linguistic situation in usa
TRANSCRIPT
1
Languages in the United States:
Diversity or Uniformity?
Student: Mariam Bedraoui
2
Quick Facts about USA (2000 Census)
Population: approximately 310 M. The constitution designates no
official language Common language: English Dominant variety: General American Minor languages: Spanish, French,
German, Yiddish, Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Native Indian Languages.
Speakers of English: 82. 1 percent Speakers of Spanish: 10. 7 percent Speakers of other Indo- European
languages: 3.8 percent Speakers of Asian languages: 2.7
percent
3
Languages in the USA: The Overall Picture
English; 82.10%
Spanish; 10.70%
Indo-European languages; 3.80%
Asian Languages; 2.70%
Other languages ; 0.70%
4
OutlineI. An Overview of the Linguistic Situation in the
USA1. American English2. Native American Languages3. Spanish4. French5. German
II. Monolingualism and Multilingualism in the USA1. The Underlying Ideology2. Types of Policies3. Examples of policies
5
1- English Language: Early Times on American Soil
In 1787, the population in the first colonies was about 4 million.
90% came from the British Isles.
Early English settlers established the linguistic tradition that would assimilate nearly all the other immigrant groups.
Most subsequent settlers shifted to English language in two generations.
6
Immigration waves
7
American English
In a letter addressed to the Congress in 1780, John Adams says:
“English is destined to be in the next and succeeding centuries more generally the language of the world than Latin was or French is in the present age. The reason of this is so obvious, because the increasing population of America, and their universal connection and correspondence with all nations will [....] force their language into general use.”
“Its [English] highest perfection, with every branch of human knowledge, is perhaps reserved for this Land of light and freedom.”
Source: Cable, T., & Baugh, A. C. (1991). In A history of the English language.
8
American English
National
consciousness
Linguistic
distinctiven
ess
9
American English: Linguistic Distinctiveness
1- Vocabulary A number of words were imported from
American Native languages into English. Example: moose- raccoon- opossum-
porgy
New words about the landscape and produce were coined. Examples: notch- watershed- foothill-
clearing- eggplants- sweet potato.
The individual character of the political system required the introduction of new words. Example: Congressional- congressman-
presidential- statehouse. Some archaic uses of words were kept.
Example: mad- fall- sick- rare
Linguistic distinctiven
ess
PronunciationVocabulary
10
American English: Linguistic Distinctiveness
2- Pronunciation
American English is old-fashioned
It has qualities that were characteristic of 17th and 18th century English
American English pronunciation is rhotic.
It retains the flat (a) as in flat, path, grass, dance, half
Americans speak more slowly and with less variety in the intonation.
Linguistic distinctiven
ess
PronunciationVocabulary
11
American English: National ConsciousnessIn 1781, John Witherspoon writes in the Pennsylvania
Journal:
“Being entirely separated from Britain,
we shall find some centre or standard of our own, and not be
subject to the inhabitants of that
island, either in receiving new ways of speaking or rejecting
the old” Source: Cable, T., & Baugh, A. C. (1991). In A
history of the English language.
Prevalent political ideologies
o A distaste for anything that perpetuates the former dependence
o Independence necessitates separation at the linguistic level.
12
American English: National Consciousness
A number of notable political and intellectual figures made strong claims about the need to promote American variety of English.
John Adams (1735- 1826)• He was insistent on setting up an academy to
protect, refine and develop a standard language capable to cope up with the national challenges
Noah Webster (1757- 1848)• In 1828, he published the first dictionary of American
English.• He stresses American usages and pronunciation.• He adopts a series of distinctive spellings• He makes illustrations using quotes from American
literature.
13
American English Spelling: Noah Webster
Webster considers the alterations introduced to the American ways of spelling as an event “of vast political consequence. A national language is a band of national union. Every engine should be employed to render the people of this country national, to call their attachments home to their own country, and to inspire them with the pride of national character.” Source: Cable, T., & Baugh, A. C. (1991). In A history of the English language.
Change 1: c k
Change 2ou o
Change 3er re
Change 4que k
Change 5ce se
musik: music
physical
Logic
honour: honor
favor
color
theatre :theater
Center
meter
checque : check
Risk
Mask
defence: defense Pretense
recompense
14
Dominance of English
According to 2000 census, the
total number of
monolingual
non- Engli
sh speakers
is less than
5 million.
A. Explicit Schemes 1. English is the language of
schooling2. It is the language of
courtrooms3. It is required for federal
grant application4. It is a specific requirement
for many jobs
B. Implicit Schemes• Integration programs for
immigrants• Assimilation schemes for
the indigenous population• Sporadic punitive schemes • Prominent Media sources
in English language
15
2- Native American Languages
Before colonial settlement 250 American native
languages 9 language families A great diversity between
languages A 20 Million population
Now 8 American native languages Most of them are extinct Old speakers A 2 million population
16
3- Spanish It is English’s rival language.
34 M. Hispanics in 2007.
81% in the Midwest.
Annexation of Louisiana in 1803 and Texas in 1823.
The influx of Spanish speaking immigrants after the second World War .
Most were Mexicans, and Cubans.
The most popular foreign language at secondary school.
17
4- French
13 M. Americans claim French ancestry.
Only 1.3 M of them speak French at home.
French was historically located in Louisiana and Northern New England.
It is the most spoken language in four states: Louisiana, Maine, Vermont , New Hampshire.
Two French varieties: Louisiana Creole and French Cajun.
18
4- German
According to 2005 American survey, 49 M
American claim that they had German
ancestry.
96% speak of them speak English at home.
Only 1.38 M. Americans speak
German. Before WWI, about 6 M. American
students were receiving their
schooling in German.
German is the most spoken language in two
states: North Dakota and South Dakota.
The Amish of Pennsylvania are the prominent German
groups. They still live in enclosed areas and in
isolation.
19
Languages in the USA: Diversity or Uniformity?
20
Monolingualism and Multilingualism in the United
States
21
!- The Ideology of Monolingualism Joshua Fishman: “America, America: spendthrift and gravedigger
in the front of multilingualism”
It is evident that the process of language shift has been a dominant American experience since the early colonial times.
Two generations are enough to wipe out non- English language proficiency.
How have Americans become monolingual
English language speakers?
22
The ideology of English Monolingualism The English dominant groups in the USA have, throughout the three
centuries, identified four major arguments to justify the ideology of English monolingualism.
Source: Heath, S. B., & Ferguson, C. A. (2004). In Language in the USA: Themes for the 21st century.
Argument 1:Immigration into
the USA= A privilege
Argument2:Economic
improvement= No linguistic minority
rights
Argument 3:Language
maintenance=Self- imposed
isolation
Argument 4Diversity= a threat
to national unity
23
A Variety of Policies
The attrition of American Multilingualism has not preceded uniformly throughout the past two
centuries; it can not be represented by a single, monotonic downward
line. Instead, the recurring rise and fall of non- English languages in USA
reveal substantial variation over time in both degree and role.Source: Heath, S. B., & Ferguson, C. A. (2004).
In Language in the USA: Themes for the 21st century.
24
2- Types of Language PoliciesKloss (1977) developed a useful schema to categorize various types of official language policies and laws.Promotion- oriented
policiesExpediency- oriented policiesTolerance- oriented policiesRestriction- oriented PoliciesRepression- oriented policies
25
English- Only Movement The current English –only movement has been triggered by the
large immigration movement of Hispanic population after WWII.
The 1970’s was characterised by tolerance- based policies which culminated in the enactment of the federal act of bilingual education.
In 1981, Senator S. I. Hayakawa introduced a constitutional amendment into the Senate that would make English language the official language of the USA.
He succeeded to found a high- profile organisation, “US English” and raise huge funds to further its English- only agenda
26
English- Only Movement Within the first four years
of the establishment of this organisation, 48 states contemplated constitutional amendment promoted by English-only movement.
23 states have adopted the amendment and declared English as an official language in their territories.
27
English-Plus Movement A lot of criticism of English- only policies has come from
leaders of ethnic groups, minority- rights groups, immigrant groups and from educational and professional organisations.
Opponents of English- only movement formed “English-plus” movement and advanced an alternative constitutional amendment called the “Cultural Rights Amendment”.
It encouraged cultural diversity and education in English as well as education in secondary languages across the entire population, for natives and immigrants alike.
English- plus resolutions have been passed in the states of Oregon, Washington, New Mexico and Rhode Island.
28
Conclusion
We have room for but one language in this country, that is the
English language, for we intend to see that the crucible turns our
people out as Americans, of American nationality, the single greatest empowering tool that immigrants
must have.Theodore Roosevelt
29
References• Cable, T., & Baugh, A. C. (1991). In A history of the English language.
Prentice-Hall International editions. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall International.
• Gonzalez, R. D., & In Melis, I. (2000). Language ideologies: Critical perspectives on the official English movement. Urbana, Ill: National Council of Teachers of English.
• Heath, S. B., & Ferguson, C. A. (2004). In Language in the USA: Themes for the 21st century. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Karavanta, M., Mitsikopoulou, B., & Dendrinos, B. (January 01, 2008). Introduction: Theorizing New English(es). European Journal of English Studies, 12, 1, 1-14.
• Kloss, H. (1977). In The American bilingual tradition. Rowley, Mass: Newbury House.
• http://www.usconstitution.net/consttop_lang.html• http://www.antimoon.com/how/pronunc-american-british.htm• http://www.cogsci.indiana.edu/farg/rehling/nativeAm/ling.html• http://en.wikipedia.org• http://www.google.com/images