limits, alternatives, and choices · 2 1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 dvds $20 books $10 $120 budget 12 10 8 6...
TRANSCRIPT
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01
Limits, Alternatives, and Choices
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LO1
Introduction
• Economics defined:
• Economic wants exceed productive capacity.
• A social science concerned with making optimal choices under conditions of scarcity.
1-2
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LO1
The Economic Perspective
• Thinking like an economist
• Key features:
• Scarcity and choice
• Purposeful behavior
• Marginal analysis
1-3
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LO1
Scarcity and Choice
• Resources are scarce
• Choices must be made
• Opportunity cost
• There’s no free lunch
1-4
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LO1
Purposeful Behavior
• Rational self-interest
• Individuals and utility
• Firms and profit
• Desired outcomes
1-5
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LO1
Marginal Analysis
• Marginal benefit
• Marginal cost
• Marginal means “extra”
• Comparison between marginal benefit and marginal cost
1-6
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LO2
Theories, Principles, and Models
• The scientific method:
• Economic principles
• Generalizations
• Other-things-equal assumption
• Graphical expression
Observe Formulate a hypothesis Test the hypothesis
Accept, reject, or modify the hypothesis
Continue to test the hypothesis, if necessary
1-7
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LO3
Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
• Microeconomics
• Decision making by individual units
• Macroeconomics
• Aggregate
1-8
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LO3
Positive and Normative Economics
• Positive economics
• Deals with economic facts
• Normative economics
• A subjective perspective of the economy
1-9
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LO4
Individual’s Economizing Problem
• Limited income
• Unlimited wants
• A budget line
• Attainable and unattainable options
• Tradeoffs and opportunity costs
• Make the best choice possible
• Change in income1-10
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LO4
Individual’s Economizing Problem
6543210
02468
1012
DVDs$20
Books$10
$120 Budget 12
10
8
6
4
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Quantity of Paperback Books
Qua
ntity
of D
VDs
1-11
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LO4
Individual’s Economizing Problem
6543210
02468
1012
DVDs$20
Books$10
$120 Budget 12
10
8
6
4
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Quantity of Paperback Books
Qua
ntity
of D
VDs
1-11
Income = $120Pdvd = $20
= 6
Income = $120Pb = $10
= 12
Attainable
Unattainable
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LO4
Global Perspective
1-12
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LO4
Society’s Economizing Problem
• Scarce resources
• Land
• Labor
• Capital
• Entrepreneurial Ability
1-13
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LO4
Society’s Economizing Problem
• Entrepreneurial ability
• Takes initiative
• Makes decisions
• Innovates
• Takes risk
1-14
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LO5
Production Possibilities Model
• Illustrates production choices
• Assumptions:
• Full employment
• Fixed resources
• Fixed technology
• Two goods
1-15
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LO5
Production Possibilities Table
Type of Product
Pizzas(in hundred thousands)
Industrial Robots(in thousands)
Production Alternatives
A B C D E
10 9 7 4 0
0 1 2 3 4
Plot the Points to Create the Graph…
1-16
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LO5
Production Possibilities Curve
1-17
Indu
stria
l Rob
ots
Pizzas0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1413121110
987654321
AB
C
D
E
Attainable
Unattainable
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LO5
Production Possibilities Curve
1-17
Indu
stria
l Rob
ots
Pizzas0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1413121110
987654321
AB
C
D
E
Attainable
Unattainable
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LO5
Production Possibilities Curve
1-17
B
C
D
Indu
stria
l Rob
ots
Pizzas0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1413121110
987654321
AB
C
D
E
Attainable
Unattainable
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LO5
Production Possibilities Curve
1-17
B
C
D
B
C
D
Indu
stria
l Rob
ots
Pizzas0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1413121110
987654321
AB
C
D
E
Attainable
Unattainable
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LO5
Production Possibilities Curve
1-17
B
C
D
B
C
DUIn
dust
rial R
obot
s
Pizzas0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1413121110
987654321
AB
C
D
E
Attainable
Unattainable
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LO5
Production Possibilities Curve
1-17
B
C
D
B
C
DU
The law of increasing opportunity costs makes the PPC concave.
Indu
stria
l Rob
ots
Pizzas0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1413121110
987654321
AB
C
D
E
Attainable
Unattainable
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Optimal Allocation
LO5 1-18
Mar
gina
l Ben
efit
& M
argi
nal C
ost
15
10
5
0
Quantity of Pizza1 2 3
Q tit f Pi
MB
MC
b d
MB = MC
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Optimal Allocation
LO5 1-18
Mar
gina
l Ben
efit
& M
argi
nal C
ost
15
10
5
0
Quantity of Pizza1 2 3
Q tit f Pi
MB
MC
b d
MB = MC
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Optimal Allocation
LO5 1-18
a
Mar
gina
l Ben
efit
& M
argi
nal C
ost
15
10
5
0
Quantity of Pizza1 2 3
Q tit f Pi
MB
MC
b d
MB = MC
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Optimal Allocation
LO5 1-18
a cM
Mar
gina
l Ben
efit
& M
argi
nal C
ost
15
10
5
0
Quantity of Pizza1 2 3
Q tit f Pi
MB
MC
b d
MB = MC
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Optimal Allocation
LO5 1-18
a cM
e
Mar
gina
l Ben
efit
& M
argi
nal C
ost
15
10
5
0
Quantity of Pizza1 2 3
Q tit f Pi
MB
MC
b d
MB = MC
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LO6
A Growing Economy
• Economic Growth
• More resources
• Improved resource quality
• Technological advances
1-19
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Type of Product
Pizzas(in hundred thousands)
Industrial Robots(in thousands)
Production Alternatives
A' B' C' D' E'
14 12 9 5 0
0 2 4 6 8
A Growing Economy
LO6 1-20
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LO6
A Growing Economy
Pizzas
Indu
stria
l Rob
ots
Attainable
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1413121110
987654321
Unattainable
AB
C
D
E
1-21
A’
B’
C’
D’
E’
Attainable
AB
C
D
E
EconGrow
B’
C’
D’
Attainable
AB
C
D
E
EconGrow
B’
C’
D’
Now Attainable
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LO6
A Growing Economy
Pizzas
Indu
stria
l Rob
ots
Attainable
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1413121110
987654321
Unattainable
AB
C
D
E
1-21
EconomicGrowth
A’
B’
C’
D’
E’
Attainable
AB
C
D
E
EconGrow
B’
C’
D’
Attainable
AB
C
D
E
EconGrow
B’
C’
D’
Now Attainable
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LO6
A Growing Economy
Pizzas
Indu
stria
l Rob
ots
Attainable
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1413121110
987654321
Unattainable
AB
C
D
E
1-21
EconomicGrowth
A’
B’
C’
D’
E’
Attainable
AB
C
D
E
EconGrow
B’
C’
D’
Attainable
AB
C
D
E
EconGrow
B’
C’
D’
Now Attainable
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LO6
Present Choices, Future Possibilities
Presentville Futureville
1-22
Goo
ds fo
r the
Fut
ure
Goo
ds fo
r the
Fut
ure
Goods for the Present Goods for the Present
CurrentCurve
CurrentCurve
t P
F
FutureCurve
F
CurrentCurve
FutureCurve
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LO6
Present Choices, Future Possibilities
Presentville Futureville
1-22
Goo
ds fo
r the
Fut
ure
Goo
ds fo
r the
Fut
ure
Goods for the Present Goods for the Present
CurrentCurve
CurrentCurve
t P
F
FutureCurve
F
CurrentCurve
FutureCurve
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LO6
Present Choices, Future Possibilities
Presentville Futureville
1-22
Goo
ds fo
r the
Fut
ure
Goo
ds fo
r the
Fut
ure
Goods for the Present Goods for the Present
CurrentCurve
CurrentCurve
t P
F
FutureCurve
F
CurrentCurve
FutureCurve
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LO6
Present Choices, Future Possibilities
Presentville Futureville
1-22
PCurrentCurveG
oods
for t
he F
utur
e
Goo
ds fo
r the
Fut
ure
Goods for the Present Goods for the Present
CurrentCurve
CurrentCurve
t P
F
FutureCurve
F
CurrentCurve
FutureCurve
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LO6
Present Choices, Future Possibilities
Presentville Futureville
1-22
PCurrentCurveG
oods
for t
he F
utur
e
Goo
ds fo
r the
Fut
ure
Goods for the Present Goods for the Present
CurrentCurve
CurrentCurve
t P
F
FutureCurve
F
CurrentCurve
FutureCurve
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LO6
International Trade
• Specialization
• Increased production possibilities
1-23
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Pitfalls to Sound Economic Reasoning
• Biases
• Loaded terminology
• Fallacy of composition
• Post hoc fallacy
• Correlation not causation
1-24