ling 100 - phonology review and morphological analysis

IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones

Syllable StructureWord Formation I

Phonological and Morphological AnalysisLING 100 2013W: Tutorial T02/T04

Meagan Louie

2013-10-18

Meagan Louie Morphophonology

Core Subdomains: Phonology and Morphology

Linguistics: The study of Language

Phonetics

Phonology

Morphology

Syntax

Semantics

Pragmatics

Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words

Review: Allophones or Phonemes?

We’ll often ask the question:

”Are [x] and [X] distinct phonemes, or allophones of the samephoneme?”

This is a shorthand, and somewhat misleading - it should really be:

”Are [x] and [X] allophones of distinct phonemes, or allophones ofthe same phoneme.”

Q: When do you use [x] and when do you use /x/ ?

The angled slashes are for (sequences of) phonemes, the squarebrackets are for (sequences) allophones.1

The angled slashes are for the underlying form, the squarebrackets are for the surface form.

What does that mean?

1Where we allow for a trivial sequence with a single term/member , eg., [x] and /x/Meagan Louie Morphophonology

Review: Distinct Phonemes or Allophones of the samePhoneme?

Let’s say you found two sounds that are in complementary distribution:

You can create a rule (or rules) that accounts for the complementarydistribution

EXAMPLE RULES: for Canadian Raising

A1: X → Y / C[-voice]

A2: Y → X / C[+voice]Y → X / VY → X / #

A1 and A2 differ in what the underlying phoneme is (X or Y)

Fewer rules is better! (easier for a child to learn. And the TA tomark.)

A2: Y → X / C[+voice]Y → X / VY → X / #

Underlying Forms: Beyond segments

Phonological rules take you from the underlying form to a surface form

eg.,Rule 1: C[+voice] → C[-voice] / ]word

Rule 2: aw→2w/ C[-voice, -nasal]

Rule 3: ∅ → t / σ[

/tawn/ → [tawn˚]

/bawd/ → [b2wt]/awb/ → [t2wp]

A single underlying morpheme can have several surface allomorphs(depending on the morpheme’s environment)

2Word boundaries can also be indicated with a #Meagan Louie Morphophonology

Rule 3: ∅ → t / σ[

/tawn/ → [tawn˚]

Rule 3: ∅ → t / σ[

/tawn/ → [tawn˚]

/bawd/ → [b2wt]

/awb/ → [t2wp]

Rule 3: ∅ → t / σ[

/tawn/ → [tawn˚]

Rule 3: ∅ → t / σ[

/tawn/ → [tawn˚]

Turkish Allomorphy Problem Set(Archibald & O’Grady 2004)

1. What are the allomorphs for the morpheme meaning ’in/at’?

2. What conditions their distribution?

(1) a. lokanta ’a restaurant’

b. kap1 ’a door’

c. reandevu ’an appointment’

d. baS ’a head’

e. kitap ’a book’

f. koltuk ’an armchair’

g. taraf ’a side’

(2) a. lokantada ’in/at a restaurant’

b. kap1da ’in/at a door’

c. reandevuda ’’in/at an appointment’

d. baSta ’in/at a head’

e. kitapta ’in/at a book’

f. koltukta ’in/at an armchair’

g. tarafta ’in/at a side’

Underlying Forms: English Accents

Two derivations:

”writer” /ôaj.t@ô/

Canadian Raising:

a → 2 / C[-voice]

/ô2j.t@ô/

Intervocalic Flapping:

t → R / V V[-stress]

/ô2j.R@ô/

[ô2j.R@ô]

”writer” /ôaj.t@ô/

Aspiration:

t → th

/ôaj.th@ô/

R-loss:

ô → ∅ / ]word

/ôaj.th@/

[ôaj.th@]

Notice that rules don’t just make reference to single segments...

R1: C[+voice] → C[-voice] / ]word

R2: aw→2w/ C[-voice, -nasal]

R3: ∅ → t /σ[

...they can also talk about word, and foot, and syllable boundaries.

Notice that rules don’t just make reference to single segments...

R1: C[+voice] → C[-voice] / ]word

R2: aw→2w/ C[-voice, -nasal]

R3: ∅ → t /σ[

...they can also talk about word, and foot, and syllable boundaries.

Phonological Constituents

Phonological (and morphological) rules are sensitive to phonologicaldomains

Eg., some rules only apply if the segments involved are within the sameword, or within the same foot, or within the same syllable, etc.

This means that the theory needs to posit things like syllables, feet,words, etc., for the phonological rules to refer to.

Syllable Structure

Onset Rhyme

Nucleus Coda

1. Identify the nucleus (usually a vowel).

2. Every consonant after the nucleus forms part of the coda

3. Every consonant before the nucleus forms part of the onset

Syllable Structure

General Syllabification Processes:

1. Minimize codas (i.e., CV syllables preferred over CVC syllables)

2. Maximize onsets (i.e., CV syllables preferred over V syllables)

3. Abide by the Sonorance Hierarchy!

The Role of the Sonority Hierarchy

The Sonority Hierarchy (Guideline for Syllabification)

In terms of sonority, syllables should peak at the nucleus

Samoan Problem Set(Archibald & O’Grady 2004)

(3) a. mate ’he dies’

b. nofo ’he stays’

c. galue ’he works’

d. tanu ’he buries’

e. alofa ’he loves’

f. taoto ’he lies’

g. atamaPi ’he is intelligent’

(4) a. mamate ’they die’

b. nonofo ’they stay’

c. galulue ’they work’

d. tatanu ’they bury’

e. alolofa ’they love’

f. taooto ’they lie’

g. atamamaPi ’they are intelligent’

1. What morphological process expresses singular/plural?

2. Describe how it works.

3. If [malosi] means ’he is strong,’ what is ’they are strong’?

DefinitionsUrban DictionaryMore Exercises

Word Formation Processes

Coinage: Invention of a totally new term,eg., aspirin, zipper, vaseline

Compounding: Joining two separate words into a single form,eg., fingerprint, picture book, wallpaper

Blending: Joining two separate words into a single form, but onlytaking parts of the component words,eg., brunch, smog, chunnel

Conversion: Changing the category of an existing word (withoutderivational morphology) to form a new wordeg., bottling, buttering, vacationing, verbing

Word Formation Processes

Borrowing: Taking words from other languages,eg., croissant, pretzel, tycoon

Calque: Taking words from other languages, via direct translationeg., gratte-ciel, perros calientes

Clipping: Taking a multisyllabic word, and reducing it to a formwith fewer syllableseg., fax, pub, phone, plane

Backformation: When an single-morphemic form is reinterpretedas consisting of several morphemes, and a new form is produced by”removing” one of these morphemes.eg.emote, enthuse, liase, babysit

Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary

thriftster

An off-shoot (or sub-culture) of the general hipster trend, but while mostcontemporary hipsters attempt to buy indie flavor by frequenting UrbanOutfitters or American Apparel, a ”thriftster” alternatively obtains saidstyle by frequenting thrift stores or through general use ofhand-me-downs. While shopping at the Salvation Army may have beenincluded in the original definition of a ”hipster,” now that mainstreamcommercialism has caught onto the hipster fashion trends, the term”thriftster” must be adopted to differentiate those who appreciate usedclothing and the ideals that come along with it from the ever-increasinggroup of trendy 20 and 30-somethings who are content to buy themassed-produced version of this clothing without asking how it got to bethere in the first place.

Identify the Word-Formation Process(Archibald & O’Grady 2004)

1. automation → automate

2. humid → humidifier

3. information, entertainment → infotainment

4. PROgress → proGRESS

5. typographical error → typo

6. act → deactivate

Identify the Word-Formation Process(Archibald & O’Grady 2004)

1. perambulator → pram

2. beef, buffalo → beefalo

3. random access memory → RAM

4. influenza → flu

5. combN → combV

ling 100 - phonology review and morphological analysis

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