limnology - uwsplimnology an introduction susan knight april 2019 lakes streams groundwater wetlands...
TRANSCRIPT
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Limnology
An Introduction
Susan Knight April 2019
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Lakes Streams
Groundwater Wetlands
Physics Chemistry Biology
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So many lakes, so little time
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Why do Neighboring Lakes Differ?
• Lake Area: tiny to >3000 acres
• Chemistry• Landscape position• Nutrients, especially phosphorus• Susceptible to Acidification
• Color: Blue, Green, and Brown
• Water Clarity: Clear to Not Clear
• Boat Use: Crowded to Uncrowded
• Number of Fish Species: 0 to 37
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Individual Lake vs Landscape Perspective
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Magnuson et al. 2006
Balance of precipitation, groundwater and stream inputs matters to lake physics, chemistry, biology
Where does the water come from?
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Important elements and compounds…
•Oxygen•Phosphorus•Nitrogen•Alkalinity•Conductance•pH (acidity)•Water (especially odd)
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…are inextricably linked to biological processes
• Primary Productivity: Growth of phytoplankton and plants
• Zooplankton, Invertebrates
• Forage Fish• Large Fish
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Nutrients in lakes
Phosphorus• Most often the limiting nutrient
in lakes
• More P often means more algae
• More algae often means greener water
• Greener water often means impaired water
Nitrogen• Lakes less often N limited
• Some cyanobacteria can fix N, making it available for uptake by algae and other primary producers
• In lakes with plenty of P, may get N-fixing cyanobacteria (blue-green) blooms
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StratificationDeep lakes form layers of different temperatures,
densities in summer and winter
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Deep (>18-20’ ) lakes usually stratify and turnover twice a year
Shallow lakes (<18’ ) do not stratify and mix frequently
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…More on stratification and phosphorus
1. There may be no oxygen at the bottom of a lake in late summer.
2. When there is no oxygen, the phosphorus is not bound to iron, and the phosphorus is free for uptake.
3. When a stratified lake turns over in spring and fall, phosphorus-rich and oxygen-poor water at the bottom circulates and may cause algal blooms (internal loading).
4. Shallow lakes mix frequently, and have a different phosphorus dynamic than deep lakes.
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Littoral zone – area where plants are growing, shallow waterBenthic zone – bottomPelagic area – deep or open water (limnetic zone)
Lake zones
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Littoral Zone
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Wood, plants, and algae in the littoral zone are very important to the lake ecosystem.
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Food Webs
• Photosynthesis = 1º production
CO2 + H2O → Sugar +O2
• Photosynthesis by algae, plants
• Zooplankton eat algae
• Small fish eat zooplankton
• Large fish eat smaller fish
• Larger fish eaters eat large fish Trophic Cascade
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Trophic state
Describes productivity
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Trophic state
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Trophic state
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A few important lake issues
•Human-caused Eutrophication• Invasive Species• Climate Change• Shoreland Destruction• Pollution• Lake level changes
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A few important lake issues
• Human-caused Eutrophication
• Invasive Species• Climate Change• Shoreland Destruction• Pollution• Lake level changes
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A few important lake issues
•Human-causedEutrophication• Invasive Species• Climate Change• Shoreland Destruction• Pollution• Lake level changes
Eurasian water-milfoil
Curly-leaf pondweed
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A few important lake issues
•Human-caused Eutrophication• Invasive Species• Climate Change• Shoreland Destruction• Pollution• Lake level changes
Zebra mussels
Spiny water fleas
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A few important lake issues
•Human-causedEutrophication• Invasive Species• Climate Change• Shoreland Destruction• Pollution• Lake level changes
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Temperature is an ecological “master factor”
Water Temperature
Nutrient cycling
NP
Growth, Survival, Reproduction
Why is Climate Change Important in Lakes?
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Temperature is vitally important for
fish
Species ‘thermal niche’
Determines metabolic and other rates
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A few important lake issues
• Cultural Eutrophication
• Invasive Species
• Climate Change
• Shoreland Destruction
• Pollution
•Lake level changes
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A few important lake issues
• Cultural Eutrophication
• Invasive Species
• Climate Change
• Shoreland Destruction
• Pollution
• Lake level changes
![Page 29: Limnology - UWSPLimnology An Introduction Susan Knight April 2019 Lakes Streams Groundwater Wetlands Physics Chemistry Biology So many lakes, so little time Why do Neighboring Lakes](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042219/5ec5149c9443b84e7b42b0ae/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
A few important lake issues
• Cultural Eutrophication• Invasive Species• Climate Change• Shoreland Destruction• Pollution• Lake level changes
• Natural cycles• Climate change causes
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13
Questions?