ling-14 supra-segmental phonemes juncture

8/2/2019 LING-14 Supra-Segmental Phonemes Juncture

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Juncture

When we write English, the boundariesbetween words are symbolized by

leaving a space between them When we speak English, grammatical

boundaries are indicated by the features

of the sound system itself


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Juncture

In written English ni@trate$ and night@ rate$have identical stresses.

A supra-segmental phoneme is presentin the utterance /nayt@ ret$/ which is notpresent in the utterance / na@ytre$t/

This phoneme is called juncture and isrepresented by /+ /

It occurs between /nayt+ret/


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Perceived Space

The phoneme represented by /+/ iscalled plus juncture

The phonemes of juncture serve tomark grammatical boundaries

The boundaries between night and rate

is indicated by the phoneme /+// nayt+ret/


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Pre-junctural

The term pre-junctural meansimmediately preceding or contiguous

to, a following open juncture. In pre or post junctural position, all

segmental phonemes(consonants and

vowels) exhibit special allophones In night rate the first t is in pre-junctural

position


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Minimal Pair

The first t in night rate is unreleased/=/ [nayt= + ret]

The first t of nitrate is aspirated/naytHret /

[nayt@=+ret$] contrasts with [na@ytH$r$et/

Close Transition nitrate refers to noperceived space between the sounds

Open transition night rate refers to a

perceived space or break


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In pre junctural position all stops

are normally releasednight rate

/nayt= + ret/


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In pre-junctural position all

vowels and glides are lengthened Nye trait ( a trait of the Nye family)

/nay: tret/ vowels, glides and

diphthongs are lengthened.


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Pre and post junctural phonemes

/DQ$t + sa@d/

/DQ$ts+ sa@d /

/sI@n + tQ$ks / /sIn@tQks$/

Th$at s@od

Thats so@d

si@nta$x sy@nt$ax


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Minimal pair

The /n/ of sin tax is in pre-juncturalposition.

The /n/ of sin tax /sIn tQks/ is longerthan the /n/ of syntax /sIntQks/

All nasals in pre-junctural position are

lengthened


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Minimal Pair

/DQt$+ st! / represents that stuff

/D$Q$ts t@/ represents thats tough

In the utterance that stuff, the final /t/of that is unreleased [t=]

In the utterance thats tough, the /t/ ofthats is aspirated and the final /s/ islengthened


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Post Junctural Allophones

Like the phonemes in prejuncturalposition, the phonemes in post

junctural position have specialallophones

In the utterance/DQts + t / the /t/ is in

post -junctural position Like all initial voiced stop consonants,

the post junctural /t/ is aspirated [tH]


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Summary

In pre-junctural position, stopconsonants are generally unreleased.

In post -junctural position, voicelessconsonants are aspirated

In pre-junctural position, fricatives are

lengthened In pre-junctural position, nasals ,

vowels and diphthongs are lengthened


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Close and Open Juncture

The smooth unbroken transitionbetween segmental phonemes is called

close juncture. Close juncture is not marked, but

internal open juncture is marked by

/+/


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External Open Juncture

The type of juncture which marks theend of an utterance is called external

open juncture. Since it marks the end of an utterance,

external open juncture often appears

before silence


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Utterance

We can define utterance as anysegment of speech bounded at the

beginning and end by silence. /+/ does not represent silence


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Terminal Juncture

External open juncture, often calledterminal juncture, involves a change of

voice pitch. For example, in the utteranceAre you

going home? the voice rises sharply at

the end of the final syllable. This rising terminal juncture is

characteristic of a question.


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Special Allophones

Continuant segmental phonemes whichoccur before external open juncture are

generally lengthened. As was the case before internal open

juncture, stop consonants followed by

external open juncture are generallyunreleased


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Terminal Juncture

The type of juncture which occurs at theend of the utteranceAre you going home?

is represented by / / / / ischaracteristic of a question.

/ar yu goiN hom / illustrates the

rising juncture pattern.


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Terminal Falling Juncture

The type of terminal juncture whichoccurs at the end of a statement is

represented by / / The statement I am going home would

end in // / / is characterized by a fall

in voice pitch. The phoneme /m/ in /hom/ is

lengthened.


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Minimal Pair

/j &anz + g$oi&N+ ho@m /

/janz + g$oi(@N + ho@m /

In the first utterance, the pitch of thevoice rises, while it falls in the secondutterance

/ / fall -- statement

/ / rise --- question

/+/ does not occur at end of utterance


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Summary

/ / and / / signal an end of anutterance

Grammatical boundaries within anutterance are signalled by the presenceof /+/

/+/ does not involve a change in pitchof voice


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Sustained Juncture

The third variety of terminal junctureconsists of neither a rise or a fall in

voice pitch, but of sustained pitch Sustained juncture is represented by

/-- /

Unlike the other terminal junctures/-- / may occur both within and at theend of an utterance


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/dZan wEnt hom -- mQri wEnt

tu skul / -- / represents sustained

juncture/ / represents falling juncture


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Summary

Like / / and / / , /-- / may befollowed by a pause or silence.

When it does, it gives the impression ofan unfinished utterance.

/his goiN tu bay a kar / / .

/his goiN tu bay a kar /-- / , /his goiN tu bay a kar / /


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Sustain Juncture

When /-- / occurs within an utterance,it is at least twice as long as /+/

/hi + hQz + rEd-- ord/ /hi + hQz + rEd + ord /

The juncture between red and Ford in

the first utterance is longer than thejuncture between red and Ford in thesecond utterance.

ling-14 supra-segmental phonemes juncture

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