Lime burning in India

Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of the minerals calcite and aragonite. Many limestones are composed from skeletal fragments of marine organisms .

A seashell or sea shell, also known simply as a shell, is a hard, protective outer layer created by an animal that lives in the sea.

Chalk, is a soft, white, porous sedimentary rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite.

Kankar lime, is also known red lime. It is an impure concretionary carbonate of lime, usually occurring in nodules

Resources

Lime cluster1.Western region in Gujarat,

Jodhpur, Jaipur and Alwar inRajasthan, and Vani inMaharashtra

2.Northern region – Dehradun inUttaranchal, Biharigarh andMeerat in Uttar Pradesh andPonata Sahib in HimanchalPradesh

3.Southern region- Pidurugulla,Andhra Pradesh, Gulbarga andBagalkol in Karnataka andChennai,Tirunelveli in TamilNadu, Kottayam in Kerala

4.Central region- Katni, Satna andMaihar in Madhya Pradesh

S.no. Cluster Type of kiln Type of limeproduced

1 Piduguralla Vertical kiln Quick lime2 Dhone Vertical shaft kiln Quick lime3 Poanta Sahab Vertical shaft kiln Quick lime4 Gulbarga Vertical shaft kiln

5 Katni Vertical shaft kiln Quick lime6 Rajpur/Vani Vertical kiln Quick lime7 Tirunelveli Batch kiln Dolomite lime8 Dehradun Vertical shaft kiln Quick lime9 Biharigarh Vertical shaft kiln Quick lime10 Jodhpur (Rajasthan) Vertical shaft kiln Dolomite lime and calcite

lime

11 Jaipur ( Rajasthan) Vertical kiln Dolomite lime12 Bagalkot Quick lime13 Kottayam, Kerala Batch kiln Shell lime14 Chennai, Tamilnadu Batch kiln Shell lime

Process for firing

Limestone broken to small pieces

Coal broken to small pieces

Alternate layers of lime stone and coal in the kiln and firing

Cooling and taking the material out

Sieving and removing over burnt and under burnt lime- removing lime ash

Packing in Air tight bags

Dambala, Karnataka

1. Traditional kilns in rural areas

2. Called as bhatta or chulha.

3. Occasional kilns which are used occasionally for agriculture purpose to fulfill the local demands.

4. These are dome-shaped structures built of brick and mud mortar.

Katni and Satna region1. 14 clusters whereas in

Satna district, these are concentrated in Jhukeni, Maiher and Satna.

2. The region is very rich in terms of lime stone deposits.

3. Cement plants4. All the lime kilns are

located around the lime stone quarries.

5. Continuous kiln6. Main source of lime in

central and north India for building purpose

7. Quick lime- Pure

1. Lime used for the construction in the rural areas

2. Lime ash for the roofs3. Lime wash4. Floors

Katni and Satna region

1. It has more than 300 lime kilns

2. and3. The lime kilns are

cylindrical in shape of a height upto 25’ to 40’.

4. These kilns are loaded from the top with a mix of crushed lime stone with coal.

5. These are continuous kilns which are feededonce in a day from the top.

Piduguralla, Andhra Pradesh

Jaipur lime kilns

1. Few kilns are active and rest are closed

2. The small lime kilns are cylindrical in shape 3 meters

3. These kilns are feededfrom the top with a mix of crushed lime stone with coal.

4. These are continuous kilns which are loaded once in a day from the top.

Jaipur lime kilns

1. Traditional small-scale limekilns in Tirunelvelidistrict in Tamil Nadu

2. These kilns called “ulai”3. Batch kilns4. Typically these kilns have

an open top and the kilns are constructed with local material

Tirunvelveli lime kilns

Hydration plants

1. Controlled hydration of quick lime to convert it into calcium hydraoxide

2. Limited exposure to water and air

1. Dry hydrated powder of calcium hydroxide

2. Packing in air tight bags

Hydration plants

Hydration plants

1. Need to check suitability for conservation works

2. Date of hydration3. Method of storgae4. Types of bags5. And transporation6. Material stored in open

areas7. Process of preparation

Shell lime kilns- Kumarkom

Shell lime kilns- Kumarkom1. Shell lime kilns are locally

known as Chulha. Shell lime collection from the lake

2. washing before firing3. Petroleum coke for firing4. Coconut shells

Shell lime kilns- Kumarkom

Shell lime kilns- Kumarkom1. Kumarakam Lime Industrial

Co-operative society located in Kumarakam region

2. 7-8 hours for firing3. One day for cooling4. Sieving to remove the Ash

material

Shell lime kilns- Kumarkom

Shell lime kilns

1. Hydration of shell lime inbatches

2. Firstly fired shell is kept inbamboo bucket

3. Water is poured in thebuckets

4. Spreading wet material isspread over the polythene onthe ground.

5. Hydration in an hour

1. Sieve and packed in air tightbags.

2. This is the purest form ofthe calcium hydroxide whichis used for high quality oflime wash.

3. Lime plaster4. Lime wash