line up and wait
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Line Up and WaitTRANSCRIPT
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Federal AviationAdministrationLine Up and Wait
LUAW
(Formerly TIPH)
Taxi Authorization &
Runway Clearance
Guidance for Airmen
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Federal AviationAdministration
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Objective: Review and Consider Taxiing - General ATC Procedures and Phraseology Pilot Responsibilities Precision Obstacle Free Zone (POFZ) Part 91 and Part 135 Single-Pilot
Procedures during Taxi Operations Use of SOP’s During Taxi Operations Runway Incursion Surveillance
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Federal AviationAdministration
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Taxiing - General
Approval must be obtained prior to moving an aircraft or vehicle onto the movement area during hours an Airport Traffic Control Tower is in operation.
Taxiways
Ramp
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Federal AviationAdministration
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Taxiing – Communication Required
Always state your position on the airport when calling the tower for
taxi instructions.
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Federal AviationAdministration
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Taxiing – Movement Area
The movement area is normally described in local bulletins issued by the airport manager or control
tower. These bulletins may be found in FSS’s, fixed base operators offices, air carrier offices, and
operations offices.
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Federal AviationAdministration
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27
927
Apron – Non Movement Area
A 9 D 27B 9-27 C 9-27
250’
1,000
250’
1,000
9 E
Veh
icu
lar
entr
y p
oin
t
With Runway Hold Markings & Hold Position Signs
Taxiways - Movement Area
Runways – Runway Safety Area
Controlled Areas
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Federal AviationAdministration
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Taxi - Chart
NACO.faa.gov
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Federal AviationAdministration
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The Control Tower
Issues bulletins describing areas where they cannot provide ATC service due to nonvisibility or
other reasons.
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Clearance Required
Prior to taxiing on a runway, taking off, or landing during hours an Airport Traffic Control Tower is
in operation.
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Runway Hold MarkingIt Defines the Boundaries of the Runway Safety Area!
The Runway Hold Marking is the Most Critical Marking on Any Airport ……Towered or Non-Towered!
75% of ALL Pilot
Deviations Result From A
Failure to Comply With This Marking!
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Federal AviationAdministration
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Hol Marking Guidance dStop Solidly at Solid lines
STOP SOLIDLY AT THE SOLID LINES
DASH ACROSS
THE DASHED
LINES
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“Taxi and Ground Movement Operations…”
ATC will
issue the route
for the aircraft to follow on the movement area…
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“Taxi and Ground Movement Operations…”
This change establishes the requirement … explicit runway crossing clearance be issued…
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“Taxi and Ground Movement Operations…”
…and requires the aircraft to have crossed the previous runway … before another runway crossing clearance may be issued.
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ATC will specify…• Runway• Issue taxi instructions• Runway crossing clearances• Hold short instructions
When authorizing an aircraft to proceed on the movement area.
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Federal AviationAdministration
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ATC will issue hold short …
…of a runway
or other points
along the taxi route.
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Federal AviationAdministration
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Practice Question
What does this airport sign indicate?
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Taxiway Location Sign
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Federal AviationAdministration
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ATC Procedures & Phraseology
Air Traffic Controllers are required to obtain from the pilot a read back of all runway hold short instructions.
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ATC Procedures & Phraseology
If a pilot is expected to hold short of a runway approach area or ILS holding position, ATC will issue instructions.
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ATC Procedures & Phraseology
ATC will normally withhold landing clearances on a runway while another aircraft is holding on the same runway.
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Federal AviationAdministration
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ATC Procedures & Phraseology
• ATC will issue traffic advisories to aircraft holding in position and to aircraft holding, departing, or arriving on an intersecting runway.
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AFTER LANDING:
The tower will issue the pilot specific instructions which will permit the aircraft to enter another taxiway, runway, or ramp area when required.
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Federal AviationAdministration
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AFTER LANDING:
Exit the runway without delay at the first available taxiway or on a taxiway as instructed by ATC. (AIM)
If No LAHSO: It’s Your Runway Full Length
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AFTER LANDING:
Pilots shall not exit the landing runway onto another runway unless
authorized by ATC.
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AFTER LANDING:
With operating control tower:
Pilots should not stop or reverse course on the runway without first obtaining ATC approval.
EXCEPT for Rejected Take off
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Federal AviationAdministration
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AFTER LANDING:
Taxi clear of the runway unless otherwise directed by ATC.
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AFTER LANDING:
In the absence of ATC instructions, the pilot is expected to taxi clear of the landing runway by taxiing beyond the runway holding position markings…
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Federal AviationAdministration
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AFTER LANDING:
When advised by the tower immediately change to ground control frequency and obtain a taxi clearance.
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Federal AviationAdministration
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AFTER LANDING:
Read back taxi instructions and runway crossing clearance…
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“The pilot-in-command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and
is the final authority as to the operation
of any aircraft”
Pilot Responsibility
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Federal AviationAdministration
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Practice Question
What do these taxiway centerline markings indicate?
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Answer
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Federal AviationAdministration
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Acknowledge All ClearancesEppley Airfield, Omaha, Nebraska
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No longer “taxi into position and hold”
“line up and wait…”
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Federal AviationAdministration
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No longer “taxi into position and hold”
“line up and wait…”
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Federal AviationAdministration
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Taxi Into Position and hold
“line up and wait…”
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Federal AviationAdministration
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Taxi Into Position and Hold
“line up and wait…”
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When holding in position…
Pilot Responsibility
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Pilots operating single pilot aircraft
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Unfamiliar with the airport?
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Practice Question
What does this taxiway marking indicate
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Answer
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Light Gun Signals
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Color & Type of Signal
Steady Green
Movement of Vehicles
Aircraft on the Ground
Aircraft in Flight
Cleared Cleared Cleared to land
Flashing Green
Steady Red
Flashing Red
Flashing White
Alternating Red & Green
N/A Cleared Return for landing
STOP STOP Give way - circle
Clear taxiway/runway
Taxi clear of runway in use
Airport unsafe, do not land
Return to start point on airport
Return to start point on airport N/A
Exercise Extreme caution
Exercise Extreme caution
Exercise Extreme caution
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Steady Green
Movement of Vehicles, Equipment & Personnel
Cleared to cross proceed or go
Aircraft on the Ground –
Cleared for Takeoff
Aircraft in Flight –
Cleared to Land
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Flashing Green
Movement of Vehicles, Equipment & Personnel
Not applicable
Aircraft on the Ground –
Cleared for Taxi
Aircraft in Flight –
Return for landing ( to be followed by steady green at the proper time)
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Steady Red
Movement of Vehicles, Equipment & Personnel
STOP
Aircraft on the Ground –
STOP
Aircraft in Flight –
Give way to other aircraft and continue circling
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Flashing Red
Movement of Vehicles, Equipment & Personnel
Clear the taxiway/runway
Aircraft on the Ground –
Taxi clear of the runway in use
Aircraft in Flight –
Airport unsafe, do not land
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Flashing White
Movement of Vehicles, Equipment & Personnel
Return to starting point on airport
Aircraft on the Ground –
Return to starting point on airport
Aircraft in Flight –
Not Applicable
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Alternating Red and Green
Movement of Vehicles, Equipment & Personnel
Exercise Extreme Caution
Aircraft on the Ground –
Exercise Extreme Caution
Aircraft in Flight –
Exercise Extreme Caution
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Taxi During Low visibility
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FOG
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When low visibility conditions exist
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Precision Obstacle Free Zone (POFZ)
Must be clear when:• An aircraft on vertically guided final apch• Within 2 NM of the runway threshold• AND - Reported ceiling is below 250 feet• OR – Visibility less than ¾ SM • OR – Runway Visual Range below 4,000 ft
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Precision Obstacle Free Zone
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Sign Standards for POFZ
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Airport Marking for POFZ
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Part 91 & 135 Single-PilotProcedures during Taxi Operations
Advisory Circular 91-73 A
1. Planning
2. Situational Awareness
3. Use of Written Taxi Instructions
4. ATC/ Pilot Communication
5. Taxiing
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Standard Operating Proceduresfor Runway Incursion Prevention
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Use of SOP’s During Taxi
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Situational Awareness
• The location of the aircraft
•Weather
•Traffic
•The clearance from Air Traffic Control ATC
•All other factors that affect the safety of flight
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Pre-Taxi/Departure Briefing
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After taxi clearance has been received
Determine:
• Runway assigned
• Any Restrictions
• Taxi Route
If in doubt, seek clarification from ATC.
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Federal AviationAdministration
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Observe “Sterile Cockpit”
Especially While Taxiing
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Federal AviationAdministration
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Observe “Sterile Cockpit”
Especially While Taxiing
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Airport Diagram
Have Airport Diagram
out and ready
for use.
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When approaching an active runway
• Verify compliance with hold short or crossing clearance.
• Discontinue other tasks, programming GPS or Flight Management System FMS or company radio calls.
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“Look Both ways…”
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Runway Incursion Surveillance
Read back all clearances/ instructions to: • Enter a specific runway• Hold Short of a Runway• Taxi onto runway for “line up and wait”• Include the Runway designator.
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Runway Incursion Surveillance
Do Not :
acknowledge instructions
or clearances
by using call sign
and “Roger” or “Wilco”
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Runway Incursion Surveillance
Make your aircraft more conspicuous…
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Runway Incursion Surveillance
Be vigilant when instructed to taxi onto a runway for “line up & wait”:
• At night• During Reduced Visibility• Scan full length of the Runway• Scan for aircraft on final approach when
taxiing onto a runway either end or intersection.
• Contact ATC with concerns.
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“line up and wait” for a reason
Be vigilant :• Wake Turbulence• Traffic on an intersecting Runway• Another aircraft is on the runway• You should expect an imminent takeoff
clearance, unless advised of a delay.• Contact ATC with concerns.
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“line up and wait” when traffic is a factor
Be vigilant :• The tower is required to inform you of
the closest traffic that is cleared to land.• Touch and go• Stop and Go• Or Low approach on the same runway• Note position of that aircraft & elapsed
time while waiting for takeoff clearance
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Runway Incursion Surveillance
NOTE:
FAA analysis of accidents and incidents involving aircraft holding in position
indicate TWO MINUTES
or more elapsed between the time
the instruction was issued
and the resulting event
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Runway Incursion Surveillance
To signal Intent – Turn on lights
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Runway Incursion Surveillance
At night use edge lights to distinguish between taxiways (blue) and runways (white)
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Verify Compass heading
confirm proper runway or taxiway selection.
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Monitor assigned Tower Frequency
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Related Publications
• AC 91-73A Single-Pilot Procedures During Taxi Operations
• AC 120-74 Flight crew Procedures During Taxi Operations
• Notice JO 7110.528 Taxi and Ground Movement Operations
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Related Publications
• AC 90-42 Traffic Advisory Practices at Airports without Operating Control Towers
• AC 90-66 Recommended standard traffic patterns & practices for aeronautical operations at airports without operating control towers.
• NOTICE JO 7110.536 Line Up and Wait Operations (LUAW) Effective Sept 30, 2010
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Quality Customer Service The Central Region FAA Safety Team
(FAASTeam) is dedicated to
Quality Customer Service and
we would value your feedback.
Please provide your feedback at:
WWW. faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_
offices/avs/offices/afs/qms
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Thank You For Attending
Federal Aviation Administration Federal Aviation Administration Safety Team (FAASTeam)Safety Team (FAASTeam)
Thanks You for participating