Lingva Latina Per Se Illvstrata

Capitvlvm SECVNDVM - FAMILIA ROMANA

Iūlius vir Rōmānus est. Aemilia fēmina Rōmāna est. Mārcus est puer Rōmānus. Quīntus

quoque puer Rōmānus est. Iūlia est puella Rōmāna.

Mārcus et Quīntus nōn virī, sed puerī sunt. Virī sunt Iūlius et Mēdus et Dāvus. Aemilia

et Dēlia et Syra sunt fēminae. Estne fēmina Iūlia? Nōn fēmina, sed parva puella est Iūlia.

Iūlius, Aemilia, Mārcus, Quīntus, Iūlia, Syra, Dāvus, Dēlia Mēdusque sunt familia

Rōmāna. Iūlius pater est. Aemilia est māter. Iūlius pater Mārcī et Quīntī est. Iūlius pater Iūliae

quoque est. Aemilia est māter Mārcī et Quīntī et Iūliae. Mārcus fīlius Iūliī est. Mārcus fīlius

Aemiliae est. Quīntus quoque fīlius Iūliī et Aemiliae est. Iūlia est fīlia Iūliī et Aemiliae.

Quis est Mārcus? Mārcus puer Rōmānus est. Quis pater Mārcī est? Iūlius pater Mārcī est.

Quae est māter Mārcī? Māter Mārcī est Aemilia. Quae est Iūlia? Iūlia est puella Rōmāna. Quae

māter Iūliae est? Aemilia māter Iūliae est. Pater Iūliae est Iūlius. Iūlia fīlia Iūliī est. Quī sunt fīliī

Iūliī? Fīliī Iūliī sunt Mārcus et Quīntus. Mārcus et Quīntus Iūliaque sunt trēs līberī. Līberī sunt

fīliī fīliaeque. Mārcus et Quīntus et Iūlia sunt līberī Iūliī et Aemiliae. In familiā Iūliī sunt trēs

līberī: duo fīliī et ūna fīlia.

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The Genitive Case

In this reading, you’ve seen sentences such as Iūlius pater Mārcī et Quīntī est, which you were

able to understand as “Julius is the father of Marcus and Quintus.” The words Mārcī and

Quīntī are in the genitive case. The genitive case is used to express a very close relationship

between two nouns. In English this is usually done by using the preposition “of.” Some

examples in English then might be “the house of friends,” “a fear of snakes,” “a jar of

pennies,” “a woman of virtue.” The words “of friends,” “of snakes,” “of pennies,” and “of

virtue” qualify or limit in different ways the nouns on which they’re paired. “Of friends,” “of

snakes,” “of pennies,” and “of virtue” would be expressed in Latin by “friends,” “snakes,”

“pennies,” and “virtue” with no preposition - the genitive ending flag contains the idea of “of”

within it. Because these relationships are identical to the English use of the genitive with “of”

there should be little difficulty in understanding the genitive case in Latin.

QUICK TEST!

What English keyword is used to transmit the idea of the genitive case? __________________

Awesome! You’ve now mastered the genitive case!

The Genitive of Possession

One of the most common uses of the genitive case is that of ownership or possession: “the

book of the girl,” “the father of Julia,” “the house of John,” etc. This is a specialized use of the

genitive case, known as the genitive of possession or genetīvus possessīvus. The genitive of

possession can be expressed two ways: the father or Julia or Julia’s father. In English, the

apostrophe sort of serves as a genitive ending. Remember any word in the genitive case is

going to be translated with the word “of” in front of it.

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Declensions

In Latin nouns are organized into families called declensions. All nouns in the same declension

will behave in the same way. There are five declensions of nouns in Latin. Just members of our

families may share a common last name, all members of a noun declension family shares a last

name. A noun can only be in one family. The last name, and thus the declension, of a noun is its

genitive singular ending. Unlike other endings, the genitive singular ending is unique to its

own family, and therefore we can look to the genitive singular ending to identify a noun’s

declension.

Here are the genitive singular endings for all five declensions:

1st Declension 2nd Declension 3rd Declension 4th Declension 5th Declension

-ae -ī -is -ūs -eī

Here’s a chart of the cases you’ve met now in the 1st and 2nd Declensions

Commit these to memory. Soon we’ll be adding more cases and expanding our charts.

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Case 1st Declension 2nd Declension

Nominative Singular

Genitive Singular

Ablative Singular

-a -us/-r

-ae -ī

-ā -ō

Case 1st Declension 2nd Declension (masc.)

Nominative Singular

Genitive Singular

Ablative Singular

-a -us/-r

-ae -ī

-ā -ō

Case 1st Declension 2nd Declension (masc.)

Nominative Plural

Genitive Plural

Ablative Plural

-ae -us/-r

-ārum -ōrum

-īs -īs

PRACTICE: Identify the declension number of the following nouns, using the GENITIVE singular ending as your guide. All nouns are given in their genitive singular form.

1. virī _______ 2. puellae _____ 3. oppidī _______ 4. puerī _________ 5. īnsulae _______

6. pēnsī ______ 7. prōvinciae ___ 8. numerī ____ 9. litterae _______ 10. ancillae ________

11. dominī _____ 12. mātris ______ 13. pāginae _____ 14. patris _______ 15. fīliī ________

16. fīliae _______ 17. arcūs ______ 18. nōminis ______ 19. mammae _____ 20. exemplī ______

21. rēī _____ 22. manūs ________ 23. servī ______ 24. animae ________ 25. animī ________

The Dictionary Entry Form: Nouns

When you look up a noun in the glossary, you will see it listed in a special, standardized way,

known as the dictionary entry form. The dictionary entry form provides you with four key

pieces of information: the nominative singular, the genitive singular, the gender, and the

English equivalent of the word. You will see two main types of dictionary entry forms.

The first type looks like this:

aurum, -ī, n. gold

The second type looks like this:

ager, agrī, m. field

In the Second Type, the stem changes, and so you are given the full genitive singular.

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nominative singular

genitive singularending

gender English equivalent

nominative singular

fullgenitive singular

gender English equivalent

PRACTICE:

1. USE YOUR GLOSSARY TO FIND THE DICTIONARY ENTRY FORMS FOR THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND FILL IN THE MISSING BLANKS.

2. IDENTIFY THE MISSING PART: genitive singular, gender, English equivalent3. IDENTIFY THE DECLENSION: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th

1. metus, -ūs, ____ fear __________________________________________ Dec#___

2. nōmen, _______________, n. name, tribe name ____________________Dec# ___

3. portus, ___, m. port, harbor ____________________________________ Dec# ___

4. servitūs, servitūtis, f._________ _______________________________ Dec# ___

5. liber, librī, ____ book__________________________________________ Dec# ___

6. vīlla, -ae, f. ____________________ ______________________________ Dec# ___

7. mēnsa, _____ , f. table _________________________________________ Dec# ___

8. lupus, -ī, ___ wolf ________________________________________________ Dec# ___

9. pedes, _________________, m. foot-soldier _______________________ Dec# ___

10. fenestra, -ae, ____ window ____________________________________ Dec# ___

11. dictum, -ī, n. ____________ ___________________________________ Dec# ___

12. diēs, _____, m. day, date _________________________________________ Dec# ___

13. oculus, -ī, ____ eye ___________________________________________ Dec# ___

14. gladius, ____, m. sword ______________________________________ Dec# ___

15. lūx, ______, f. light, daylight __________________________________ Dec# ___

22Remember! The DICTIONARY ENTRY

FORM gives you EVERYTHING you need to know about a noun: its stem, its

declension, its gender, and its English equivalent! How Convenient!

Interrogative Pronouns

An interrogative is a word used to ask a question. You have already met a few in the first

chapter, such as ubi. The pronouns quis and quae are used to ask questions about persons.

They simply translate as “who” and operate the same as they do in English: Quis est Mārcus?

Who is Marcus? Quae est māter Mārcī? Who is the mother of Marcus? These pronouns behave

like adjectives so they will agree in gender, number, and case with the words they are paired

with. Quis and Quae are in the nominative case (masculine for the first, feminine for the other)

and are singular. You’ve already seen the neuter nominative singular interrogative Quid?

You’ve also now met the interrogative in the genitive case. In all three genders for the

singular it’s cuius which is translated as “whose?”

These interrogative pronouns have their own declension pattern. Soon you will meet all

the forms, but for now, know these:

Case Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nominative Singular

Genitive Singular

Nominative Plural

quis - who? quae - who? quid - what?

cuius -whose? cuius - whose? cuius - whose?

quī - who? quae - who? quae - who?

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Textbook Tip!

Sometimes the book helps you infer the meaning of a new word by giving you just enough information to piece together its meaning. Usually the answer will prevent itself after a look or two. Try to avoid using the glossary as much as you can by learning the new words from the context of the story or the margin notes. Here is an example from page 14:

quot? I, II, III...quot fīliī?

quot fīliae?quot oppida?

The first line shows you that the answer to the question quot is one, two, three...The last three lines show you that the word quot does not change to agree with gender.

What does quot? mean?

Conjunctions

A conjunction is a word that joins words and sentences together. Instead of et (=and),

sometimes you will see the word -que. -que , like et means and. Note that -que has a hyphen in

front of it. This means that you will never see this word standing alone. It will always be

attached to the word which is the second element of a pair. -que should be translated before

the word to which it is attached.

For example: Dēlia Mēdusque = Delia and Medus

Mārcus et Quīntus Iūliaque = Marcus and Quintus and Julia.

PRACTICE: COMPLETE EXERCITIA 1, 2, 3, & 4 in your online textbook.

When you’ve finished, memorize the following words, and their English equivalents.

vir _________________________ fēmina _____________________ puer____________________

puella _______________________ familia ________________________ pater _________________

māter ____________________________ fīlius ______________________ fīlia _________________

līberī _________________________ -que ___________________ quis/quae/quī ______________

Estne Mēdus fīlius Iūliī? Mēdus fīlius Iūliī nōn est, Mēdus est servus Iūliī. Iūlius dominus Mēdī

est. Iūlius dominus servī est. Dāvus quoque servus est. Mēdus et Dāvus duo servī sunt. Iūlius

est dominus Mēdī et Dāvī. Iūlius dominus servōrum est et pater līberōrum.

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Pars II

Estne Dēlia fīlia Aemiliae? Dēlia nōn est fīlia Aemiliae, Dēlia ancilla Aemiliae est.

Aemilia domina Dēliae est. Aemilia domina ancillae est. Syra quoque ancilla est. Dēlia et Syra

duae ancillae sunt. Aemilia domina ancillārum est.

Cuius servus est Dāvus? Dāvus servus Iūliī est. Cuius ancilla est Syra? Syra est ancilla

Aemiliae.

Quot līberī sunt in familiā? In familiā sunt trēs līberī. Quot fīliī et quot fīliae? Duo fīliī et

ūna fīlia. Quot servī sunt in familiā? In familiā sunt centum servī. In familiā Iūliī sunt multī

servī, paucī līberī. Iūlius est dominus multōrum servōrum.

‘Duo’ et ‘trēs’ numerī sunt. ‘Centum’ quoque numerus est. Numerus servōrum est

centum. Numer līberōrum est trēs. Centum est magnus numerus. Trēs parvus numerus est.

Numerus servōrum est magnus. Numerus līberōrum parvus est. In familiā Iūliī magnus

numerus servōrum, parvus numerus līberōrum est.

Mēdus servus Graecus est. Dēlia est ancilla Graeca. In familiā Iūliī sunt multī servī

Graecī multaeque ancillae Graecae. Estne Aemilia fēmina Graeca? Aemilia nōn est fēmina

Graeca, sed Rōmāna. Iūlius nōn vir Graecus, sed Rōmānus est.

Sparta oppidum Graecum est. Sparta, Delphī Tūsculumque tria oppida sunt: duo

oppida Graeca et ūnum oppidum Rōmānum. In Graeciā et in Italiā magnus numerus

oppidōrum est. In Galliā est magnus numerus fluviōrum. Fluviī Galliae magnī sunt. Māgnīne

sunt fluviī Āfricae? In Āfricā unus fluvius magnus est: Nīlus; cēterī fluviī Āfricae parvī sunt.

Suntne magnae īnsulae Graecae? Crēta et Euboea duae īnsulae magnae sunt; cēterae īnsulae

Graecae sunt parvae.

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BONUS ACTIVITY There’s a lot of new adjectives in this lectiō. Draw an arrow

from each adjective to the noun it modifies!In what three ways do adjectives agree with the nouns they

modify?

The Genitive of Quantity

Another specialized use of the genitive case is the genitive of quantity, a.k.a. genetīvus

quantitātis. Like all words in the genitive case, we translate using the English word “of.” The

genitive of quantity simply tells us how much of something there is. For example, the phrase

“numerus servōrum est magnus” would be translated as “the number of slaves is large.”

PRACTICE: Translate the following phrases. Mark with a “P” if it’s a genitive of

possession, and with a “Q” if it’s a genitive of quantity.

Translation Type

1. numerus līberōrum ____________________________________________________ ______

2. fīlius Iūliī _____________________________________________________________ ______

3. dominus servōrum _____________________________________________________ ______

4. magnus numerus fluviōrum _____________________________________________ ______

5. līberī Iūliī ______________________________________________________________ ______

6. ancilla Aemiliae ________________________________________________________ ______

7. numerus servōrum _______________________________________________________ ______

A box full of cookies. fasciculus plēnus crūstulōrum. MMMM!

What kind of genitive? __________________________________

The girl’s cookies. crūstula puellae.

What kind of genitive? ___________________________________

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The Dictionary Entry Form: Adjectives

When you look up an adjective in the glossary, you will see it listed in a special, standardized

way, known as the dictionary entry form. The dictionary entry form of many adjectives

follows this pattern:

parvus, -a, -um little, small

This shows that the adjective has a masculine form (parvus), a feminine form (-a), and a neuter

form (-um). We call adjectives that have this pattern 2-1-2 adjectives or New York adjectives.

These adjectives are easily paired with the nouns you’ve met, because they’ll mostly share the

exact same endings.

PRACTICE: COMPLETE EXERCITIA 5, 6, 7, 8, & 9 in your online textbook.

When you’ve finished, memorize the following words, and their English equivalents.

quot? ________________________ centum _________________ servus____________________

ancilla _______________________ dominus __________________ domina __________________

cēterī _________________________

Quis est Cornēlius? Cornēlius dominus Rōmānus est. Iūlius et Cornēlius duo dominī Rōmānī

sunt. Mēdus nōn est servus Cornēliī. Mēdus servus Iūliī est.

Cornēlius: “Cuius servus est Mēdus?”

Iūlius: “Mēdus servus meus est.”

Cornēlius: “Estne Dāvus servus tuus?”

Pars III

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Iūlius: “Dāvus quoque servus meus est. Servī meī sunt Mēdus et Dāvus et cēterī multī...”

Cornēlius: “Estne Dēlia ancilla tua?”

Iūlius: “Dēlia est ancilla mea, et Syra quoque ancilla mea est. Ancillae meae sunt Dēlia et

Syra et cēterae multae. Familia mea magna est.”

Cornēlius: “Quot servī sunt in familiā tuā?”

Iūlius: “In familiā meā sunt centum servī.”

Cornēlius: “Quid?”

Iūlius: “Numerus servōrum meōrum est centum.”

Cornēlius: “Centum servī! Magnus est numerus servōrum tuōrum!”

LIBER TVVS LATINVS

Ecce duo librī Latīnī: liber antīquus

et liber novus. LINGVA LATINA est

prīmus liber tuus Latīnus. Titulus

librī tuī est ‘LINGVA LATINA’. Liber

tuus nōn antīquus, sed novus est.

In LINGVA LATINA sunt

multae pāginae et multa capitula:

capitulum prīmum, secundum,

tertium, cētera. ‘IMPERIVM ROMANVM’ est titulus capitulī prīmī. Titulus capitulī secundī est

‘FAMILIA ROMANA.’ In capitulō secundō sunt sex pāginae. In pāginā prīmā capitulī secundī

multa vocābula nova sunt: vir, fēmina, puer, puella, familia, cētera. Numerus vocābulōrum

Latīnōrum magnus est!

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Possessive Adjectives

This chapter introduces the possessive adjectives of the first (my, mine) and second (your)

person: meus, -a, -um & tuus, -a, -um. Like all adjectives they will agree with the gender,

number, and case of the nouns they modify. So when Julius says “Dēlia est ancilla mea” - mea

is an adjective agreeing with ancilla, so it is feminine, singular, and nominative. The possessive

adjective is used to refer to what belongs to the person speaking or the person being spoken

to.

PRACTICE: Provide the Latin for the following phrases.

1. my slave girl (nominative singular) ________________________________________________

2. your slave girl (nominative singular) ______________________________________________

3. of your slaves (genitive plural) ____________________________________________________

4. your town (ablative singular) ______________________________________________________

5. my slaves (nominative plural) _____________________________________________________

6. your slave girls (ablative plural) ___________________________________________________

7. of my town (genitive singular) _____________________________________________________

8. your towns (nominative singular) __________________________________________________

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Case feminine noun masculine noun neuter noun

Nominative Singular

Genitive Singular

Ablative Singular

ancilla mea/tua servus meus/tuus oppidum meum

ancillae meae/tuae servī meī/tuī oppidī meī

ancillā meā/tuā servō meō/tuō oppidō meō

Case feminine noun masculine noun neuter noun

Nominative Plural

Genitive Plural

Ablative Plural

ancillae meae/tuae servī meī/tuī oppida mea

ancillārum meārum servōrum meōrum oppidōrum meōrum

ancillīs meīs servīs meīs oppidīs meīs

PRACTICE: COMPLETE EXERCITIA 10, 11, 12, & 13 in your online textbook.

When you’ve finished, memorize the following words, and their English equivalents.

meus ________________________________ tuus ___________________________________

liber ________________________________ antiquus ______________________________

novus ____________________________________ pāgina ______________________________

titulus _________________ duae ___________________ tria ____________________________

Vocabulary - Copia Verborvm

These are the words you need to know to master the second chapter. Use quizlet to review them, or create your own flashcards. Now you know what the extra parts mean. Make sure you know all parts of these words.

nōmina servus, -ī, m. meus, -a, -umancilla, -ae, f. titulus, -ī, m. novus, -a, -umdomina, -ae, f. vir, virī, m. trēs, trēs, triadominus, -ī, m. tuus, -a, -umfamilia, -ae, f. grammatica fēmina, -ae, f . fēminīnus, -a, -um fīlia, -ae, f. genetīvus, -a, -um coniūnctiōnēsfīlius, -ī, m. masculīnus, -a, -um -queliber, librī, m. neuter, neutra, neutrumlīberī, ōrum, m. vocābula interrogātīvamāter, mātris, f. adiectīva cuius?pāgina, -ae, f. antiquus, -a, -um quae?pater, pātris, m. centum quī?puella, -ae, f. cēterus, -a, -um quis?puer, puerī, m. duo, duae, duo quot

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Textbook Tip!

On page 16, you see the phrase

ecce duo librī →

It is used to call attentions to something: in this case, it’s pointing to the two books.

Derivatives

PRACTICE: Use a dictionary to find the meaning of these derivatives of Cap. II vocabulary words.

Derivative Latin Word Meaning

novice novus

centurion centum

virtuoso vir

sergeant servus

patrimony pater

puerile puer

antiquary antiquus

novel novus

patronize pater

illiberal liber

matrimony māter

renovate novus

treble trēs

magnitude magnus

imperial imperium

Capitvlvm Secvndvm Final Steps

Read the Grammatica Latina section in your textbook. Make sure you completely understand all the material there.

Complete Pensum A, B, & C. Pensum A will test your grammar knowledge, Pensum B focuses on vocabulary, and Pensum C allows you to write in Latin! Use this workbook and the margin notes in the textbook for help!

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Check Yourself: By the end of this unit you should know/do:

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Need to Review Got It!

the keyword for translating the genitive case is “of”

the genitive of possession indicates ownership

which word goes into the genitive case with the genitive of possession

nouns are organized into declensions

a noun’s declension is shown by the genitive

singular ending

the four parts of a noun’s dictionary entry form

interrogative pronons for masculine, feminine, &

neuter nouns

-que means “and” and is translated

before the word it’s attached to

genitive of quantity

the three parts of an adjective’s dictionary entry

form (2-1-2)

the possessive adjective in the first person (my/mine)

the possessive adjective in the second person (your)

all excercitia completed

all pensa completed

all vocabulary memorized

WHEN YOU’RE READY TO MOVE ON, SEE MAGISTER FOR THE SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT