linear law 2010
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linear lawTRANSCRIPT
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MyAdditional Mathemat
icsModuleForm 5
Topic 13:
Linear LawSapematter/Sapsapsui
by
NgKL(M.Ed.,B.Sc.Hons.,Dip.Ed.,Dip.Edu.Mgt.,Cert.NPQH)
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IMPORTANT NOTES:
1. Line of Best Fit
* A straight line drawn that passes through as many points as possible.
* The number of points that do not lie on the straight line drawn should be more or less the same on
both sides of the straight line.
y
+ + + + + +
0 x
2. Non-linear Function
* A function that has one or more variables, x or y, which are not in the first degree.
* A non-linear function that consists of variables x and y (not in a straight-line graph) can be
reduced or converted to the linear form, Y = mX + c, where X and Y represent the functions of
x or y or both (with a straight-line graph).
3. Steps to Find Values of Constants in a Non-linear Function
* Reduce or convert the non-linear function with variables x and y to the linear form, Y = mX +c,
where X and Y represent the functions of x or y or both.
* Prepare a table for the values of X and Y.
* Choose a suitable scale to draw the graph as large as possible and label both axes.
* Plot the graph of Y against X and draw the line of best fit.
* Construct a right-angled triangle on the drawn line of best fit, to calculate the gradient of the
straight line.
y
+ + (x2, y2) + + + + (x1, y1)
0 x * Determine the Y-intercept, which is represented by c, from the straight-line graph.
4. To Determine Variables of x or y
* The values of certain variables, either x or y, can be determined;
(i) from the graph of the line of best fit, or
(ii) from the equation of the line of best fit that is formed.
Gradient, m =
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Exercise 13.1: Line of Best Fit
1. (a) Draw the line of best fit for y against x on a graph paper from the data shown on the following table.(b) From the line of the best fit you have drawn;
(i) find the value of y when x = 18,(ii) find the value of x, when y = 40,(iii) form a straight-line equation.
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Answer:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
2. (a) Draw the line of best fit for y against x on a graph paper from the data shown on the following table.
(b) From the line of the best fit you have drawn;(i) find the value of y when x = 0.4,(ii) find the value of x, when y = 10,(iii) form a straight-line equation.
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y 1 4 6 8 11 13
Answer:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
3. (a) Draw the line of best fit for y against x on a graph paper from the data shown on the following table.(b) From the line of the best fit you have drawn;
(i) find the value of y when x = 0.3,(ii) find the value of x, when y = 40,(iii) form a straight-line equation.
x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
y 66 60 54 49 43 36
Answer:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
x 5 10 15 20 25
y 16 28 36 50 62
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Exercise 13.2: Applications of Linear Law to Non−Linear Functions
1. Express the following non-linear equation to the linear form Y = mX + c. Hence, state the Y, m, X and c.
No. Non-linear Equation Linear Form Y m X c
1. y2 = x
3 + 4
2. y = 2x2 – 5x
3. y = 10
4. y = a +
5. y =
6. ax2 + by 2 = x
7. y = ab x
8. ay = bx + x2
9. y = ax n
10. y = ax +
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2. The following straight-line graph drawn to represent the equation y = ax2 + bx, where a and b are constant. Find the value of a and b.
(1, 4)
0 x (5, 0)
3. The following straight-line graph drawn to represent the equation y = ax + , where a and b are
constant. Find the value of a and b. xy
5
(4, 3)
0 x2
4. The following straight-line graph drawn to represent the equation y = + , where a and b are
constant. Find the value of a and b.
xy
(4, 7)
(2, 3)
0 1/x
5. The following straight-line graph drawn to represent the equation y = abx, where a and b are constant.
Find the value of a and b.
log y
(9, 7)
(1, 3)
0 x
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Exercise 13.3: Problem Solving I
1. The following table shows the experimental values of two variables, x and y. It is known that x and y
are related by an equation ax + by = x2, where a and b are constants.
(a) Draw the graph of against x.
(b) From the graph, find(i) the values of a,(ii) the value of b,(iii) the value of y when x = 3.5.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y −0.50 −0.33 0.50 1.99 4.17 7.01
2. The following table shows the experimental values of two variables, x and y. It is known that x and y
are related by an equation y = px + , where p and q are constants.
(a) Draw the graph of xy against x2.(b) From the graph, find
(i) the values of p,(ii) the value of q,(iii) the value of y when x = 5.7.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 7.2 8.4 10.9 13.8 16.8 19.9
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3. The following table shows the experimental values of two variables, x and y. It is known that x and y
are related by an equation y = , where a and b are constants.
(a) Draw the graph of against x.
(b) From the graph, find(i) the values of a,(ii) the value of b,(iii) the value of x when y = 1.8
x 2 4 6 8 10 12
y 3.20 2.44 1.96 1.64 1.41 1.23
4. The following table shows the experimental values of two variables, x and y. It is known that x and y are related by an equation y = axb, where a and b are constants.(a) Convert the equation into linear form, hence draw the linear graph.(b) From the graph, find
(i) the values of a, (ii) the value of b,
x 2 3 4 5 6
y 11.3 20.8 32.0 44.7 58.8
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1. The following straight-line graph is obtained by plotting log3 y against x.
log3 y (a) Express log3 y in term of x.
(3, 10) (b) Express y in term of x. 4 (c) Find the value of y when x = -1
0 x
2. The following straight-line graph is obtained by plotting against .
(a) Express in term of x.
(b) Find the value of y when x = 3. 6
0 4
Exercise 13.4: Problem Solving II
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Exercise 13.5: Past Years SPM Papers
1. The variables x and y are related by the equation y = kx4, where k is a constant.
(a) Convert the equation y = kx4 to linear form.
(b) The following diagram shows the straight line obtained by plotting log10 y against log10 x. Find the value of;
log10 y (i) log10 k,
(2, h) (ii) h. (4 marks) SPM 2005/Paper 1)
(0, 3) 0 log10 x
Answer: (a) …………………..……………..
(b) (i) .……………………………..
(ii) ……………………………..
2. The following diagram shows a straight line graph of against x. Given that y = 6x – x2, calculate
the value of k and of h. (3 marks)
(SPM 2004/Paper
1)
(2, k) (h, 3)
0 x 1
Answer: k = …………………..…………...
h = ..……………………………..
3. The variables x and y are related by the equation y = px2 + qx, where p and q are constants. A
straight line is obtained by plotting against x, as shown in the diagram below. Calculate the
values of p and q. (4 marks)
(SPM 2003/Paper 1)
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(2, 9)
(6, 1) Answer: p = …………………..…………… 0 x
q = ..……………………………..
4. Diagram 4(a) shows the curve y = −3x2 + 5. Diagram 4(b) shows the straight line graph obtained when y = −3x2 + 5 is expressed in the linear
form Y = 5X + c. Express X and Y in terms of x and /or y. (3 marks)
(SPM 2006/Paper 1)
y Y
y = -3x2 + 5 X x 0
0 -3 DIAGRAM 4(a) DIAGRAM 4(b)
Answer: X = …………………….…………
Y = ..……………………………..
5. The variables x and y are related by the equation , where m is a constant. The following
diagram shows the straight line graph obtained by plotting log10 y against x. (3 marks)
log10 y SPM2008/Paper1
(a) Express the equation in its linear
form used to obtain the straight line graph. x 0
(b) Find the value of m. (0, -4)
Answer: (a) ...................................................
(b) ...................................................
6. The variables x and y are related by equation y2= 4x(10 – 2x). A straight line graph is obtained by
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plotting against x, as shown in the diagram below. Find the values of p and q. (3
marks)
(SPM2007/Paper
1)
(3, q)
0 x (p, 0) Answer: (a) …………………..
……………..
(b) ...……………………………...
7. Use the graph paper provided to answer this question. The following table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. The
variables x and y are related by the equation y = px + , where p and r are constants.
x 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.5
y 5.5 4.7 5.0 6.5 7.7 8.4
(a) Plot xy against x2, by using a scale of 2 cm to 5 units on both axes. Hence, draw the line of best fit. (5 marks)(b) Use the graph from (a) to find the value of
(i) p,(ii) r, (5
marks) (SPM 2005/Paper
2)
8. Use the graph paper provided to answer this question.
The following table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. It is known that x and y are related by the equation
2
y = pk , where p and k are constants.
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x 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
y 1.59 1.86 2.40 3.17 4.36 6.76
(a) Plot log10 y against x,2 . Hence draw the line of best fit (5 marks) (b) Use the graph in (a) to find the value of
(i) p, (ii) k, (5 marks)
(SPM 2003/Paper 2)
9. Use the graph paper provided to answer this question.The following table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related by the equation y = pkx, where p and k are constants.
x 2 4 6 8 10 12
y 3.16 5.50 9.12 16.22 28.84 46.77
(a) Plot log10 y against x, by using a scale of 2 cm to 2 units on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.2 unit on the log10 y-axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit. (4 marks)
(b) Use the graph from (a) to find the value of(i) p,(ii) k, (6
marks) (SPM 2004/Paper
2)
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10. Use the graph paper provided to answer this question. Table 2 shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related by the equation where p and k are constants.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 4.0 5.7 8.7 13.2 20.0 28.8
TABLE 2
(a) Plot log y against (x+1). using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the (x + 1)-axis and 2 cm to 0.2 unit on the log y-axis. Hence draw the line of best fit. (5 marks)
(b) Use your graph from 7(a) to find the value of(i) p, (ii) k, (5
marks) (SPM 2006/Paper
2)
11. Use the graph paper to answer this question.Table 8 shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. The variables x
and y are related by the equation , where k and p are constants. SPM2009/Paper 2
x 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
y 2.502 0.770 0.465 0.385 0.351 0.328
Table 8
(a) Based on Table 8, construct a table for the values of (2
marks)
(b) Plot using a scale of 2 cm to 0.1 unit on the -axis and 2 cm to 0.5 unit on the
Hence, draw the line of best fit. (3
marks)(c) Use the graph in 11(b) to find the value of
(i) k,(ii) p. (5 marks)
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12. Use graph paper to answer this question.
The table below shows the values of two variables s and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related by the equation y = hk2x , where h and k are constants. SPM2008/Paper 2
(a) Based on the table, construct a table for the values of log10 y. [1 mark]
(b) Plot log10 y against x, using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.1 unit on the log10 y-axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit. [4
marks]
(d) Use the graph in (b) to find the value of(i) x when y = 4.8,(ii) h,(iii) k. [5
marks]
x 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0
y 2.51 3.24 4.37 5.75 7.76 10.00