 1.103 15.2 22 1.101 14.0 24 1.100 12.85 26 1.098 11.65 28 1.097 10.6 30 1.096 9.6
32 1.095 8.7 34 1.094 7.95 36 1.092 7.25
Water+20wt. % glycerol 18 1.042 1.90 20 1.041 1.80 22 1.041 1.70 24 1.040 1.60 26 1.040 1.55 28 1.039 1.45 30 1.039 1.35 32 1.038 1.30 34 1.037 1.25 36 1.036 1.20
Water+30wt. % glycerol 18 1.065 2.7 20 1.064 2.5 22 1.064 2.4 24 1.063 2.25 26 1.063 2.1 28 1.062 1.95 30 1.062 1.85 32 1.061 1.75 34 1.060 1.65 36 1.059 1.6
Water+40wt. % glycerol 18 1.090 4.05 20 1.089 3.75 22 1.088 3.5 24 1.087 3.25 26 1.087 3.1 28 1.086 2.9 30 1.085 2.7 32 1.084 2.55 34 1.083 2.4 36 1.083 2.3
Water + 50 wt. % glycerol 18 1.115 6.55 20 1.114 6.0
Density and viscosity of liquids 351
Table B.1 (continued)
Temperature Density Viscosity Liquid CC) (gjcm3) (mPa s( ,;, cP))
22 1.113 5.6 24 1.112 5.2 26 1.112 4.85 28 1.111 4.55 30 1.110 4.25 32 1.109 3.95 34 1.108 3.70 36 1.107 3.45
Water+60wt. % glycerol 18 1.141 11.95 20 1.140 10.9 22 1.140 10.0 24 1.139 9.15 26 1.138 8.45 28 1.137 7.85 30 1.136 7.25 32 1.135 6.75 34 1.134 6.30 36 1.133 5.90
Water+80wt. % glycerol 18 1.198 70 20 1.197 62 22 1.196 54.5 24 1.195 48.5 26 1.194 42 28 1.193 38.5 30 1.192 34.5 32 1.191 31 34 1.190 28 36 1.189 25.5
Water + 10 wt. % methanol 18 0.974 1.48 20 0.973 1.37 22 0.973 1.28 24 0.972 1.19 26 0.971 1.12 28 0.970 1.06 30 0.970 1.02 32 0.969 0.965 34 0.968 0.915 36 0.967 0.875
Water+20wt. % methanol 18 0.950 1.74 20 0.949 1.66 22 0.948 1.53 24 0.947 1.43
352 Appendix 8
Table B.1 (continued)
Temperature Density Viscosity Liquid (0C) (gjcm 3 ) (mPas( ~ cP))
26 0.946 1.34 28 0.945 1.27 30 0.944 1.20 32 0.943 1.14 34 0.942 1.09 36 0.942 1.04
Water + 30 wt. % methanol 18 0.928 1.87
20 0.926 1.77 22 0.925 1.67 24 0.924 1.58 26 0.923 1.48 28 0.922 1.39 30 0.921 1.32 32 0.919 1.26 34 0.918 1.20 36 0.917 1.15
Water + 40 wt. % methanol 18 0.906 1.93 20 0.904 1.82 22 0.903 1.72 24 0.902 1.63 26 0.901 1.54 28 0.899 1.45 30 0.898 1.37 32 0.897 1.31 34 0.896 1.24 36 0.895 1.18
Water + 50 wt. % methanol 18 0.885 1.89 20 0.884 1.79 22 0.883 1.69 24 0.881 1.59 26 0.880 1.50 28 0.878 1.41 30 0.877 1.34 32 0.875 1.28 34 0.874 1.22 36 0.873 1.16
Water+60wt. % methanol 18 0.866 1.67 20 0.864 1.59 22 0.863 1.50 24 0.861 1.42 26 0.859 1.35 28 0.858 1.28
Density and viscosity of liquids 353
Table B.t (continued)
Temperature Density Viscosity Liquid (0C) (gjcm3) (mPa s( ~ cP))
30 0.856 1.23 32 0.855 1.17 34 0.853 1.11 36 0.852 1.06
Water+80wt. % methanol 18 0.829 1.30 20 0.827 1.20 22 0.825 1.12 24 0.823 1.05 26 0.822 1.00 28 0.820 0.96 30 0.818 0.92 32 0.816 0.88 34 0.814 0.85 36 0.813 0.82
Water + 30 wt. % saccharose 18 1.128 3.40 20 1.127 3.20 22 1.126 3.0 24 1.125 2.82 26 1.125 2.68 28 1.124 2.53 30 1.123 2.40 32 1.122 2.28 34 1.121 2.13 36 1.121 2.03
Water + 40 wt. % saccharose 18 1.177 6.65 20 1.176 6.2 22 1.175 5.75 24 1.174 5.35 26 1.174 5.0 28 1.173 4.65 30 1.172 4.35 32 1.171 4.1 34 1.170 3.85 36 1.170 3.65
Water + 50 wt. % saccharose 18 1.232 16.9 20 1.230 15.5 22 1.228 14.15 24 1.226 12.95 26 1.224 11.9 28 1.222 11.05 30 1.220 10.25 32 1.218 9.55
354 Appendix B
Table B.1 (continued)
Liquid
White spirit
Temperature CC)
34 36
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
Density Viscosity (g/cm3 ) (mPas( ~ cP))
1.216 8.85 1.214 8.20
0.77 1.098
Appendix C Empirical formulae and molecular weights of the most important additives (dispersion aids)
The state of being free of crystal water has always been assumed for the conversion of the concentrations of Appendix A into gil. Unfortunately, the literature data were not always unambiguous. If the indicated CKWf concentrations are to be produced by additives containing crystal water, the apparent higher concentration CKW of the water-containing state is calculated:
M KW CKW = CKWf--
MKWf
where CKWf is the concentration of crystal-water-free additive, M KW the molecular mass of crystal-water-containing substance, and MKWf the molecular mass of crystal-water-free substance.
The opposite approach has to be employed if additives containing crystal water are used (e.g. in pipette analysis), but the water-free form is formed when the pipette volume is dried. The above equation just has to be rearranged with respect to CKWf for the calculation of this tare weight.
Appendix C gives the required molecular masses for certain substances. These can also be used for the conversion of molar concentrations taken from the literature into other types of concentrations.
356 Appendix C
Table C.I Empirical formulae and molecular weights of the most important additives (dispersion aids)
Additive (dispersing agent) Empirical formula Molecular weight
Aluminium chloride AICI3·6H2O 241.4 AICl3 133.3
Ammonia NH40H 35.1 Calcium chloride CaCI2·2H2O 147
CaCl2 111 Cobalt chloride CoCI2·6H2O 238
CoCl2 129.9 Cobalt citrate C03(C6Hs07h·2H20 591.1 Hydrochloric acid HCI 36.5 Potassium chloride KCI 74.6 Potassium citrate K3(C6Hs0 7)· H2O 324
K3(C6H s0 7) 306 Potassium silicate K2Si03 154.3
K2Si40 9 ·H2O 352.5 Potassium/sodium hexametaphosphate (K,Na)6P 60 18 Soda lye NaOH 40.0 Sodium carbonate Na2C03·lOH2O 286.2
Na2C03 106 Sodium citrate Na3(C6Hs07)·2H20 294.1
Na3(C6Hs07) 258.1 Sodium hexametaphosphate Na6P6018 612 Sodium linoleate Na(C18H3102) 302 Sodium oleate Na(C18H3302) 304.4 Sodium oxalate Na2C20 4 134 Sodium silicate Na2Si03 ·9H2O 284.2
Na4Si04 184.1 Na2Si03 122.1
Sodium tartrate Na2C4H406·2H20 230.1 Na2C4H406 194.1
Sodium tetrapyrophosphate Na4P207·10H20 446 Na4P20 7 266
Sodium triphosphate Na3P04 . 12H20 380.1 Na3P04 164
Strontium chloride SrCI2·6H2O 266.6 SrCl2 158.5
Appendix D Some trade names of products the main components of which are additives from Appendix A
Table D.I
Additive (dispersing agent)
Alkyl phenol ethylene oxide
Alkyl trimethyl ammonium bromide Coconut oil amine adduct with 15 ethylene oxide
groups Dioctylester of sodium sulphosuccinic acid Ethoxylated nonylphenol 9-10 ethoxyoctylphenol
Monoester of the sulphosuccinic acid with ethoxylated coconut alcohol, Di-Na salt
Naphthalene stearosulphonic acid Naphthalene sulphonic acid condensate Nonyl phenoxy polyethanol Oleic acid-methyl-tauride-Na salt Petrol soap + trichlorethylene Polyisobutene succinamide Polyoxyethylene sorbitane monostearate Polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitane mono-oleate Polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitane monolaurate Polyoxyethylene thioether Polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymers Secondary sodium alkyl sulphate Sodium alkyl naphthalene sulphonate Sodium alkyl sulphonate
Sodium ethylene dinaphthylsulphonate
Trade name
Lissapol NX Nonidet P40 Cetrimide Ethomeen Cl5
AerosolOT Renex 648 Triton X-l00 Priiwozell W-ON 100 Succipon K3
Twitchell Base Lomar PW Igepal CO-530 Igepon T Saponin K OLOA 1200 Tween 20 Tween 80 Span 20 Sterox Pluronic L62 Teepol Perminal BX Emulgator 30 Mersolat H Dispersol T
358 Appendix 0
Table D.I (continued)
Additive (dispersing agent)
Sodium hexametaphosphate Sodium salt of condensed naphthalene sui phonic
acid Sodium salt of ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid
Sodium salt of the poly acrylic acid (sodium pol yacryla te)
Sodium salt of polymerized carboxylic acid Sodium salt of polymerized substituted alkyl
benzolsulphonic acid Wetting agent (for coal)
Trade name
Calgon Tamol SN
Chelaplex III Komplexon III Trilon B LW 300 Dispex 40 Daxad 30 Daxad 23
Neomerpin
Appendix E Series of aperture sizes of analytical sieves (cloths, perforated plates)
The sign " denotes inches.
Tab
le E
.1
w
OJ
0 F
orm
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e-ga
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num
ber
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rnat
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l F
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U
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Tab
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tinu
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For
mer
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7 6.
7 6.
7 6.
7 6.
7 0.
265"
3
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.5
8 8
8 8
8 8
8 8
8 8
8 5/
16"
2.5
8.5
9 9
9 9
9 9.
5 9.
5 9.
5 9.
5 9.
5 3/
8"
0.37
1"
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10.6
11
.2
11.2
11
.2
11.2
11
.2
11.2
11
.2
11.2
11
.2
11.2
7/
16"
0.44
1"
11.8
12
.5
12.5
12
.5
12.5
12
.5
12.5
12
.5
12.5
1/
2"
13.2
13
.2
13.2
13
.2
13.2
0.
53"
0.52
5"
14
14
14
14
14
15
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
5/8"
0.
624"
17
18
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
19
3/
4"
0.74
2"
20
20
20
20
20
20
C".r.>
21
.2
CD
....,
22.4
22
.4
22.4
22
.4
22.4
22
.4
22.4
22
.4
22.4
22
.4
7/8"
0.
883"
<ti
. (I
)
23.6
0 .....
. OJ
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
1"
"0
CD
26
.5
26.5
26
.5
26.5
26
.5
1.06
" 1.
05"
...., 2
28
28
28
28
28
....,
CD
30
(I)
31.5
31
.5
31.5
31
.5
31.5
31
.5
31.5
31
.5
31.5
31
.5
31.5
11
" N
· 4
CD
33.5
(I
)
35.5
35
.5
35.5
35
.5
35.5
0 .....
. 37
.5
37.5
37
.5
37.5
37
.5
1.!1
I OJ
2
::J
Ql
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
~
42.5
o·
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
l~
" ~
4 (I
)
47.5
<ti
.
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
2"
"' CD (I)
53
53
53
53
53
2.12
" 56
56
56
56
56
CA
l 0
)
60
01
(con
tinu
ed)
Tab
le E
.1
(con
tinu
ed)
w
O'l
O'l
For
mer
W
ire-
gaug
e nu
mbe
r In
tern
atio
nal
FR
G
US
SR
F
ranc
e G
reat
Bri
tain
U
SA
):,
"b
"b
ISO
-565
IS
O-5
65
DIN
A
FN
OR
CD
::J
ta
ble
I ta
ble
2 41
88u.
G
OS
T
NF
Xll
-A
ST
M
AS
TM
Q
><'
(198
3)
(198
3)
4187
35
84
501
BS
410
E-1
1 E
-323
T
yler
rr
, R
20/3
R
40/3
(1
977/
74)
(197
3)
(197
0)
(197
6)
(198
1)
(198
0)
AS
TM
(1
910)
R
5 R
lO
R20
R
40
mm
m
m
mm
m
m
mm
m
m
mm
m
esh
mm
m
m
No.
m
esh
Siev
e cl
oths
0.
02-
0.02
-0.
02-
0.04
-0.
02-
0.03
8-40
0-3
0.03
8-40
0-40
0-12
5 12
5 12
5 2.
5 12
5 16
12
5 3.
5(5"
) 2.
5(1.
05")
Per
fora
ted
plat
es,
squa
re
4-12
5 4-
125
4-12
5 4-
125
4-12
5 4-
125
3.35
-pe
rfor
atio
n 12
5
Per
fora
ted
plat
es,
circ
ular
1-
125
1-12
5 1-
125
1-12
5 1-
125
1-12
5 1-
125
perf
orat
ion
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
2.!"
2
67
71
71
71
71
71
75
75
75
75
75
3"
80
80
80
80
80
80
85
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
3.
!"
2 95
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
4"
106
106
106
10
6
106
4.!." 4
112
112
112
112
112
118
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
12
5
125
5"
Appendix F t-distribution (Student)
Table F.l Values of tp as functions of nand P (according to [B9] [S83])
P
n=N-l 0.01 0.Q2 0.05 0.1
63.657 31.821 12.706 6.314 2 9.925 6.965 4.303 2.920 3 5.841 4.541 3.182 2.353 4 4.604 3.747 2.776 2.132 5 4.032 3.365 2.571 2.015
6 3.707 3.143 2.447 1.943 7 3.499 2.998 2.365 1.895 8 3.355 2.896 2.306 1.860 9 3.250 2.821 2.262 1.833
10 3.169 2.764 2.228 1.812
12 3.055 2.681 2.179 1.782 14 2.977 2.624 2.145 1.761 16 2.921 2.583 2.120 1.746 18 2.878 2.552 2.101 1.734 20 2.845 2.528 2.086 1.725
22 2.819 2.508 2.074 1.717 24 2.797 2.492 2.064 1.711 26 2.779 2.479 2.056 1.706 28 2.763 2.467 2.048 1.701 30 2.750 2.457 2.042 1.697 00 2.576 2.326 1.960 1.645
Appendix G F-distribution (Fisher)
Table G.t Values of Fp for P=O.OI and O.OS and n,=N,-I, n2 =N2-1 (according to [B9][S83]). The upper values of Fp refer to P=O.OS, the lower to P=O.OI
n,
n2 2 3 4 S 6 8 10 20 50 OCJ
161 200 216 225 230 234 239 242 248 252 254 4052 4999 5403 5625 5764 5859 5981 6056 6209 6302 6366
2 18.5 19.0 19.2 19.3 19.3 19.3 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.5 19.5 98.5 99.0 99.2 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.4 99.4 99.5 99.5 99.5
3 10.1 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.85 8.79 8.66 8.58 8.53 34.1 30.8 29.5 28.7 28.2 27.9 27.5 27.2 26.7 26.4 26.1
4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.04 5.96 5.80 5.70 5.63 21.2 18.0 16.7 16.0 15.5 15.2 14.8 14.6 14.0 13.7 13.5
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.82 4.74 4.56 4.44 4.36 16.3 13.3 12.1 11.4 11.0 10.7 10.3 10.1 9.55 9.24 9.02
6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.15 4.06 3.87 3.75 3.67 13.7 10.9 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.10 7.87 7.39 7.09 6.88
8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.44 3.35 3.15 3.02 2.93 11.3 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.03 5.81 5.36 5.07 4.86
10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.07 2.98 2.77 2.64 2.54 10.0 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.06 4.85 4.41 4.12 3.91
20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.45 2.35 2.12 1.97 1.84 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.S6 3.37 2.94 2.64 2.42
50 4.03 3.18 2.79 2.56 2.40 2.29 2.13 2.03 1.78 1.60 1.44 7.17 5.06 4.20 3.72 3.41 3.19 2.89 2.70 2.26 1.95 1.68
OCJ 3.84 3.00 2.60 2.37 2.21 2.10 1.94 1.83 1.57 1.35 1.00 6.63 4.61 3.78 3.32 3.02 2.80 2.51 2.32 1.88 1.52 1.00
n, is the number of degrees of freedom for the greater estimate of variance n2 is the number of degrees of freedom for the smaller estimate of variance
p
o F TA2
Appendix H List of symbols and indices
Table H.I
Symbol
A Ao All A22
Al2! Aa;Ab;Ac AG AH Ah A*
I
Akf Ap Ay
A~ a
a!; a2; a3 aij
B Bi Bk,l
b CL
C
C calc
Meaning
Factor; area; feed material (index); buoyancy Open sieve area Hamaker constant (particles in a vacuum) Hamaker constant (liquid in a medium) Hamaker constant (particles in a medium) Atomic weight of atom type a, b, c Cross-sectional area of a vessel Cross-sectional area at point H Cross-sectional area at point h Fraction of effective mesh width distribution Integral function Buoyancy Of a particle Scattering section of individual particle related to particle volume Scattering section of agglomerates related to particle volume Particle radius; half-axis; function; radius variable; horizontal width;
particle characteristic (index) Constants; functions Matrix elements Constant; channel width; factor Function Integral function Half-axis; function; distance; particle characteristic (index); acceleration Factor Half-axis; concentration, wire width Mean concentration Calculated (index) Critical electrolyte concentration Concentration at time t = 0 Effective solids concentration Mass concentration of material type j (gig)
370 Appendix H
Table H.1 (continued)
Symbol
CKW
CKWf
Cm
cm,o c; Cv
Cw CW,St
cw,os D
DH DR d dD
E E)
ESed,ki.
ETr,kin
eo e1;ez F FA FN Fp
f flJ2 !c fM fp fx G Gp
9 H Hi h hG hM I IA IE I mi•
It
Meaning
Electrolyte concentration (containing crystal water) Electrolyte concentration (without crystal water) Solid mass concentration Solid mass concentration at time t = 0 Mass concentration of solid (gig) Solid volume concentration Drag coefficient Cw according to Stokes Cw according to Oseen Function; diffusion coefficient; vessel diameter; diameter of spherical
suction volume; undersize Thickness of hydrate sheath Diameter of sieve frame Particle size (index) Nozzle diameter Electric field force; expectation value Information entropy Kinetic energy of sedimentation movement Kinetic energy of Brownian translation movement Elementary charge (1.602 x 10- 19 As) Functions Variable of F-distribution; field force Axial field force Normal field force Projection area of a particle vertical to flow direction Systematic error; correction factor Functions Error of drag coefficients Error of moments Error of particle shape factors Error of particle sizes Weight Weight of a particle Gravitational acceleration Height Function Height; depth; distance from the particle surface Height of vessel Height of measurement level Radiation intensity Intensity after transmission Intensity prior to transmission Minimum of I A
IA at time t
List of symbols and indices 371
Table H.l (continued)
Symbol
j K K{x) Kp;Ks KR{x) k
ko L L.;Lb;Lc LR I
T M Mj
Mk M KW
M KWf
MM M, Moo m m{t) mo mi; m2
ma mD mea mF
mG mmin
mp mR
ms N NL Nv n nF
fA at time t = 00 (solid-free) fA at time t=O Counting index Counting index Shape correction factor
Meaning
Extinction function; corrected cumulative distribution K for plates, rods Extinction function in the range of Rayleigh theory Volume coefficient according to Heywood; Boltzmann constant
(k= 1.38 x 10- 23 J/K= 1.38 x 1O- i6 gcm2/{s 2 K)); number of sample splittings; speed constant; exponent
Coefficient Distance between two walls; trans illuminated length Characteristic lengths Side length of square sieve frame Distance between the centres of two spheres; distance of sphere centre
from a wall Mean free path Mass (total); moment; number Molecular mass of material j kth moment related to zero Molecular mass of crystal water containing electrolyte Molecular mass of crystal water free electrolyte Molecular mass Mass at time t Mass at time t = 00
Parameter of GGS distribution; refractive index; coefficient Solid mass at time t Solid mass at time t = 0; input Mass proportions of components 1, 2 Particle mass in bottom space of a sedimentation vessel Mean mass of individual particle in undersize Measured (index) Liquid mass Particle mass proportion precipitated on impact plate Minimum sample mass Particle mass Mean mass of individual particle in residue Particle mass above bottom space of a sedimentation vessel Number Avogadro number (NL = 6.022 X 1023 mol-i) Number of particles related to particle volume Degree of freedom; number; parameter of RRSB distribution Refractive index (fluid)
372 Appendix H
Table H.1 (continued)
Symbol
PF PG Ps Q Q*(x); Q**(x) Qo Q2 Q3 Q3,A Q3,F
Q3,G q
q3
q3,A q3,F
Q3,G
Qij
Qrnax
qR R Rc;Ra Re Remax
Rf
RK Rp;Rs r
Minimum number of particles Number of particles Refractive index (solid)
Meaning
Weight; probability; pressure Weight or pressure at time t = 0 Weight or pressure at time t = 00
Peelet number Fraction (proportion of a particle collective related to the total quantity);
shape factor; pressure Proportion of fines Proportion of coarse material Mass proportion of particles discharged with flow Cumulative distribution Parts of cumulative distribution normed to 1 Q with quantity type number Q with quantity type surface Q cumulative distribution with quantity type volume, mass Q3 of feed material Q3 of fine product Q3 of coarse product Solid volume proportion for particle contact; factor Density distribution with quantity type volume, mass q3 of feed material Q3 of fine product Q3 of coarse product Coefficients of sieve model Maximum of density distribution Factor Radius; residue; (exponential) factor of wire-gauge number series Functions for plates or rods in c- or a-direction Reynolds number Maximum Reynolds number Retention factor Residue at end of sieving Functions for plates or rods Radius Outer radius Inner radius Particle surface area Surface related to particle mass Stokes number Surface related to particle volume Stop distance; distance; standard deviation (error) Error of analysis
List of symbols and indices 373
Table H.t (continued)
Symbol
Sin
Sln,A
Sln,T
Sp
T T(H) T(x)
To T,,(x) Tp t t' to t99
to tE tefr
tM U Uo U2
Ua
Ub
Uc
Ug
Uos Urel
USt
Uy
Ux
Uz
V V V(t) Vo Vll VA Vel
VF
Vp
Vq Vs V.ter
V
Meaning
Standard deviation of log-normal distribution Sin of feed Sin of cut function Sampling error Temperature; transmission; test variable Transformation function Cut function Splitting ratio (bypass fraction) T(x) after n decantations Test variable according to table Time; pitch (sieve); variable of t-distribution Variable Mean residence time without influence of force field Time for v/U = 0.99 Relaxation time Mean residence time under influence of force field Effective time Time of measurement Terminal velocity of a particle U in ideal case (without external influence) Velocity for hydrodynamic interaction of two particles U in a-direction U in centrifugal field U in c-direction U in gravitational field U according to Oseen Relative velocity U according to Stokes U of a sphere of equal volume U in x-direction U in z-direction Volume; energy of interaction; particle volume (index) Volume flow Suspension sample volume at time t Suspension sample volume at time t = 0; effective channel volume Attraction energy (particles in a vacuum) Attraction energy; volume of the immersed part of areometer Energy of electrostatic repulsion Liquid volume Volume of particle Volume flow of cross-flow Solid volume; particle volume related to surface Steric repulsion energy Velocity
374 Appendix H
Table H.l (continued)
Symbol
Vmax
<v) vp,O
<vp )
Vq
Dr
Dre1
Du
Dz
WE! WOs
Wp WPass
WS/L
WSt
Wv W
Weff
Wi
WK WQ
WR
Ws X x
X5; X15,9;
X S4.1; X95
X50 X'
XF
XG
Xi
Xi+l
Xi
Xmax; X!ax;} X*
max
Xmin; X!in; } X*:"
mm
Meaning
Volume proportion of components 1,2 Tangential speed of medium; velocity of streaming fluid, at which the
separation takes place Maximum velocity Flow velocity averaged over W
Entering velocity Particle velocity averaged over W
Velocity of cross-flow Radial velocity (resistance) Relative velocity Linear peripheral velocity Radial velocity (inertia) Drag force to an ellipsoid Drag force according to Oseen Drag force of a particle, a plate Probability of passage of particle through sieve aperture Wetting energy solid/liquid Drag force according to Stokes Drag force to a sphere of equal volume Channel height; sieve aperture width Effective sieve aperture width Weighting factor Mean warp mesh width (distance of wires in warp direction) Sieve aperture width (square apertures) Sieve aperture width (circular apertures) Mean weft mesh width (distance of wires in weft direction) Maximum deviation Particle size; coordinate axis
Quantiles of distribution
Median of distribution Parameter of RRSB distribution; agglomerate size Mean particle size Axis of a spheroid Diameter of sphere of equal surface; particle size of feed material Critical particle size Diameter of circle of equal projection area; particle size of fine product Particle size of coarse product Lower limit of ith particle size class Upper limit of ith particle size class Mean value of ith particle size class
Maximum particle size of distributions Q(x); Q*(x); Q**(x)
Minimum particle size of distributions Q(x); Q*(x); Q**(x)
List of symbols and indices 375
Table H.1 (continued)
Symbol
Xs
XS1
XT
xT,a
XT,T
xT,Q
X,
Xv
Xw
x~ y
y Z ZF Z
Z 1; Z2; Z3;} Z4; Zs; Z6
Z.; Zb
Zeff
Zi
Zap
0(
O((X)
fJ qU)
Y t..Ernax t..GM
t..GS
t..GVR
M t..p t..pO t..p t..Q b
Meaning
Diameter of sphere with equal projection area as a particle in stable position
Diameter of sphere with equal projection area as a particle in average position
Apparent particle size Particle size according to Stokes Cut size Effective cut size Cut size from cut function (x for T = 50%, median) Cut size at 1 - Q3,F(X) = Q3,G(X) Particle size which has passed through distance h after time t Diameter of a sphere of equal volume Diameter of a sphere of equal sedimentation velocity Median of log-normal distribution Maximum deviation Coordinate axis; variable Integer number; variable Objective function Coordinate axis; valency
Variables and exponents
Atomic number of element a, b Effective atomic number Valency of ion type i Integral granulometric characteristic Constant; variable; Mie parameter; angle in degrees or rad, quantity type (index) Error total Angle; coefficient; function; degree of agglomeration; quantity type (index) Gamma function Coefficient; quantity type (index) Maximum impact energy Change of free enthalpy of mixture Change of steric interaction energy Change of entropy due to volume restriction Measurement gap height Pressure difference Pressure difference at time t = 0 Density difference Ps - PM Quantity proportion in a particle size class Thickness of adsorption layer; quantity type (index) Porosity; proportion of covered sieve apertures; residual error Absolute dielectric constant (eo = 8.854 x 10- 12 A s/(V m)) Relative dielectric constant Flow (zeta) potential
376 Appendix H
Table H.t (continued)
Symbol
'1 '10 ()
K*
A. {I
{lk
{1m
{lm,eff
{lm,i
{lm,j
~ ~ n p or Q PB Peff
PH Pi PM
PM,o Ps PSH U
ULjG
USjG
USjL
Up
UR
1:
CI>
Cl>o(Z) qJ
qJO
qJ(h, t)
t/lWa t/lHe t/lKR t/I t/lT t/l6 t/lo OJ
Viscosity of medium Viscosity of pure medium
Meaning
Angle (polar coordinate); contact angle in three-phase contact; optical aperture angle
Dynamic shape factor; Debye-Hiickel parameter; grain scattering (sharpness of cut)
Dynamic shape factor Wavelength Mass proportion; mean value of Gaussian distribution kth moment related to mean value Mass attenuation coefficient Mass attenuation coefficient of a mixed material Mass attenuation coefficient of atom type i Mass attenuation coefficient of component j Variable Mean translation Relative pressure difference Mean density Bulk density of material Effective density of a mixed material Density of hydrate sheath Density of material i Density of medium Density of pure liquid Density of solid Density of hydrated particle Standard deviation Interfacial tension, liquid/gas Interfacial tension, solid/gas Interfacial tension, solid/liquid Sampling error Standard deviation of residue values R Factor Inclination angle Normed normal distribution Angle; function; suspension density Suspension density at time t = 0 Suspension density at time t in depth h Shape factor according to Wadell (sphericity) Shape factor according to Heiss and Coull (circularity) Shape factor according to Komar and Reimers Interfacial potential Inertia parameter Interfacial potential at the distance /j
Interfacial potential at the particle surface Angular speed; shape factor
References
Note the German words and abbreviations: AuO. - edition; Bd. - volume; Fa. - company; Fachtagung - conference; S. - page; Teilpart; Verlag - publisher; Vortrag - oral paper.
[AI] Allen, T.: Sedimentation techniques of particle size measurement. Proceed., Conference on Particle Size Analysis, Bradford, Sept. 1985, S. 24-45
[A2] Allen, T.: Particle Size Measurement. London 1968 (1. Auff.), 1975 (2. Auff.), 1981 (3. Auff.)
[A3] Allen, H. S.: The motion of a sphere in a viscous ffuid. Phil os. Mag. and J. of Science, Series 5, 50 (1900) 304, S. 323-338; 306, S. 519-534
[A4] Albring, W: Angewandte Stromungslehre. Leipzig 1978 (5. Auff.) [A5] Alex, W: Was gehort zu einer Pipette-Apparatur flir die TeilchengroBenanalyse.
GIT-Fachzeitschr. flir das Laboratorium 14 (1970) 6, S. 637-646 [A6] Alex, W; Koglin, B.; Leschonski, K. (im Wechsel): TeilchengroBenanalyse.
Chem.-Ing.-Technik 46 (1974) 1, S. 23-26; 3, S. 101-106; 7, S. 289-292; 9, S. 387 bis 390; 11, S. 477-480; 13, S. 563-566; 15, S. 641-644; 17, S. 729-732; 19, S. 821 bis 824; 21, S. 901-904; 23, S. 984-987; 47 (1975) 1, S. 21-24
[A 7] Andreasen, A. H. M.: Uber die Herstellung von Suspensionen flir die Sedimentationsanalyse. Staub (1956) 43, S. 5-9
[A8J Agranat, B. A.: Ul'trazvukovaja technologija. Moskva: Metallurgija 1981 [A9] Agranat, B. A.; Vinogradova, I. M., u.a.: Issledovanie processa dezintegracii
chrisotilasbesta v ul'trazvukovom pole. Naucnye trudy 132 (1981), S. 70-74 [A10J Analytical Methods Committee; Particle Size Analysis Subcommittee, Classifi
cation of Methods for Determining Particle Size, a Review. Analyst 88 (1963) 1044, S. 156-187
[All] Andreasen, A. H. M.: Zur Kenntnis des Mahlgutes: Theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen iiber die Verteilung der Stoffmenge auf die verschiedenen KorngroBen in zerkleinerten Produkten. Kolloidchemische Beihefte, Bd. 27 (1928), S. 349-458
[A12] Andreasen, A. H. M.: Lundberg, J.: Ein Apparat Zur Feinheitsbestimmung nach der Pipettemethode mit besonderem Hinblick auf Betriebsuntersuchungen. Ber. dt. keram. Gesellsch. 11 (1930) 5, S. 312-323
[A 13J Allen, T.: Determination of size distribution and specific surface of fine powders by photoextinction method. I: Theoretical estimate of variation in extinction coefficient with particle size using a white light source. Powder Technology 2 (1968/69), S. 133-140. II: Comparison between wide-angle and narrow-angle photosedimentometers and experimental determination of extinction coefficient. Powder Technology 2 (1968/69), S. 141-153
[AI4] Allen, T.: Determination of specific surface, surface-volume shape coefficient and particle size distribution by using wideangle photosedimentometer. Proceed. Particle Size Analysis Conference, Bradford, Sept. 1970, S. 167-177
[AI5] Allen, T.: Particle size analysis by radiation attenuation of a sedimenting suspension. Vortrag, 3. Fachtagung Granulometrie, Dresden, Dez. 1983
[A16] Alex, W: Herleitung der Odenschen Gleichung zur Auswertung der MeBwerte von Sedimentationswaagen. Powder Technology 2 (1968/69), S. 363-364
378 References
[A 17] Alex. W; Piitz. R.: Verbesserte Elektronik fUr die Sedimentationswaage Sartorius 4600. MeBtechnik (1971) 3, S. 69-73
[A18] Avdeev. N. Ja.; Sereda. A. M.: Opredelenie momenta nUlevogo otsceta v sedimentometriceskom analize. Kolloidnyj zurnal 32 (1970) 4, S. 624-625
[A19] Allen. T.: Review of sedimentation processes and techniques. Proceed., 2. Europ. Symposion PartikelmeBtechnik, Niirnberg, Sept. 1979, S. 479-507
[A20] Allen. T .. Khalili. M. A.: An investigation of the photocentrifugal method of particle size measurement. Proceed. Conf. on Particle Size Analysis, Loughborough, Sept. 1981, S. 15-27
[A21] Allen. T.; Svarovsky. L.: A new high speed disc centrifuge with pipette withdrawal. Proceed., 1. Europ. Symp. Partike1meBtechnik, Niirnberg, Sept. 1975, DECHEMAMonographien Bd. 79 (1976), S. 279-291
[A22] Atherton. E.; Cooper. A. c.: British Patent Nr. 983760, vom 20.2.1962 [A23] Allen, T.; Svarovsky, L.: The Ladal X-ray centrifugal sedimentometer. Powder
Technology 10 (1974), S. 23-28 [A24] Alex. W: KorngroBenanalyse durch Sedimentation im Zentrifugalfe1d. Freiberger
Forsch. Heft A 484. Leipzig 1971, S. 27-34 [A25] Andreasen. A. H. M.; u. a.: Uber Schliimmgeschwindigkeit und KorngroBe. Koll.
Zeitschr. 49 (1929), S. 48-51 [A26] Abed-Navandi. M.; Berner. A.; u. a.: The cylindrical aerosol centrifuge. Proceed.,
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[A29] Andersen. J.: Uber Maschenweite und KorngroBe. Zement 20 (1931), S. 224-226 u. 242-245
[A30] Allen. T.: Critical review of particle size analysis. Powder Metallurgy 26 (1983) 2, S. 95-100
[A31] Abramowitz. M.; Stegun. I. A. (Edit.): Pocketbook of mathematical functions. Frankfurt/Main: Verlag H. Deutsch 1984
[A32] Allen. T.: A review of sedimentation methods of particle size analysis. Proceed Conference on Particle Size Analysis, Loughborough, Sept. 1991, S. 454-476
[A33} Atkinson. T. W; White. S.: Hydrophobic drug substance: the use of lase! diffraction particle size analysis and dissolution to characterize surfactan1 stabilized suspensions. Proceed. Conference on Particle Size Analysis, Loughborough, Sept. 1991, S. 133-142
[A34] Atkinson. T. W; Greenway. M. J. u. a.: The use of laser diffraction particle size analysis to predict the dispersibility of a medicament in a paraffin based ointment. Proceed., Conference on Particle Size Analysis, Loughborough, Sept. 1991, S. 143-152
[A35] Allen. T.: The Du Point/Brookhaven scanning X-ray disc centrifuge (BI-XDC). Proceed. Conference on Particle Size Analysis, Loughborough, Sept. 1991, S. 498-513
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[B2] Bernhardt. c.: Uber die Berechnung der Fallgeschwindigkeit kugelformiger TeiIchen in ziihen Medien. Bergakademie (1972) 2, S. 104-109
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[Bl1] Brauer, H.; Thiele, H.: Bewegung von Partikelschwiirmen. Chemie-Ing.-Techn. 45 (1973) 13, S. 909-912
[BI2] Bernhardt, C.: Zur inkrementalen Sedimentationsanalyse im Schwerefeld. Freiberger Forsch. Heft A 676. Leipzig 1983, S. 36-71
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[B18J Bernhardt, c.: Zu einigen Problemen bei der Kornungsanalyse von Kaolin mit dem Sedigraph 5000 D. Silikattechn. 33 (1982) 4, S. 102-104
[BI9J Batel, w.: Einfiihrung in die KorngroBenmeBtechnik. Berlin 1960 (1. Aufl.), 1964 (2. Aufl.), 1971 (3. Aufl.)
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[B22] Ie Bell, J. c.; Palmgren: The effect of soldium-Iignosulphonates on high solids kaolin suspensions. Paeri ja Puu, Helsinki (1976) 5, S. 355-362
[B23] BS 3406: Part 2: 1984, British Standard Method for Determination of Particle Size Distribution; Part 2: Recommendations for gravitational liquid sedimentation method for powders and suspensions
[B24] Bogenschutz, A. F.; George, U.; u. a.: Zur Dispergierung feinkorniger Pulversubstanzen. Fachber. f. Oberfliichentechnik 10 (1972) 5, S. 176-178
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384 References
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[D9J DIN 66115-Korn/TeilchengroBenanalyse, Sedimentations analyse im Schwerefeld, Pipette-Verfahren, Nov. 1973
[DlOJ Dallendorfer, R.: Langhammer, L.: Eine Variation des Verfahrens nach Andreasen zur beschleunigten Bestimmung der KorngroBenverteilung keramischer Rohstoffe. Hermsdorfer Techn. Mitt. (1960) 1, S. 4-7
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[D13J DIN 66116, BI. I-Sedimentationsanalyse im Schwerefeld, Sedimentationswaage (Nov. 1973)
[D14] Davies, R.; Kaye, B. H.: The effect of cluster instability in suspensions on particle size analysis measurements with the Cahn-balance. Proceed. Conf. on Particle Size Analysis, Bradford, Sept. 1970, S. 207-222
[D15J DIN 69176, Teil 4-Kornungen fiir Schleifmittel auf Unteriagen, Bezeichnung, KorngroBenverteilung, 1957
[DI6J Donoghue. J. K.; Bostock. W: A new technique for particle size analysis by centrifugal sedimentation. Transact. Inst. Chemical Eng. 33 (1955), S. 72-77
[DI7J DIN 66111 (Entwurf)- PartikelgroBenanalyse, Sedimentations analyse, Grundlagen, Auswertegleichungen zur Mengenmessung im Fliehkraftfeld (Nov. 1983)
[D18] Diendova, SiS.: Aparat za burz dispersen analiz na finoziirnesti materiali. Rudodobiv 28 (1973) 1, S. 19-21
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[D21J DIN Taschenbuch Nr. 133: Normen iiber Siebboden und Kornmessung. Berlin (West) 1980
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[D25J DIN 66141-Darstellung von Korn-(Teilchen-)gri:iBenverteilungen; Grundlagen (1974) DIN 66143--; Potenznetz (1974) DIN 66144--; logarithmisches Normalverteilungsnetz (1974) DIN 66145--; RRSB-Netz (1976)
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Index
Page numbers appearing in bold refer to figures and page numbers appearing in italic refer to tables.
Abrasives liquids and additives listed 280 see also Corundum; Silicon carbide
Acetone, density and viscosity listed 335 Activated coal 280 Active earth 280 Acucut classifiers 179 Added mass 29 Additives, see Dispersion aids Adhesion forces, binding of particles
by 77 Aerosol OT 357 Aerosol centrifuges 186~8
Aerosol measurement classification methods used 179~88
cross-flow principles 179~82
AFNOR standard sieve aperture sizes 360~6
Agglomeration/binding mechanisms 77~8
Agglomeration degree (of suspension) 105
Air classification 161 ~ 72 fundamentals 162~ 7
in conical space 165~ 7 in cylindrical space 162~5
Air classifiers 168~ 72 Air jet sieving 233, 234 Air-based sedimentation analysis methods
146~7
Alkali salts 280 Alpine classifiers 169, 177, 178 Alumina 100,280
see also Aluminium oxide; Corundum
Alumina cement 281 see also Cement
Aluminium, liquids and additives listed 281
Aluminium chloride 91, 93, 356 Aluminium fluoride 281 Aluminium hydroxide 282 Aluminium oxide 86, 282
see also Alumina; Corundum Aluminium silicate 282 Aluminium silicide 283 Aluminous earth 283 Aluminous earth cement 283 Ammonia 356 Ammonium perchlorate 283 Ammonium phosphate 283 n-Amyl alcohol, density and viscosity listed
342 Analytical cut size 14
determination of 14~15
see also Effective cut size Analytical sieves 198~ 211
aperture sizes 199~200
international standards 199, 200, 360~6
listed 360~6
measurement of distribution 206~9
various national standards 200, 360~6
matched 211 open sieve area characteristics 201 structural features 198~206
testing and calibration of 209~ II visual assessment of 206
414 Index
Anatase 127 Andrade equation 334-5 Andreasen pipette centrifuge 155 Anhydrite 283 Annular-gap sieving method 239 Annular-shear-slot method, deglomeration
by 97 Anthracene paste 283 Anthracite 283 Antimonic oxide 283 Apatite 283 Apparent particle size distribution 40-8
estimation of apparent distribution 44, 46
estimation of mean shape factor 46-8 monodisperse particle system with
constant particle shape 41-3 polydisperse particle system with
constant particle shape 43-4, 45 wall effects 69, 70
Areometer method 111, 122-4 first used 113
Arsenate 283 Arsenic trioxide 284 Arsenious acid 284 Ash
liquids and additives listed 284 see also Fly ash; Power station ash
ASTM standard sieve aperture sizes 360-6
Back-flow effects, sedimentation affected by 63
Bahco classifier 175, 176 Barium carbonate 284 Barium chloride 91, 93 Barium salts, liquids and additives listed
284-5 Barium strontium carbonate 284 Barium sulphate 86, 284-5 Barium titanate 185 Barytes 284 Basset history integral 29 Bauxite 285 Bentonite 285-6 Benzene, density and viscosity listed 335 Benzyl alcohol, density and viscosity listed
336
Bernhardt equation 26 Beryl 286 Beta-backscattering, sedimentation
analysis using 111, 143-4 Bismuth compounds 286 Black iron 286 Blanc fixe 286 Blast-furnace slag 286
see also Slag Bone ash 286 Bone flour 286 Boron 286 Boron carbide 286 Boron nitride 286 Boron oxide 287 Bran 287 Bronze 287 Brown coal 287 Brownian motion, diffusion by 48-59 BS standard sieve aperture sizes 360-6 Bucket centrifuges 155 Bureau Communale de Reference (BCR)
calibration substances 210, 211 n-Butanal, density and viscosity listed
342 n-Butanol, density and viscosity listed
343 n-Butylamine, density and viscosity listed
343 1,3-Butylene glycol, with water, density
and viscosity listed 346 Bypass function 270
Cadmium arsenate 287 Cadmium color 287 Cadmium sulphide 287 Calcite 127 Calcium arsenate 287 Calcium carbonate 287-9
see also Calcite; Chalk Calcium chloride 356 Calcium fluoride 86, 127, 289 Calcium hydroxide 289 Calcium magnesium carbonate 289
see also Dolomite Calcium magnesium oxide 289 Calcium oxide 86, 290 Calcium phosphate 290
Calcium salts, liquids and additives listed 287-91
Calcium stannate 291 Calcium sulphate 86,127,291
see also Anhydrite; Gypsum Calcium triphosphate 291 Calcium wolframate 291 Calgon 357 Calomel 291 Cane sugar 291
see also Sugar Carbon black 291-2 Carbon tetrachloride
density and viscosity listed 336 with methanol, density and viscosity
listed 336-7 Carborundum 292
see also Silicon carbide Carslaw-Jaeger relationship 58 Cascade impactors
practical designs 185-6 principles 183-4
Castor oil, density and viscosity listed 337
Cavitation, ultrasound-caused 97--8 Cellulose 292 Cement 77, 292-3
see also Alumina cement; Portland cement; Tooth cement
Cement manufacture intermediates 319 Centrifugal aerosol spectrometer 186-8 Centrifugal classification 172-9
fundamentals 173-4 Centrifugal counterflow classifiers 172,
175-9 with forced vortex sink flow 172, 174,
177-9 with free vortex sink flow 172, 174,
175-7 Centrifugal sedimentation 147-60
centrifuges used 155-60 with cumulative quantity
measurement 158-60 first used 112 with incremental measurement
155-8 fundamentals 147-55
cumulative methods 151-4
Index 415
incremental methods 148-51 line-start methods 154-5
Centrifugal sedimentation balance 158, 159
Centrifugal sedimentation FFF 193-4 Ceramics 293 Cerussite 293 Cetrimide 357 Chalk 293-4
see also Calcium carbonate Charcoal 294 Chelaplex III 358 China clay 294 Chloroform, density and viscosity listed
337 Chromatography, see Field flow
fractionation (FFF) Hydrodynamic chromatography; Sedimentation FFF; Steric FFF
Chrome dye 294 Chrome yellow 294 Chromium, liquids and additives listed
294 Chromium oxide 294-5 Circularity factor 40 Class limits, determination by
interpolation 266-9 Classification
aerosols 179-88 ideal case 10-11 introduction 8-15 realistic case 11-13 in streaming fluids 161-96
in centrifugal field 172-9 in gravity field 161-72
types of techniques 8-9 Clay 295
see also Fireclay; Marl Clayey shale 295
see also Schist Coagulation curves 91,92 Coal 295-6
see also Activated coal; Anthracite; Brown coal; Coke; Hard coal; Lignite
Cobalt, liquids and additives listed 297 Cobalt chloride 356 Cobalt citrate 356
416 Index
Cobalt oxide 297 Cocoa 297 Coffee 297 Coke 297-8 Concentration distribution plots 52-3
in sedimentation FFF 190 Concentration of solids
back-flow effects 63 density changes 61, 63 factors affecting sedimentation process
60 hydrodynamic interaction 64-7
particle motion affected by 60-7 swarm inhibition 63 viscosity changes 61-3
Conical classification space, elutriation in 165-7
Conifuges 186, 187 Convection flows, sedimentation affected
by 72-3 Copper and compounds, liquids and
additives listed 298-9 Copper hydroxide 299 Copper oxides 299 Copper oxychloride 299 Copper phthalocyanine 299 Copper slag 299 Cordierite 299 Cornflour 299 Corundum 127, 299
see also Alumina; Aluminium oxide Couette device, agglomerate sizes 97 Coulombian forces 77, 85 Counterflow air classifiers 168-72 Counterflow classification 162
see also Air classification; Elutriation Counting-and-weighing method,
calibration of sieves using 210 Critical electrolyte concentration (for
coagulation) 92 typical values 93
Critical particle size (sedimentation balanced by Brownian motion) 49
typical values 49 Cross-flow classification, principles
179-82 Cross-flow classifiers 171-2, 182
Crude phosphates 299 see also Phosphates
Cryolite 299 Cultivated earth 299
see also Earth; Soil Cumulative distribution function 240 Cumulative distributions
corrected values 271 cut function calculated 272
representations 241, 245 Cumulative suspension methods
centrifugal-field methods centrifuges used 158-60 fundamentals 151-4
diffusion in 58-9 gravitational methods 140-6
fundamentals 140-1 measurements made 110, 111,142,144 sedimented amount of solids measured
141-4 suspended solids measured 144-6
Cut function in aerosol impactors 184 calculations 269-71 definitions 13, 269 effect of repeated decanting 139, 140
in centrifugal field 153 as function of sieving time 226
Cut size in centrifugal classifiers 173, 175 definitions 13-14 in sieve analysis
determination for analytical sieves 211
as function of sieving time 227 Cyclohexane, density and viscosity listed
337 Cyclohexanol
density and viscosity listed 337-8 effect on sedimentation analysis 77 with isoamyl alcohol, density and
viscosity listed 338 Cyclohexanone, density and viscosity
listed 338 Cylindrical classification space, elutriation
in 162-5
Cross-flow field flow fractionation 195-6 Daxad 23 358
Daxad 30 358 Deaeration methods 96 Debye-Hiickel parameter 80-1 Decanting 111, 138-40
abandonment 112 use in centrifugal sedimentation 153-4,
159-60 see also Repeated decanting; Single
decanting Deglomeration 78
mechanical methods used 95-108 Density
changes due to concentration of solids 61,63
variation with temperature 334-5 typical data 335-54
Density gradient in centrifugal sedimentation 154 in sedimentation FFF 193
Density-measurement methods, in sedimentation analysis 122-4
Deryagin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DL VO) theory 89-90
Diamant 300 Diamond, refractive index 127 Diatomaceous earth 300 Dibutyl phthalate, density and viscosity
listed 338 Dica1cium phosphate 300 Diethyl phthalate, density and viscosity
listed 338-9 Differential-pressure sieving 238-9 Diffusion, Brownian-motion-caused
48-59 in cumulative suspension methods
58-9 in incremental line-start methods 59 in incremental suspension methods
50-8 1,3-Dimethylbenzene, density and
viscosity listed 342 DIN standard sieve aperture sizes 360-6 Disc centrifuges 155 Disperse systems
types 2 see also Monodisperse systems;
Poly disperse systems; Solid disperse systems
Dispersion aids empirical formulae 356 listed 280-333 molecular weights 356 trade names 357-8 see also Wetting aids
Dispersion interactions 85
Index 417
Dispersion of solids in liquids 76-108 agglomeration/binding mechanisms
77-8 characterization of dispersion state
101-8 comparison of methods 107-8, 108 microscopic analysis 102 particle size analysis 106-7 photometric measurement 104-6 rheologic tests 101-2 sedimentation tests 102~4
wettability measurement 101 zeta-potential measurement 106
factors affecting 94 fundamental processes involved 78 liquid media used, requirements 78 mechanical pretreatment methods used
95-101 cleaning of solid material 100 deaeration 96 dry sieving 95 plastic-state treatment 95-6 turbulent-shear-field treatment
96-7 ultrasonic treatment 97-100
physico-chemical processes relevant 79-95
interparticulate interaction 80-93 wetting 79-80
Dispersol T 357 Dispex 40 358 Distribution functions 247-55
approximation 251-5 calculation methods 253-5 graphical methods 251-3
function values listed 254 GGS distribution 250-1 mean val ue defined 259 normal distributions 247-9 RRSB distribution 250 see also GGS distribution; Incomplete
418 Index
Distribution functions contd distribution; Log-normal distribution; Normal distributions; RRSB distribution
Distribution transformation 256-8 Divers, in sedimentation analysis 111,
124,144 first used 113
Diving balance 144-5 Dolomite 289, 300
see also Calcium magnesium carbonate Dougherty-Krieger equation 61 Drag coefficient
dependence on Reynolds number 18, 19,24,26
dependence on sedimentation velocity 18
empirical drag coefficients 27 Drugs 300 Du Pont/Brockhaven Scanning X-ray
Disc Centrifuge 157 Dyes 301 Dynamic particle shape factor 37
Earth 301 see also Cultivated earth; Soil
Eccentric centrifuge 158, 159 EEL sedimentometer 130-1 Effective cut size 14 Electrical double layer 80, 81 Electrokinetic potential 82 Electromagnetically vibrated sieves 230 Electro-osmosis 83 Electrophoresis 83 Electrostatic interaction 83 Electrostatic precipitators 188 Electrostatic repulsion 83-5
properties of repulsion energy 84 Ellipsoids
aspect ratios illustrated 33 drag forces acting on 32-3 shape factors for 39 see also Plates; Rods
Elutriation contrasted with air classification 162 fundamentals 162-7
in conical space 165-7 in cylindrical space 162-5
Elutriation analysis 161-72 duration as function of particle size
164 first developed 112, 138 meaning of term 112, 138, 162
Elutriators 167-8 Emulgator 30 357 Enamel 301 Enstatite 301 Epoxy powder 301 Error analysis
in sieve analysis 217-22, 238 statistical tests applied 277-8
Errors grain size error (Oseen equation) 24 in incremental suspension methods 72,
117, 118, 134, 135-6 moment calculation 263-6 particle size error (Stokes' equation)
20, 23 Ethanol
density and viscosity listed 339 effect on sedimentation analysis 77 with water, density and viscosity listed
346-8 Ethomeen C15 357 Ethylene glycol
density and viscosity listed 339 effect on sedimentation analysis 77 with water, density and viscosity listed
348-50 Expectation value, definition 242
F-test 277 examples of use 277 table listing distribution values 368
Feldspar 301 Felvation 239 Ferric oxide 86 Ferrite 301 FeSiCr 301 Field flow fractionation (FFF) 188-96
in centrifugal field 193-4, 194 cross-flow FFF 195-6 detector systems 196 in gravity field 193, 194 principles 189-92 steric FFF 194-5
Fillers, liquids and additives listed 301 Fireclay 301-2
see also Clay Fisher's F-distribution 368
see also F -test Flint 302 Flour 302
see also Cornflour; Wheat flour Flow point 101-2 Flow potential 83 Flue dust, see Fly ash Fluorite 127, 289, 302
see also Calcium fluoride Fluorspar, see Calcium fluoride Flyash 303
see also Ash; Power station ash Forsterite 303 Foundry sand 303 Fraction histograms 245 Fraction (size range) 8 Fractograms, sedimentation FFF 189,
190 Frequency distribution 240
representations 241, 245 Fritsch scanning photosedimentometer
132 Fritten 303
Gamma-ray attenuation, sedimentation analysis using 132-7
Gamma-ray centrifuges 157 Gamma-ray sedimentometer 137 Garnet 303 Gaussian normal distribution 247 GGS distribution 250-1
function values listed 254 graphical method for approximation
252, 253 long-arm approximation in centrifugal
sedimentation 150 mean particle size 260 specific surface 262 transformation of 257-8
Glass bead method calibration of sieves using 209 sieve aperture size distributions obtained
using 209
Glass dust/powder 303-4 Glazes 304 Glycerol
Index 419
density and viscosity listed 339 with methanol, density and viscosity
listed 341-2 with water, density and viscosity listed
350-1 Gonell classifier 168-9 GOST standard sieve aperture sizes
360-6 Grade efficiency curves 12, 13
cut size derived from 15 Grade efficiency function, definition
13 Grading cut size 14 Grain scattering 271 Granite 304 Granulometric analysis 3
basic definitions 243-7 Granulometric characteristics 3
integral characteristics 261-6 Granulometric frequency distributions 4,
245 Granulometry
meaning of term 3 see also Granulometric analysis;
Particle size analysis Graphite 86, 127, 304 Gravimetric pipette methods 119-22
see also Pipette methods Gravitational cross-flow classifiers
171-2,182 Gravity air classifiers 168-72 Gravity field
classification of streaming fluids in 161-72
sedimentation FFF used 193, 194 sedimentation in 113-47
cumulative suspension methods 111,140-6
disadvantages for small particle sizes 147
incremental suspension methods 111,113-40
line-start methods 111, 146-7 Gumz equation 26 Gypsum 127, 304-5
420 Index
Gyratory sieving machines coarse particles 228-9 fine particles 230-1
Haematite 127, 305 Hagen-Poiseuille law 162 Hamaker constant 85-6
masking/screening of solid in liquid 86-7
typical values 86 Hard coal 306-7
Heavy-metal compounds 307 Heterogeneous materials, sedimentation
analysis of 117-18 systematic measurement errors 134,
135-6 Hexachlorocyclohexane 307 n-Hexane, density and viscosity listed
343 Holderbank classifier 176, 117 Hydrargillite 307 Hydrated lime, see Calcium hydroxide Hydration sheath, sedimentation affected
by 73-5 Hydrocarbons, Hamaker constants listed
86 Hydrochloric acid 91, 356 Hydrodynamic chromatography 194-5 Hydrodynamic interaction, sedimentation
affected by 64-7
Igepal CO-530 357 Igepon T 357 Ilmenite 307 Impactor principle 183 Impeller classifiers 174, 117-9 Inclined glass plate method 101 Incomplete distributions 272, 273 Incremental suspension methods 113
centrifugal-field methods 147-60 centrifuges used 155-60 fundamentals 147-55
density-measurement methods 122-4
gamma-ray-attenuation methods 132-7
gravitational methods 113-40 for heterogeneous solids 117-18 measurements made 110, 111 photoelectric methods 124-32 pipette methods 119-22 principles 114 X-ray-attenuation methods 132-7
Inertia parameter (in impactors) 184 Information entropy, method of maximum
information entropy 268-9 Integral granulometric char!lcteristics
261-6 Interfacial potential 80 International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) sieve aperture sizes
basis of standardization 199, 200 listed 200, 360-6
Interparticulate interaction agglomeration of particles 17-8 dispersion of solids in liquids 80~93
Iron liquids and additives listed 307-8 see also Soft iron
Iron oxides 308 Iron sulphate 308 Iron sulphide 308
see also Pyrite ISO, see International Organization for
Standardization Isoamyl alcohol
with cyclohexanol, density and viscosity listed 338
density and viscosity listed 339 Isobutanol
density and viscosity listed 340 effect on sedimentation analysis 77
Isooctane, density and viscosity listed 340
Isopropanol, density and viscosity listed 340
diffusion in 50-8 Joyce-Loebl centrifuge 156, 160 errors due to horizontal limitations 72 factors affecting results 55 fundamentals 113-18
Kagrun 308 Kaolin 66, 308-9
Kerosene with benzene, density and viscosity
listed 340-1 density and viscosity listed 340
Kieselgu(h)r 309 Komplexon III 358
Ladal gamma-ray centrifuge 157 Ladal photocentrifuge 157 Ladal pipette centrifuge 155 Ladal wide-angle scanning
photosedimentometer 131 Ladal X-ray sedimentometer 137 Lambert-Beer law 105, 124, 132 Lapping powder, liquids and additives
listed 309 Latex 309 Lead, liquids and additives listed 310 Lead chromate 310 Lead cyanamide 310 Lead oxides 310
see also Lead paint; Red lead Lead paint 311
see also Lead oxides; Red lead Lead sulphate 311 Lead sulphide 311 Light-extinction function 124
as function of Mie parameter effect of aperture angle 128-9 effect of refracti ve-index ratio
126 Rayleigh scattering 126-7
Lignite 311 Limestone, see Calcium carbonate Limits of measurement
aerosol classifiers 186, 188 classification methods 171, 172, 175,
177, 182, 189 sedimentation analysis 48, 112, 137,
147, 157, 160 sieve analysis 197, 236, 239
Line-start methods in centrifugal sedimentation 154-5,
156-7 convection-flow effects 73 diffusion effects 59 in gravity sedimentation 146-7 measurements made 111
Index 421
Linseed oil, density and viscosity listed 341
Liquids, as dispersants 280-333 Lissapol NX 357 Lithophone 311 Loess 311 Log-normal distribution 248-9
function values listed 254 graphical method for approximation
251, 252, 253 mean particle size 260 specific surface 262
analytical compared with numerical calculations 264-5
transformation of 257 Lomar PW 357 London interactions 85
see also Van der Waals' attraction Luminescent materials, liquids and
additives listed 311 Lumosed device 132 LW 300 358
Magnesite refractive index 127 see also Magnesium carbonate
Magnesium, liquids and additives listed 311
Magnesium carbonate 311-12 Magnesium oxide 312 Magnesium silicates 312
see also Enstatite Magnesium silicide 312 Magnetite 312-13 Manganese, liquids and additives listed
313 Manganese carbonate 313 Manganese dioxide 313 Manganese oxides 313 Manometer centrifuge 158-9 Manometer method, suspended solids
measured using 111, 144 Marl 313 Matched analytical sieves 211 Mean free path 22 Mean particle size 259-60 Mean shape factor, estimation of 46-8 Mean values 259-60
422 Index
Mercury compounds 313 Mersolat H 357 Metal powders, liquids and additives
listed 313 Methanol
with carbon tetrachloride, density and viscosity listed 336-7
density and viscosity listed 341 with glycerol, density and viscosity
listed 341-2 with water, density and viscosity
listed 351-3 Methyl methacrylate 313 Mica 313 Micromerograph 146-7 Microsal scanning photosedimentometer
132 Microscopic analysis, dispersion state
assessed using 102, 107 Microsieves 205-6
advantages over sieve cloths 206 aperture sizes quoted 199 electromagnetical excitation in wet
sieving 232, 233 ultrasound used 236-8
Mie parameter, light-extinction function as function of 126
Mie's theory 125 Milk powder 314 Milori Blue 314 Mineral dyes 301 Mineral paints 314 Mineral wool 314 Miiller equation 26 Molybdenum, liquids and additives
listed 314 Molybdenum sulphide 314 Molybdenum trioxide 314 Monodisperse systems
apparent particle size distributions 41-3,54,115
wall effects 69 conversion of integral characteristics
264, 265 viscosity calculations 61
Multiplex Kanalrad Sichter 100 MZR centrifugal classifier 177, 178
Myers-Giddings steric FFF method 195
Navier-Stokes equations 18, 19 Neomerpin 358 Newtonian flow 17, 18 Nickel, liquids and additives listed
314-15 Nickel oxide 315 Nisshin classifiers 178, 179 Nitrobenzene, density and viscosity
listed 343 Nonidet P40 357 Non-spherical particles
uniform motion of 32-48 see also Spherical particles
Normal distributions 247-9 function values listed 254 see also Gaussian normal distribution;
Log-normal distribution Nucleopore filters 239
n-Octanol, density and viscosity listed 344
Olive oil, density and viscosity listed 344 OLOA 1200 357 Optical methods, solids concentration
required 60, 67 Organic powders, liquids and additives
listed 315 Oseen equation 24-6, 26
grain size errors resulting 24 maximum particle sizes 25
Particle measurement technology, basic tasks 2-3
Particle movement in fluid 16-75 disturbances/influences on particle
motion 48-75 concentration of solids 60-7 convection flows 72-3 diffusion due to Brownian motion
48-59 hydration-sheath effects 73-5 vessel-geometry effects 67-72
non-uniform motion of spherical particles 29-32
undisturbed particle movement 16-48 uniform motion of non-spherical
particles 32-48
uniform motion of spherical particles 16-29
empirical equations 26-9 Oseen equation 24-6 Stokes' equation 19-23
Particle size analysis data processing and representation 5,
240-78 dispersion state assessed using 106-7,
107 fractionating methods 6 meaning of term 1, 3 methods used 6 non-fractionating methods 6 selection criteria for equipment 7
see also Classification; Sedimentation analysis; Sieving
Particle size class 8 Particle size distributions
decomposition of mixed/overlapping distributions 275
methods used for determination 6 piecewise determination 271-5 representations 244, 245 see also Apparent particle size
distribution Particle size errors, Stokes' equation 20,
23 Particulate technology, meaning of
term 1 Penicillin 315 Pentanol-1, density and viscosity
listed 342 Perforated plates (sieve media) 200-1
aperture sizes 199,360-6 patterns of perforation 202
Perminal BX 357 Petrol, density and viscosity listed 344 Petroleum, density and viscosity listed
344 Petroleum coke 315 Phosphates 315
see also Crude phosphates Phosphorus 315 Photo-electric methods, see Photometric
measurement Photo-extinction method, dispersion state
assessed using 106
Index 423
Photometric measurement dispersion state assessed using 104-6,
107 experimental arrangement 104-5 fundamentals 105, 124-30 sedimentation-analysis application
111,125,130-2 Photo sedimentation centrifuges 155-7 Photosedimentometers 130-2.
small-angle systems 130, 131 wide-angle systems 130, 131-2
Pigments 316 Pipette centrifuges 155, 156 Pipette methods 111
bottom-introduction methods 119, 121-2
first used 112 lateral-introduction methods 119, 122 quantity errors 116, 117 solids concentration required 60, 67 top-introduction methods 119, 120,
121 Plastic kneading method 95-6 Plastics, liquids and additives listed 326 Plates
apparent particle size distributions effect of shape factor 43 limit values 44 polydisperse systems 45
orientation to flow 33 sedimentation velocity
calculations 34-6 as function of angular position 37
shape factors for 39 see also Thin plates
Pluronic L62 357 Pollen 316 Polydisperse systems
apparent particle size distributions 43-4,45
effect of diffusion 55-8 wall effects 70
steric FFF applied 195 viscosity calculations 61-2
Polyesters 316 Poly(methyl methacrylate) 316 Poly(vinyl acetate) 316 Poly(vinyl chloride) 317
424 Index
Porcelain powder 317 Portland cement 317 Potassium chlorate 317 Potassium chloride 86,91,93,318,356 Potassium citrate 356 Potassium dichromate 318 Potassium perchlorate 318 Potassium silicate 356 Potassium sodium hexametaphosphate
356 Potato starch 318 Potential-controlling ions 84 Pottery dust 318 Power station ash 318
see also Ash; Fly ash Pozzolana, see Puzzo lana Prawozell W-ON 100 357 Preparative cut point 13 Pressure difference method
first developed 112 suspended solids measured using 144
Proudman-Pearson equation 26, 27 Prussian Blue 318 Pumice 318 Pumicite 318 Puzzo lana 318 Pyridine, density and viscosity listed 345 Pyrite 318-19
see also Iron sulphide Pyrolusite 313, 319
Quality requirements, compliance with, statistical tests used 278
Quartz critical particle sizes 49 Hamaker constants listed 86 liquids and additives listed 319 maximum-interaction-energy curves
91 refractive index 127 sedimentation analyses 52-3
effect of solids concentration 66-7 errors due to hydrate sheath 74
zeta-potential curves 91 Quartz glass, refractive index 127 Quinoline, density and viscosity listed
345
Rape oil, density and viscosity listed 345 Rayleigh scattering 126-7 Red iron oxide 320 Red lead 320
see also Lead oxides; Lead paint References listed 377-411 Refractive index, typical values listed 127 Rejector wheel classifiers 174, 177-9 Renex 648 357 Repeated decanting 138-40
use in centrifugal sedimentation 153, 159-60
see also Decanting Resin, liquids and additives listed 320 Retention factor (sedimentation FFF)
190-1 as function of particle size 192, 193 ranges of validity 191
Reynolds number 18 Rheologic tests, dispersion state assessed
using 101-2, 107 Rods
apparent particle size distributions effect of shape factor 43 limit values 44
orientation to flow 33 sedimentation-velocity calculations
34-6 shape factors for 39
Roller classifier 169-70 Rotap sieving machine 230-1 Rotational diffusion 48 RRSB distribution 250
function values listed 254 graphical method for approximation
252, 253 mean particle size 260 specific surface 262 transformation of 257
Rubey equation 26 upper size limit 25
Ruthenium dioxide 320 Rutile, refractive index 127
Saccharose (aqueous) solutions, density and viscosity listed 353-4
Sample size, sieve analysis 218-21
Sampling errors, sieve analysis 220, 221-2
Sand, liquids and additives listed 320 Sandstone 321 Saponin K 357 Scattering section (for turbidity of
suspensions) 105 Schiller-Naumann equation 26, 27 Schist 321
see also Clayey shale Screening function 224-5 Sedigraph 5000D 137
example of use 77, 107 measurement errors 136
Sedimentation analysis 109-60 advantages 110, 112 centrifugal-field methods 147-60
cumulative principle 151-4 incremental principle 148-51 line-start methods 154-5
concentration distribution plots 52-3, 66
convection flows in 72-3 disadvantages 112 gravitational methods 113-47
cumulative suspension methods 140-6
incremental suspension methods 113-40
line-start methods 146-7 grouping by criteria 109-10 historical overview 112-13 meaning of term 109 medium effects 77 methods summarized 111 theoretical understanding required
109 vessel-geometry effects 67-72
horizontal limitations 70-2 wall influence 67-70
see also Cumulative suspension methods; Incremental suspension methods; Line-start methods
Sedimentation balance 111,141-3 centrifugal sedimentation balance 158,
159 disadvantage 143 first used 112, 141
Index 425
solids concentration required 60, 67, 142
Sedimentation centrifuges 155-60 with cumulative quantity measurement
158-60 first used 112 with incremental measurement 155-7
Sedimentation column 143 Sedimentation FFF, principles 189-92 Sedimentation potential 83 Sedimentation tests, dispersion state
assessed using 102-4, 107 Selenium, liquids and additives listed 321 Shaking, compared with ultrasonic
treatment 96-7 Shape correction factor 37-8 Shape factors 36-40
see also Circularity factor; Mean shape factor; Sphericity factor; Volume coefficient
Sieve analysis end of sieving process determined
227-8 error analysis for 217-22 factors influencing 216 fundamentals 211-28
infl uences 213-16 processes 211-13
minimum sample mass required 218-21
modelling of kinetics 222-7 Sieve blinding 213-16
kinetics 215 ways of avoidance 213
Sieve Cascadograph 231 Sieve cloths 201, 203-5
aperture sizes 199,360-6 maximum permitted deviations from
nominal value 203-4 distributions of mesh widths 207 effective mesh width calculated 208-9 weaves used 201,203
Sieves 198-211 aperture sizes 199-200
measurement of 206-9 assessment of 206 structural features 198-206 testing and calibration of 209-11
426 Index
Sieves contd counting-and-weighing method 210 cut-size determination 21l glass bead method 209 matched analytical sieves used 211
see also Analytical sieves Sieving 197-239
methods/devices used 198, 228-39 fixed frame and fixed medium 198,
233-5 fixed frame and moving medium
198, 236-8 moving frame and moving medium
198,228-33 as pretreatment to dispersion 95
Silica gel 74-5, 321 Silica material 321 Silicates 321 Silicon 86, 127, 322 Silicon carbide 86, 127, 322-3
see also Carborundum Silicon dioxide 86,127,323
see also Quartz; Sand, liquids and additives listed; Silica material
Silicon nitride 86, 102-4, 127 Sillimanite 323 Silver, liquids and additives listed 323 Silver halides 323 Silver-palladium paste 323 Single decanting 144, 145
use in centrifugal sedimentation 153-4, 159-60
Slag 323 see also Blast-furnace slag
Small-angle photosedimentometers 130, 131
Smear point 101 Soda lye 356 Sodium bicarbonate 323 Sodium carbonate 356 Sodium citrate 356 Sodium hexametaphosphate 356, 357 Sodium hydroxide 356 Sodium Iinoleate 356 Sodium nitrite 323 Sodium oleate 356 Sodium oxalate 356 Sodium phosphate 324
Sodium silicate 356 Sodium tartrate 356 Sodium tetrapyrophosphate 356 Sodium triphosphate 356 Soft iron 323
see also Iron Soil 324
see also Cultivated earth; Earth Soil analysis methods 1l2, 122, 138, 167 Solid disperse systems
examples of conversion processes 1 mechanical processes for conversion 2
Sonic sifters 234-5 Soya bean oil, density and viscosity
listed 345 Span 20 358 Specific surface 261-2
analytical compared with numerical calculation 264-5
Spherical equivalence principle 4 Spherical particles
effect of hydration sheath on density 73-4
non-uniform motion of 29-32 uniform motion of 16-29 see also Non-spherical particles
Sphericity factor 4-5, 38-9 Spheroid, velocities for arbitrary positions
36 Spiral centrifuges 187, 188 Spline functions 266 Splitting ratio 270 Stability analysis (for suspensions) 89-93 Starch 324 Statistical fundamentals 240-3 Statistical tests 275-8
tables listing distribution values 367-8 Staudinger's viscosity number 62 Steatite 325 Steel, liquids and additives listed 325 Steiner's theorem 243 Steric field flow fractionation 192-3,
194-5 Steric repulsion 87-9
energy expression for 88-9 Stern layer 80 Sterox 357 Stirring, deglomeration by 97
Stokes drag 29 Stokes' equation 19-23, 26
application to centrifugal classification 173
application to gravity elutriation 162 lower limit of application 22-3 particle size errors resulting 20, 23 upper limit of application 19-21
Stokes number 184 Stokesian flow 18 Streaming fluids, classification in 161-96
centrifugal field 172-9 gravity field 161-72
Strontium carbonate 325 Strontium chloride 356 Strontium salts, liquids and additives
listed 325 Strontium titanate 325 Student's t-distribution 367
see also t-test Succipon K3 357 Sugar 325
see also Cane sugar Sulphides 325 Sulphonic amide 326 Sulphur 326 Sulphur stone 326 SW3 centrifuge 159 Swarm inhibition 63 Swimming balance 144, 145 Symbols listed 369-76 Synthetic materials, liquids and additives
listed 326
t-test 276-7 examples of use 277, 278 table listing distribution values 367
Talcum 326 Tamol SN 358 Tantalum, liquids and additives listed
326 Teepol 357 Teflon 326 Tensides 80
see also Wetting aids Thermal precipitators 188 Thin plates
drag force acting on 35
Index 427
sedimentation FFF retention factor affected by 192
Thiogutt 326 Thorium, liquids and additives listed 326 Thorium oxide 326-7 Tin, liquids and additives listed 327 Tin dioxide 327 Tin white 327 Titania 327 Titaniferous iron ore 327 Titanium, liquids and additives listed
327 Titanium carbide 327 Titanium dioxide 86, 127, 328-9
see also Anatase; Rutile, refractive index; Titania
Toluene, density and viscosity listed 345-6
Toluidine Red 329 Tooth cement 329 Translational diffusion 48 Trass 329 Trilon B 358 Tripolyphosphate 329 Triton X-lOO 357 Tuff (volcanic) 329 Tungsten, liquids and additives listed
329-30 Tungsten carbide 330 Tungsten oxides 330 Turbo classifiers 178, 179 Turbulent shear field, treatment in 96-7 Tween 20 357 Tween PO 357 Twitchell Base 357 Tyler mesh aperture sizes 360-6
Ultramarine 331 Ultrasonic treatment 97-100
compared with shaking 96-7 practical devices used 99
Ultrasound, microsieving with 236-8 Unbalance drive, sieve vibration
using 230 Upstream classification 162
see also Air classification; Elutriation Uranium, liquids and additives listed 331 Uranium ore 331
428 Index
Uranium oxide 331 US sedimentometer 146
Van der Waals' attraction 77,85-7 energy reduced by adsorption layers
86-7,88 Vanadium, liquids and additives
listed 331 Virtual impactors 186 Virtual mass 29 Viscosity
changes due to concentration of solids 61-3
temperature dependence 334-5 typical data 335-54
Volcanic tuff 329 Volume coefficient 40
Washing powder 331 Water
with 1,3-butylene glycol, density and viscosity listed 346
density and viscosity listed 346 with ethanol, density and viscosity
listed 346-8 with ethylene glycol, density and
viscosity listed 348-50 with glycerol, density and viscosity
listed 350-1 Hamaker constants listed 86 with methanol, density and viscosity
listed 351-3 refractive index 127 with saccharose, density and viscosity
listed 353-4 Weilbacher counterflow air classifier 170 Wet sieving
with fixed sieve 235
with moving sieves 231-3 Wettability, dispersion state assessed
using 101, 107 Wetting 79-80 Wetting aids 80
see also Dispersion aids Wheat flour 331
see also Flour White spirit, density and viscosify
listed 354 Wide-angle scanning photosedimentometer
(WASP) 131-2 Wire-gauge numbers (for sieves) 199-200
aperture sizes listed 360-6
X-ray attenuation sedimentation analysis method Ill, 132-7
solids concentration required 60, 67, 137
X-ray centrifuges 157 m-Xylene, density and viscosity listed 342
Yeast, dried 300 Young-Dupre equation 79
Zeta-potential 82 dispersion state assessed using 106,107 experimental determination 82-3
Zigzag classifier 170, 171 Zinc, liquids and additives listed 332 Zinc oxide 332 Zinc sulphate 332 Zinc sulphide 332 Zinc white 332 Zirconium, liquids and additives
listed 333 Zirconium dioxide 333 Zirconium silicate 127, 333