lima - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

21/9/2015 LimaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima 1/26

Lima

CollageofLima

Flag Seal

Nickname(s):Laciudaddelosreyes(TheCityoftheKings)

Latresvecescoronadavilla(TheThreetimescrownedvilla)

LaPerladelPacfico(ThePacificPearl)

Motto:Hocsignumvereregumest(Latin)(Thisisthe

LimaFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

ThisarticleisaboutthecapitalofPeru.Forotheruses,seeLima(disambiguation).

Lima/li m/isthecapitalandthelargestcityofPeru.ItislocatedinthevalleysoftheChilln,RmacandLurnrivers,inthecentralcoastalpartofthecountry,overlookingthePacificOcean.TogetherwiththeseaportofCallao,itformsacontiguousurbanareaknownastheLimaMetropolitanArea.Withapopulationofalmost10million,LimaisthemostpopulousmetropolitanareaofPeru,andthethirdlargestcityintheAmericas(asdefinedby"cityproper"),justbehindSoPauloandMexicoCity.

LimawasfoundedbySpanishconquistadorFranciscoPizarroonJanuary18,1535,asCiudaddelosReyes.ItbecamethecapitalandmostimportantcityintheSpanishViceroyaltyofPeru.FollowingthePeruvianWarofIndependence,itbecamethecapitaloftheRepublicofPeru.Today,aroundonethirdofthePeruvianpopulationlivesinthemetropolitanarea.

LimaishometooneoftheoldesthigherlearninginstitutionsintheNewWorld.TheNationalUniversityofSanMarcos,foundedonMay12of1551,duringSpanishcolonialregime,istheoldestcontinuouslyfunctioninguniversityintheAmericas.

InOctober2013,LimawaschoseninaceremonyinTorontotohostthe2019PanAmericanGames.Italsohostedthe2014UnitedNationsClimateChangeConferenceinDecemberofthatyear.

Contents

1Etymology2Symbols

2.1Flag2.2Anthem

3History4Geography

4.1Climate5Demographics6Economy7Government

7.1Nationalgovernment7.2Localgovernment7.3Politicalsystem

8Cityscape9Societyandculture

Coordinates:12236S77142W



realsignofthekings)

LimaProvinceandLimawithinPeruCoordinates:12236S77142W

Country PeruRegion autonomousProvince LimaProvinceDistricts 43districts

GovernmentType MayorcouncilgovernmentMayor LuisCastaeda

AreaCity 2,672.3km2(1,031.8sqmi)

Urban 800km2(300sqmi)

Metro 2,819.3km2(1,088.5sqmi)

Elevation[1] 01,550m(05,090ft)

Population(2015)[2]

City 8,852,000Density 3,300/km2(8,600/sqmi)

Metro 9,752,000Metrodensity 3,500/km2(9,000/sqmi)

Demonym Limean(Spanish:Limeo/a)

Timezone PET(UTC5)

Website www.munlima.gob.pe(http://www.munlima.gob.pe/)

9.1Language9.2Museums9.3Tourism9.4Food9.5Sports

10Subdivisions11Education12Transport

12.1Air12.2Land12.3Maritime12.4Rail12.5Public12.6OtherTransportationIssues

13Urbanchallenges13.1Environment13.2Accesstobasicservices13.3Security

14Internationalrelations15Seealso16References

16.1Notes16.2Furtherreading

17Externallinks

Etymology

AccordingtoearlySpanishchroniclestheLimaareawasoncecalledItchyma,afteritsoriginalinhabitants.However,evenbeforetheIncaoccupationoftheareainthe15thcentury,afamousoracleintheRmacvalleyhadcometobeknownbyvisitorsasLimaq(Limaq,pronounced[li.mq],whichmeans"talker"incoastalQuechua).ThisoraclewaseventuallydestroyedbytheSpanishandreplacedwithachurch,butthenamepersistedinthelocallanguage,andsothechroniclesshow"Lmac"replacing"Ychma"asthecommonnameforthearea.[3]

Modernscholarsspeculatethattheword"Lima"originatedastheSpanishpronunciationofthenativenameLimaq.LinguisticevidenceseemstosupportthistheoryasspokenSpanishconsistentlyrejectsstopconsonantsinwordfinalposition.Thecitywasfoundedin1535underthenameCityoftheKings(Spanish:CiudaddelosReyes)becauseitsfoundationwasdecidedonJanuary6,dateofthefeastoftheEpiphany.Nevertheless,thisnamequicklyfellintodisuseandLimabecamethecity'snameofchoiceontheoldestSpanishmapsofPeru,bothLimaandCiudaddelosReyescanbeseentogetherasnamesforthecity.

TheriverthatfeedsLimaiscalledRmac,andmanypeopleerroneouslyassumethatthisisbecauseitsoriginalIncanameis"TalkingRiver"(theIncasspokeahighlandvarietyofQuechuawherethewordfor"talker"waspronounced[rimq]).[4]However,theoriginalinhabitantsofthevalleywerenottheIncas,andthisnameisactuallyaninnovationarisingfromaneffortbytheCuzconobilityincolonialtimestostandardizethetoponymsothatit



PachacamacwasanimportantreligiouscentrebeforethearrivalofSpanishconquistadors

wouldconformtothephonologyofCuzcoQuechua.Later,astheoriginalinhabitantsofthevalleydiedoutandthelocalQuechuabecameextinct,theCuzcopronunciationprevailed.Inmoderntimes,Spanishspeakinglocalsdonotseetheconnectionbetweenthenameoftheircityandthenameoftheriverthatrunsthroughit.Theyoftenassumethatthevalleyisnamedaftertheriverhowever,Spanishdocumentsfromthecolonialperiodshowtheoppositetobetrue.[3]

Symbols

Flag

Historically,theFlagofLimahasbeenknownastheBannerofPeru'sKings'City.[5]It'smadefromagoldencolorsilkcanvasandembroideryinthecenterisitscoatofarms.[5]

Anthem

Lima'santhemwasheardforthefirsttimeonJanuary18,2008,inaformalmeetingwithimportantpoliticssuchasPeruvianPresidentAlanGarca,Lima'sMayorLuisCastaedaLossioandotherauthorities.ThepeopleinchargeoftheanthemcreationwereLuisEnriqueTord(lyrics),EudingMaeshiro(music)andtherecordproducerRicardoNez(arranger).[6]

History

Mainarticle:HistoryofLimaSeealso:TimelineofLimahistory

InthepreColumbianera,thelocationofwhatisnowthecityofLimawasinhabitedbyseveralAmerindiangroupsundertheYchsmapolity,whichwasincorporatedintotheIncaEmpireinthe15thcentury.[7]In1532,agroupofSpanishconquistadorsledbyFranciscoPizarrodefeatedtheIncarulerAtahualpaandtookoverhisEmpire.AstheSpanishCrownhadnamedPizarrogovernorofthelandsheconquered,[8]hechosetheRmacvalleytofoundhiscapitalonJanuary18,1535asCiudaddelosReyes(CityoftheKings).[9]InAugust1536,rebelIncatroopsledbyMancoIncabesiegedthecitybutweredefeatedbytheSpaniardsandtheirnativeallies.[10]

LimagainedprestigeafterbeingdesignatedcapitaloftheViceroyaltyofPeruandsiteofaRealAudienciain1543.[11]DuringthenextcenturyitflourishedasthecentreofanextensivetradenetworkwhichintegratedtheViceroyaltywiththerestoftheAmericas,EuropeandtheFarEast.[12]However,thecitywasnotfreefromdangersthepresenceofpiratesandprivateersinthePacificOceanleadtothebuildingoftheWallsofLimabetween1684and1687.[13]Alsointhislastyearapowerfulearthquakedestroyedmostofthecitybuildings[14]theearthquakemarkedaturningpointinthehistoryofLimaasitcoincidedwitharecessionintradeandgrowingeconomiccompetitionwithothercitiessuchasBuenosAires.[15]

In1746,apowerfulearthquakeseverelydamagedLimaanddestroyedCallao,forcingamassiverebuildingeffortunderViceroyJosAntonioMansodeVelasco.[16]Inthelaterhalfofthe18thcentury,Enlightenmentideasonpublichealthandsocialcontrolshapedthedevelopmentofthecity.[17]Duringthisperiod,Limawasadversely



BalconieswereamajorfeatureofLima'sarchitectureduringthecolonialperiod.

TheWallsofLimawerebuiltbetween1684and1687byviceroyMelchordeNavarra.

affectedbytheBourbonReformsasitlostitsmonopolyonoverseastradeanditscontrolovertheimportantminingregionofUpperPeru.[18]Thecity'seconomicdeclinemadeitselitedependentonroyalandecclesiasticalappointmentandthus,reluctanttoadvocateindependence.[19]

AcombinedexpeditionofArgentineandChileanpatriotsunderGeneralJosdeSanMartnlandedsouthofLimain1820butdidnotattackthecity.Facedwithanavalblockadeandtheactionofguerrillasonland,ViceroyJosdelaSernaeHinojosaevacuateditscapitalonJuly1821tosavetheRoyalistarmy.[20]Fearingapopularuprisingandlackinganymeanstoimposeorder,thecitycouncilinvitedSanMartntoenterLimaandsignedaDeclarationofIndependenceathisrequest.[21]However,thewarwasnotoverinthenexttwoyearsthecitychangedhandsseveraltimes.

Afterindependence,LimabecamethecapitaloftheRepublicofPerubuteconomicstagnationandpoliticalturmoil

broughturbandevelopmenttoahalt.Thishiatusendedinthe1850s,whenincreasedpublicandprivaterevenuesfromguanoexportsledtoarapiddevelopmentofthecity.[22]Theexportledexpansionalsowidenedthegapbetweenrichandpoor,fosteringsocialunrest.[23]Duringthe18791883WarofthePacific,ChileantroopsoccupiedLima,lootingpublicmuseums,librariesandeducationalinstitutions.[24]Atthesametime,angrymobsattackedwealthycitizensandtheAsianpopulationsackingtheirpropertiesandbusinesses.[25]Afterthewar,thecityunderwentaprocessofrenewalandexpansionfromthe1890suptothe1920s.Duringthisperiod,theurbanlayoutwasmodifiedbytheconstructionofbigavenuesthatcrisscrossedthecityandconnecteditwithneighboringtowns.[26]

OnMay24,1940,[27]anearthquake[28]destroyedmostofthecity,whichatthattimewasmostlybuiltofadobeandquincha.Inthe1940s,LimastartedaperiodofrapidgrowthspurredbymigrationfromtheAndeanregionsofPeru,asruralpeoplesoughtopportunitiesforworkandeducation.Thepopulation,estimatedat0.6millionin1940,reached1.9millionby1960and4.8millionby1980.[29]Atthestartofthisperiod,theurbanareawasconfinedtoatriangularareaboundedbythecity'shistoriccentre,CallaoandChorrillosinthefollowingdecadessettlementsspreadtothenorth,beyondtheRmacRiver,totheeast,alongtheCentralHighway,andtothesouth.[30]Thenewmigrants,atfirstconfinedtoslumsindowntownLima,ledthisexpansionthroughlargescalelandinvasions,whichevolvedintoshantytowns,knownaspueblosjvenes.[31]

Geography

TheurbanareaofLimacoversabout800km2(310sqmi).ItislocatedonmostlyflatterraininthePeruviancoastalplain,withinthevalleysoftheChilln,RmacandLurnrivers.ThecityslopesgentlyfromtheshoresofthePacificOceanintovalleysandmountainslopeslocatedashighas1,550meters(5,090ft)abovesealevel.Withinthecitythereareisolatedhillswhicharenotconnectedtothesurroundinghillchains,suchasElAgustino,SanCosme,ElPino,LaMilla,MuleriaandProhills.TheSanCristobalhillintheRmacDistrict,whichliesdirectlynorthofthedowntownarea,isthelocalextremeofanAndeanhilloutgrowth.



LimaasseenfromtheSPOTsatellite

Limaatnightfromspace

WeatheraveragesfortheJorgeChvezInternationalAirport

MetroLimacovers2,672.28km2(1,031.77sqmi),ofwhich825.88km2(318.87sqmi)(31%)comprisetheactualcityand1,846.40km2(712.90sqmi)(69%)thecityoutskirts.Theurbanareaextendsaround60km(37mi)fromnorthtosouthandaround30km(19mi)fromwesttoeast.Thecitycenterislocated15km(9.3mi)inlandattheshoreoftheRmacRiver,avitalresourceforthecity,sinceitcarrieswhatwillbecomedrinkingwaterforitsinhabitantsandfuelsthehydroelectricdamsthatprovideelectricitytothearea.Whilenoofficialadministrativedefinitionforthecityexists,itisusuallyconsideredtobecomposedofthecentral30of43districtsofLimaProvince,correspondingtoanurbanareacenteredaroundthehistoricCercadodeLimadistrict.ThecityisthecoreoftheLimaMetroArea,oneofthetenlargestmetroareasintheAmericas.Limaistheworld'ssecondlargestdesertcity,afterCairo,Egypt.

Climate

Lima'sclimateisintransitionbetweenmildandwarm,despitebeinglocatedinthetropicsandinadesert,Lima'sproximitytothecoolwatersofthePacificOceanleadstotemperaturesmuchcoolerthanthoseexpectedforatropicaldesert,andcanbeclassifiedasamilddesertclimate(Kppen:BWn).Itisneithercoldnorveryhot.Temperaturesrarelyfallbelow14C(57F)orriseabove29C(84F)throughouttheentireyear.[32]Twodistinctseasonscanbeidentified:summer,fromDecemberthroughAprilandwinterfromJunethroughOctober.MayandNovemberaregenerallytransitionmonths,withthewarmtocoolweathertransitionbeingmoredramatic.

Summersarewarm,humid,andsunny.Dailytemperaturesoscillatebetweenlowsof18C(64F)to22C(72F),andhighsof24C(75F)to29C(84F).Skiesaregenerallycloudfree,especiallyduringdaytime.Occasionalcoastalfogsonsomemorningsandhighcloudsinsomeafternoonsandeveningscanbepresent.Summersunsetsarewellknownforbeingcolorful.Assuch,theyhavebeenlabeledbythelocalsascielodebrujas(Spanishforskyofwitches),sincetheskycommonlyturnsshadesoforange,pinkandredaround7pm.Winterweatherisdramaticallydifferent.Grayskies,breezyconditions,highhumidityandcooltemperaturesprevail.Long(1weekormore)stretchesofdarkovercastskiesarenotuncommon.PersistentmorningdrizzleoccursoccasionallyfromJunethroughSeptember,coatingthestreetswithathinlayerofwaterthatgenerallydriesupbyearlyafternoon.Wintertemperaturesvarylittlebetweendayandnight.Theyrangefromlowsof14C(57F)to16C(61F)andhighsof16C(61F)to19C(66F),rarelyexceeding20C(68F)exceptintheeasternmostdistricts.[33]

Relativehumidityisalwaysveryhigh,particularlyinthemornings.[34]Highhumidityproducesbriefmorningfogintheearlysummerandausuallypersistentlowclouddeckduringthewinter(generallydevelopinginMayandpersistingintolateNovemberorevenearlyDecember).ThepredominantlyonshoreflowmakestheLimaareaoneofthecloudiestamongtheentirePeruviancoast.Limahasonly1284hoursofsunshineayear,28.6hoursinJulyand179.1hoursinJanuary,whichisexceptionallylittleforthelatitude.[35]WintercloudinesspromptslocalstoseekforsunshineinAndeanvalleyslocatedatelevationsgenerallyabove500metersabovesealevel.



Whilerelativehumidityishigh,rainfallisverylowduetostrongatmosphericstability.Theseverelylowrainfallimpactsonwatersupplyinthecity,whichoriginatesfromwellsandfromriversthatflowfromtheAndes.[36]Inlanddistrictsreceiveanywherebetween1to6cm(2.4in)ofrainfallperyear,whichaccumulatesmainlyduringthewintermonths.Coastaldistrictsreceiveonly1to3cm(1.2in).Aspreviouslymentioned,winterprecipitationoccursintheformofpersistentmorningdrizzleevents.Thesearelocallycalled'gara','llovizna'or'camanchacas'.Summerrain,ontheotherhand,isinfrequent,andoccursintheformofisolatedlightandbriefshowers.ThesegenerallyoccurduringafternoonsandeveningswhenleftoversfromAndeanstormsarrivefromtheeast.Thelackofheavyrainfallarisesfromhighatmosphericstabilitycaused,inturn,bythecombinationofcoolwatersfromsemipermanentcoastalupwellingandthepresenceofthecoldHumboldtCurrentandwarmairaloftassociatedwiththeSouthPacificanticyclone.

Lima'sclimate(likethatofmostofcoastalPeru)getsseverelydisruptedinElNioevents.Coastalwatersusuallyaveragearound1719C(6366F),butgetmuchwarmer(likein1998whenthewaterreached26C(79F)).Airtemperaturesriseaccordingly.SuchwasthecasewhenLimahititsalltimerecordhighof34C(93F).[33]CoolerclimatedevelopsduringLaNiayears.Thealltimerecordlowinthemetroareais8C(46F),measuredinwinter1988.[33]

ClimatedataforLimaMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAverage

highC(F)25.8(78.4)

26.5(79.7)

26.0(78.8)

24.3(75.7)

21.7(71.1)

19.7(67.5)

18.7(65.7)

18.4(65.1)

18.7(65.7)

19.9(67.8)

21.9(71.4)

23.9(75)

22.1(71.8)

DailymeanC(F)

22.5(72.5)

23(73)

22.6(72.7)

21(70)

18.9(66)

17.5(63.5)

16.9(62.4)

16.5(61.7)

16.7(62.1)

17.6(63.7)

19.2(66.6)

20.8(69.4)

19.4(66.9)

AveragelowC(F)

19.1(66.4)

19.4(66.9)

19.2(66.6)

17.6(63.7)

16.1(61)

15.3(59.5)

15.0(59)

14.6(58.3)

14.6(58.3)

15.2(59.4)

16.4(61.5)

17.7(63.9)

16.7(62.1)

Averageprecipitationmm(inches)

0.9(0.035)

0.3(0.012)

4.9(0.193)

0.0(0)

0.1(0.004)

0.3(0.012)

0.3(0.012)

0.3(0.012)

5.4(0.213)

0.2(0.008)

0.0(0)

0.3(0.012)

13.0(0.512)

Averagerelativehumidity

(%)

81.6 82.1 82.7 85.0 85.1 85.1 84.8 84.8 85.5 83.5 82.1 81.5 82.8

Meanmonthlysunshinehours

179.1 169.0 139.2 184.0 116.4 50.6 28.6 32.3 37.3 65.3 89.0 139.2 1,230

Source#1:WorldMeteorologicalOrganization(UN)[33]

Source#2:sunshineandhumidity[35]

Demographics

Mainarticle:DemographicsofLima

Withamunicipalpopulationof8,852,000,and9,752,000forthemetropolitanareaandapopulationdensityof3,008.8inhabitantspersquarekilometre(7,793/sqmi)asof2007.[37]Limaranksasthe30thmostpopulous'agglomeration'intheworld,asof2014.[38]Itspopulationfeaturesacomplexmixofracialandethnicgroups.MestizosofmixedAmerindianandEuropean(mostlySpanishandItalians)ancestryarethelargestethnicgroup.EuropeanPeruviansarethesecondlargestgroup.ManyareofSpanish,ItalianorGermandescentmanyothersareofFrench,British,orCroatiandescent.[39][40]TheminoritiesinLimaincludeAmerindians(mostlyAymaraandQuechua)andAfroPeruvians,whoseAfricanancestorswereinitiallybroughttotheregionasslaves.Therearealso



PueblosjvenesontheoutskirtsofLima

ChildrenatanelementaryschoolinSantiagodeSurco.

numerousJewsofEuropeandescentandMiddleEasterners.Asiansmakeupalargenumberofthemetropolitanpopulation,especiallyofChinese(Cantonese)andJapanesedescent,whoseancestorscamemostlyinthe19thandearly20thcenturies.Limahas,byfar,thelargestethnicChinesecommunityinLatinAmerica.[41]

ThefirstsettlementinwhatwouldbecomeLimawasmadeupof117housingblocks.In1562,anotherdistrictwasbuiltattheothersideoftheRmacRiverandin1610,thefirststonebridgewasbuilt.Limathenhadapopulationofaround26,000blacksmadeuparound40%ofthepopulation,andwhitesmadeuparound38%ofthepopulation.[42]By1748,thewhitepopulationtotaled16,00018,000.[43]In1861,thenumberofinhabitantssurpassed100,000,andby1927,thishaddoubled.

Duringtheearlytwentiethcentury,thousandsofimmigrantscametothecity,includingpeopleofGerman,French,Italian,andBritishdescent.Theyorganizedsocialclubsandbuilttheirownschools.ExamplesareTheAmericanPeruvianschool,theAlianzaFrancesadeLima,theLyceFrancoPruvienandthehospitalMaisondeSanteMarkhamCollege,theBritishPeruvianschoolinMonterrico,AntonioRaymondiDistrictItalianSchool,thePestalozziSwissSchoolandalso,severalGermanPeruvianschools.

ImmigrantsinfluencedPeruviancuisine,withItaliansinparticularexertingastronginfluenceintheMirafloresandSanIsidroareaswiththeirrestaurants,calledtrattorias.

AgreatnumberofChineseimmigrants,andalessernumberofJapanese,cametoLimaandestablishedthemselvesintheBarriosAltosneighborhoodneardowntownLima.LimaresidentsrefertotheirChinatownasCalleCapon,andthecity'subiquitousChifarestaurantssmall,sitdown,usuallyChineserunrestaurantsservingthePeruvianspinonChinesecuisinecanbefoundbythedozensinthisChineseenclave.

In2014,theNationalInstituteforStatisticsandInformation(InstitutoNacionaldeEstadisticaeInformatica)reportedthatthepopulationofLimainits49districtswas9,752,000people,includingtheConstitutionalProvinceofCallao.ThecityofLima(metropolitanarea)representsaround29%ofthepopulationofPeru.Ofthetotalpopulationforthecity,around48.7%aremenand51.3%arewomen.The49districtsinMetropolitanLimaareoftendividedinto5areas:ConoNorte(NorthLima),LimaEste(EastLima),ConstitutionalProvinceofCallao,LimaCentro(CentralLima),andLimaSur(SouthLima).ThelargestareasareLimaNortewith2,475,432peopleandLimaEstewith2,619,814people,includingthelargestsingledistrictSanJuandeLurigancho,whichsurpassesde1millionpeopleinpopulation.[44]

Ingeneral,Limaisconsideredayoungcity.AccordingtoINEI,mymid2014theagedistributioninLimawouldbeasfollows:24.3%between0and14,27.2%between15and29,22.5%between30and44,15.4%between45and59,and10.6%above60.[44]

ThereisalsoahighlevelofimmigrationtoLimafromtherestoftheregionsinthecountry.In2013,3million480thousandpeoplereportedtobeingimmigrantsfromotherregionsinthecountry.Thisrepresentsalmost36%oftheentirepopulationofMetropolitanLima.ThethreeregionsfromwherepeopleimmigratethemosttoLimaareJunin,Ancash,andAyacucho.Onthecontraryonly390thousandemigratedfromLimatootherregionsofthecountry.[44]



TheannualpopulationgrowthrateforLimais1.57%.Ofthe43districtsinthemetropolitanareaofLima,someareconsiderablymorepopulousthanothers.Forexample,6districtsinLimasurpassthe400,000peoplemark(SanJuandeLurigancho,SanMartindePorres,Ate,Comas,VillaElSalvador,andVillaMariadelTriunfo),whiletheoneswiththeleastamountofpeoplehavepopulationsoflessthan60,000people(SanLuis,SanIsidro,MagdalenadelMar,Lince,andBarranco).[44]

Ahouseholdsurveystudypublishedin2005,showsasocioeconomicdistributionforhouseholdsinLima.Thecommondistributionconsidersamonthlyfamilyincomeof6000NuevosSolesormoreforsocioeconomiclevelA,2000to6000NuevosSolesforlevelB,840to2000NuevosSolesforlevelC,420to1200NuevosSolesforlevelD,andupto840NuevosSolesforlevelE.ThedistributionofsocioeconomiclevelforhouseholdsinLimais:18%levelE,32.3%levelD,31.7%levelC,14.6%levelB,and3.4%levelA.Inthissense,82%ofthepopulationlivesinhouseholdsthatearnupto2000NuevosSolesmonthly.Othersalientdifferencesbetweensocioeconomiclevelsarelevelsofhighereducation,carownership,sizeofthehome,amongotherthings.[45]

InMetropolitanLimain2013,thepercentageofthepopulationlivinginhouseholdsinpovertyis12.8%.Thelevelofpovertyismeasuredbyhouseholdsthatareunabletoaccessabasicfoodbasketandotherhouseholdgoodsandservices,suchasclothing,housing,education,transportation,health,etc.Thelevelofpovertyhasdecreasedfrom2011(15.6%)and2012(14.5%).TheareainLimawiththehighestproportionofpovertyisLimaSur(17.7%),followedbyLimaEste(14.5%),andLimaNorte(14.1%),andLimaCentro(6.2%).Inaddition0.2%ofthepopulationlivesinextremepoverty,meaningthattheyareunabletoaccessabasicfoodbasket.[44]

Economy

LimaistheindustrialandfinancialcenterofPeru,andoneofthemostimportantfinancialcentersinLatinAmerica,[46]hometomanynationalcompanies.ItaccountsformorethantwothirdsofPeru'sindustrialproduction[47]andmostofitstertiarysector.

TheMetropolitanarea,witharound7000factories,[48]spearheadstheindustrialdevelopmentofthecountry,thankstothequantityandqualityoftheavailableworkforce,cheapinfrastructureandthewelldevelopedroutesandhighwaysinthecity.Productsincludetextiles,clothingandfood.Chemicals,fish,leatherandoilderivativesarealsomanufacturedand/orprocessedinLima.[48]ThefinancialdistrictisinSanIsidro,whilemuchoftheindustrialactivitytakesplaceintheareastretchingwestofdowntowntotheairportinCallao.LimahasthelargestexportindustryinSouthAmerica,andisaregionalhubforthecargoindustry.

IndustrializationbegantotakeholdinLimainthe1930sandby1950,throughimportsubstitutionpolicies,manufacturingmadeup14%oftheGNP.Inthelate1950s,upto70%ofconsumergoodsweremanufacturedinfactorieslocatedinLima.[49]

TheCallaoseaportisoneofthemainfishingandcommerceportsinSouthAmerica,coveringover47hectares(120acres)andshipping20.7millionmetrictonsofcargoin2007.[50]ThemainexportgoodsleavingthecountrythroughCallaoareoil,steel,silver,zinc,cotton,sugarandcoffee.

Asof2003,Limagenerates53%ofPeru'sGDP.[51]MostforeigncompaniesoperatinginPeruhavesettledinLima.

In2007,thePeruvianeconomygrew9%,thelargestgrowthrateinallofSouthAmericawhichwasspearheadedbyeconomicpoliciesoriginatinginLima.[52]TheLimaStockExchangegrew185.24%in2006[53]andin2007grew168.3%,[54]makingitoneofthefastestgrowingstockexchangesintheworld.In2006,theLimaStockExchangewasthemostprofitableintheworld.[55]Theunemploymentrateinthemetropolitanareais7.2%.



GovernmentPalaceofPer

LimaCityHallbuildingatnight

TheAsiaPacificEconomicCooperationSummit2008andtheLatinAmerica,theCaribbeanandtheEuropeanUnionSummitwerehostedbythecityofLima.

LimaisheadquarterstomajorbankssuchasBancodeCrditodelPer,ScotiabankPer,Interbank,BankoftheNation,BancoContinental,MiBanco,BancoInteramericanodeFinanzas,BancoFinaciero,BancodeComercio,andCrediScotia.ItisaregionalheadquarterstoStandardChartered.InsurancecorporationsbasedinLimaincludeRimacSeguros,MapfrePeru,Interseguro,Pacifico,Protecta,andLaPositiva.[56]

Government

Nationalgovernment

LimaisthecapitalcityoftheRepublicofPeruandtheprovinceofLima.Assuch,itishometothethreebranchesoftheGovernmentofPeru.TheexecutivebranchisheadquarteredintheGovernmentPalace,locatedinthePlazaMayor.ThelegislativebranchisheadquarteredintheLegislativePalaceandishometotheCongressoftheRepublicofPeru.TheJudicialbranchisheadquarteredinthePalaceofJusticeandishometotheSupremeCourtofPeru.AlltheministriesarelocatedinthecityofLima.Ininternationalgovernment,thecityofLimaishometotheheadquartersoftheAndeanCommunityofNations,alongwithotherregionalandinternationalorganizations.

ThePalaceofJusticeinLimaisseatoftheSupremeCourtofJusticethehighestjudicialcourtinPeruwithjurisdictionovertheentireterritoryofPeru.Limaisseatoftwoofthe28secondhighestorSuperiorCourtsofJustice.ThefirstandoldestSuperiorCourtinLimaistheSuperiorCourtofJusticeofLimabelongingtotheJudicialDistrictofLima.DuetothejudicialorganizationofPeru,thehighestconcentrationofcourtsislocatedinLimadespitethefactthatitsjudicialdistrictonlyhasjurisdictionover35ofthe43districtsofLima.[57]TheSuperiorCourtoftheConoNorteisthesecondSuperiorCourtlocatedinLimaandispartoftheJudicialDistrictofNorthLima.ThisjudicialdistricthasjurisdictionovertheremainingeightdistrictsalllocatedinnorthernLima.[58]

Localgovernment

Mainarticle:MetropolitanMunicipalityofLima

ThecityisroughlyequivalenttotheProvinceofLima,whichissubdividedinto43districts.TheMetropolitanMunicipalityofLimaisutmostauthorityoftheentirecitywhileeachdistricthasitsownlocalgovernment.Unliketherestofthecountry,theMetropolitanMunicipality,althoughaprovincialmunicipality,actsasandhasfunctionssimilartoaregionalgovernment,asitdoesnotbelongtoanyofthe25regionsofPeru.Eachofthe43districtsinwherethecityextendshavetheirowndistritalmunicipalitythatisinchargeonitsowndistrict,buttheyalsohaveanobligationincoordinatewiththemetropolitanmunicipality.TheactualmayorofthecityisMr.LuisCastaedaLossio.

Politicalsystem

Unliketherestofthecountry,theMetropolitanMunicipalityofLimaalsohasfunctionsofregionalgovernmentandisnotpartofanyadministrativeregion,accordingtoArticle65.27867oftheLawofRegionalGovernmentson16November2002.87Howeverthepreviouspoliticalorganizationremainsinthesensethatthereisstilla'Governor'is



Limasmainsquare,c.1843

thepoliticalauthoritythroughoutthescopeofthedepartmentofLimaandthecityitself.Thefunctionsofthisauthorityaremorepoliceandmilitary.Thesamecityadministrationisforthelocalmunicipalauthority.

Cityscape

Lima'sarchitectureischaracterizedbyamixofstyles.ExamplesofearlycolonialarchitectureincludetheMonasteryofSanFrancisco,theCathedralofLimaandtheTorreTaglePalace.TheseconstructionsaregenerallyinfluencedbytheSpanishBaroque,[59]SpanishNeoclassicism,[60]andSpanishColonialstyles.[61]Afterindependence,therewasagradualshifttowardtheneoclassicalandArtNouveaustyles.ManyoftheseconstructionsweregreatlyinfluencedbyFrencharchitecturalstyles.[62]Manygovernmentbuildingsaswellasmajorculturalinstitutionswerecontractedinthisperiod.Duringthe1960s,constructionsusingthebrutaliststylebeganappearinginLimaduetothemilitarygovernmentofJuanVelascoAlvarado.[63]ExamplesofthisarchitectureincludetheMuseumoftheNationandtheMinistryofDefense.The21stcenturyhasseentheappearanceofglassskyscrapers,particularlyaroundthecity'sfinancialdistrict.Therearenewarchitecturalandrealestateprojects.[64]

ThelargestparksofLimaarenearthedowntownareasuchastheParkoftheReserve,ParkoftheExposition,[65]CampodeMarte,andtheUniversityPark.TheParkoftheReserveishometothelargestfountaincomplexintheworldknownastheMagicalCircuitofWater.[66]Anumberoflargeparkslieoutsidethecitycenter,includingReductoPark,PantanosdeVillaWildlifeRefuge,ElGolf(SanIsidro),ParquedelasLeyendas(LimaZoo),ElMalecondeMiraflores,andtheGolfLosIncas.[67]

ThestreetgridofthecityofLimaislaidoutwithasystemofplazasthataresimilartoroundaboutsorjunctions.Inadditiontothispracticalpurpose,plazasserveasoneofLima'sprincipalgreenspacesandcontainmonuments,statuesandwaterfountains.[68]

OverviewoftheHistoricCentreofLima



WomaninWhitePonchoonHorseback.Cantonesewatercolor,soldinLimamid19thcentury.ThesepaintingswerecopiesofworksofFranciscoFierro,apopularAfroPeruvianartistofthetime.CollectionsoftheMuseumofInternationalFolkArt,SantaFe.

UNESCOWorldHeritageSite

Societyandculture

StronglyinfluencedbyEuropean,Andean,AfricanandAsianculture,Limaisameltingpotofculturesduetocolonization,immigration,andindigenousinfluences.[69]TheHistoricCentreofLimawasdeclaredaUNESCOWorldHeritageSitein1988.

ThecityisknownastheGastronomicalCapitaloftheAmericas.Lima'sgastronomyisamixofSpanish,Andean,andAsianculinarytraditions.[70]

Lima'sbeaches,locatedalongthenorthernandsouthernendsofthecity,areheavilyvisitedduringthesummermonths.Restaurants,clubsandhotelshaveopenedintheseplacestoservethebeachgoers.Limahasavibrantandactivetheaterscene,includingclassictheater,culturalpresentations,moderntheater,experimentaltheater,dramas,danceperformances,andtheaterforchildren.LimaishometotheMunicipalTheater,SeguraTheater,JapanesePeruvianTheater,MarsanoTheater,Britishtheater,TheaterofthePUCPCulturalCenter,andtheYuyachkaniTheater.[71]

Language

KnownasPeruvianCoastSpanish,Lima'sSpanishischaracterizedbythelackofstrongintonationsasfoundinmanyotherregionsoftheSpanishspeakingworld.ItisheavilyinfluencedbythehistoricalSpanishspokeninCastile.Throughoutthecolonialera,mostoftheSpanishcolonialnobilitybasedinLimawereoriginallyfromCastile.[72]LimeanCastillianisalsocharacterizedbythelackofvoseo,atraitpresentinthedialectsofmanyotherLatinAmericancountries.ThisisbecausevoseowasprimarilyusedbythelowersocioeconomicclassesofSpain,asocialgroupthatdidnotbegintoappearinLimauntilthelatecolonialera.

LimeanSpanishisdistinguishedbyitsclarityincomparisontootherLatinAmericanaccents,andhasbeeninfluencedbyimmigrantgroupsincludingItalians,Andalusians,WestAfricans,ChineseandJapanese.Italsohasbeeninfluencedbyanglicismsasaresultofglobalization,aswellasbyAndeanSpanishandQuechua,duetothemigrationfromtheAndeanhighlandstoLima.[73]

Museums

Mainarticle:MuseumsinLima

Limaishometothehighestconcentrationofmuseumsofthecountry,themostnotableofwhicharetheMuseoNacionaldeArqueologa,AntropologaeHistoriadelPer,MuseumofArtofLima,theMuseoPedrodeOsma(http://www.museopedrodeosma.org/museo.php),theMuseumofNaturalHistory,theMuseumoftheNation,TheSalaMuseoOrodelPerLarcomar,theMuseumofItalianArt,andtheMuseumofGold,andtheLarcoMuseum.Thesemuseumsfocusonart,preColumbiancultures,naturalhistory,scienceandreligion.[74]TheMuseumofItalianArtshowsEuropeanart.

Tourism

Mainarticle:TourisminLima



HistoricCentreofLimaNameasinscribedontheWorldHeritageList(http://whc.unesco.org/en/list)

Type Cultural

Criteria iv

Reference 500(http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/500)

UNESCOregion(http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/?

search=&search_by_country=&type=&media=&region=&order=region)

LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean

Inscriptionhistory

Inscription 1988(12thSession)

Extensions 1991

Asthemajorpointofentrytothecountry,Limahasdevelopedatourismindustry,characterizedbyitshistoriccenter,archeologicalsites,nightlife,museums,artgalleries,festivals,andtraditions.Limaishometorestaurantsandbarswherelocalandinternationalcuisineisserved.[75]

TheHistoricCentreofLima,madeupofthedistrictsofLimaandRmac,wasdeclaredaWorldHeritageSitebyUNESCOin1988.[76]SomeexamplesofcolonialarchitectureincludetheMonasteryofSanFrancisco,thePlazaMayor,theCathedral,ConventofSantoDomingo,thePalaceofTorreTagle,andmuchmore.

Atourofthecity'schurchesisapopularcircuitamongtourists.Atripthroughthecentraldistrictgoesthroughchurchesdatingfromasearlyasthe16thand17thcenturies,themostnoteworthyofwhicharetheCathedralofLimaandtheMonasteryofSanFrancisco,saidtobeconnectedbytheirsubterrestrialcatacombs.[77]Bothofthesechurchescontainpaintings,Seviliantile,andsculptedwoodfurnishings.

AlsonotableistheSanctuaryofLasNazarenas,thepointoforiginfortheLordofMiracles,whosefestivitiesinthemonthofOctoberconstitutethemostimportantreligiouseventinLima,andamajoroneofPeru.SomesectionsoftheWallsofLimastillremainandarefrequentedbytourists.TheseexamplesofmedievalSpanishfortificationswerebuilttodefendthecityfromattacksbypiratesandprivateers.[78]

Beachesarevisitedduringthesummermonths,locatedalongthePanAmericanHighway,tothesouthofthecityindistrictssuchasLurn,PuntaHermosa,SantaMaradelMar(Peru),SanBartoloandAsia.Restaurants,nightclubs,lounges,bars,clubs,andhotelshavedevelopedtocatertobeachgoers.[79]

ThesuburbandistrictsofCieneguilla,Pachacamac,andthecityofChosica,aretouristattractionsamonglocals.BecausetheyarelocatedatahigherelevationthanLima,theyreceivemoresunshineinwintermonths,somethingthatthecityofLimafrequentlylacksunderseasonalfog.[80]

Food

Mainarticle:Peruviancuisine



TheEstadioMonumental"U"duringamatchofthePerunationalfootballteam

LimaisknownastheGastronomicalCapitaloftheAmericas.AcenterofimmigrationandthecenteroftheSpanishViceroyalty,LimahasincorporateddishesbroughtfromthearrivaloftheSpanishconquistadorsandwavesofimmigrants:African,European,Chinese,andJapanese.[70]Besidesinternationalimmigrationtherehasbeen,sincethesecondhalfofthe20thcentury,astronginternalflowfromruralareastocities,inparticulartoLima.[81]ThishasinfluencedLima'scuisinewiththeincorporationoftheimmigrant'singredientsandtechniques(forexample,theChineseextensiveuseofriceortheJapaneseapproachtopreparingrawfish).ThegenresofrestaurantsinLimaincludeCreolefood,Chifas,Cebicherias,andPollerias.[82]

Limaconcentratesalargepartofthepopulationnativefromotherregionsinthecountry.Inrecenthistory,Limahaspositioneditselfamongaculinarydestinationfortravelersaroundtheworld.Inmanyrespects,LimaisconsideredthegastronomicalcapitalofLatinAmericabecauseitsinheritedtraditionsfrompreHispanicandcolonialculturesblendedwithWesternandorientalcooking.Inthelastfewyears,notonlyhaverestaurantsbeenrecognizedinternationally,Peruviancoffeeandchocolatehavealsowoninternationalawardsaroundtheworld.[83]

In2014,tworestaurantsfromLimawereawardedwithinTheWorlds50BestRestaurants:Centralwasawarded#15(chefsVirgilioMartinezandPiaLeon)andAstrid&Gastonawarded#18(chefDiegoMuozandownedbyfamouschefGastonAcurio).Thisawardisoneofthemostprestigiousintheworldofculinaryarts.Apanelof900expertsdefinesthewinners.[84]Inaddition,Centralwasnamed#1restaurantinthelistofLatinAmericas50BestRestaurants2014.Outofthe50bestrestaurantsinLatinAmerica,Limaisthesecondcitywithmostawards(afterBuenosAires):Central#1,Astrid&Gaston#2,Maido#7,Malabar#11,LaMar#15,Fiesta#20,Rafael#27,andLaPicanteria#31.Alloftheserestaurantsrepresentcookingwithfusionfromdifferentregionsofthecountryandeventheworld.[85]

In2007,thePeruvianSocietyforGastronomywasbornwiththeobjectiveofunitingthekeyactorsinPeruviangastronomytoputtogetheractivitiesthatwouldpromotePeruvianfoodandreinforcethePeruviannationalidentity.Thesociety,calledAPEGA,congregatedchefs,nutritionists,institutesforgastronomicaltraining,restaurantowners,chefsandcooks,researchers,andjournalists.Theyalsoworkedwithuniversities,foodproducers,artisanalfishermenandsellersinfoodmarkets.[86]OneoftheirfirstprojectswastoputtogetherthelargestfoodfestivalinLatinAmericatotakeplaceinLima,calledMistura(mixtureinPortuguese).ThefairtakesplaceinSeptembereveryyearsince2008andthenumberofattendeeshasgrownfrom30,000thefirstyearto600,000in2014.Theentranceticketcostisabout$8.75andsmallplatesoffoodinsidethefaircostabout$56.[87]Thefaircongregatesrestaurants,foodproducers,bakers,chefs,streetvendors,andcookinginstitutesfromalloverthecountryfortendaystocelebratethecountrysexcellentfoodandthevarietyofingredientsPeruisluckytoproduce.[88]

Sports

Mainarticle:SportinLima

ThecityofLimahassportsvenuesforfootball,volleyballandbasketball,manyofwhicharelocatedwithinprivateclubs.ApopularsportamongLimenosisfronton,aracquetsportsimilartosquashinventedinLima.Thecityishometoseveninternationalclassgolflinks.EquestrianispopularinLimawithprivateclubsaswellastheHipdromodeMonterricohorseracingtrack.ThemostpopularsportinLimaisfootballwithprofessionalclubteamsbeinglocatedinthecity.

ThehistoricPlazadetorosdeAcho,locatedintheRmacDistrict,afewminutesfromthePlazadeArmas,holdsbullfightsyearly.TheseasonrunsfromlateOctobertoDecember.

Limawillhostthe2019PanAmericanGames.[89]



[90]

1.CentralLima2.Traditionalarea3.ConoNorte4.ConoSur5.ConoEste6.Beachareas7.Callao

Club Sport League Venue

PeruvianInstituteofSport Various Various EstadioNacional(Lima)

ClubUniversitariodeDeportes Football

PeruvianPrimeraDivisin EstadioMonumental"U"

AlianzaLima Football PeruvianPrimeraDivisin EstadioAlejandroVillanueva

SportingCristal Football PeruvianPrimeraDivisin EstadioAlbertoGallardo

CDUniversidadSanMartn Football PeruvianPrimeraDivisin EstadioAlbertoGallardo

RegatasLima Various Various RegatasHeadquartersChorrillos

RealClubLima Basketball,Volleyball Various SanIsidro

Subdivisions

Mainarticle:ListofdistrictsofLima

Limaismadeupofthirtydenselypopulateddistricts,eachheadedbyalocalmayorandtheMayorofLima,whoseauthorityextendstotheseandthethirteenouterdistrictsoftheLimaprovince.

Thecity'shistoriccentreislocatedintheCercadodeLimadistrict,locallyknownassimplyLima,oras"ElCentro"("Downtown"),anditishometomostofthevestigesofLima'scolonialpast,thePresidentialPalace(Spanish:PalaciodeGobierno),theMetropolitanMunicipalityofLima(Spanish:ConsejomunicipalmetropolitanodeLima),Chinatown,anddozensofhotels,someoperatingandsomedefunct,thatusedtocatertothenationalandinternationalelite.

TheupscaleSanIsidroDistrictisthecity'sfinancialcenter.ItishometopoliticiansandcelebritiesandwherethemainbanksofPeruandbranchofficesofworldbanksareheadquartered.SanIsidrohasparks,includingParqueElOlivar,withhasolivetreesthatwerebroughtfromSpainduringtheseventeenthcentury.TheLimaGolfClub,aprominentgolfclub,isalsolocatedwithinthedistrict.

AnotherupscaledistrictisMiraflores,whichhasluxuryhotels,shopsandrestaurants.MirafloreshasmoreparksandgreenareasinthesouthofLimathanmostotherdistricts.Larcomar,apopularshoppingmallandentertainmentcenterbuiltoncliffsoverlookingthePacificOcean,featuringbars,danceclubs,movietheaters,cafes,shops,boutiquesandgalleries,isalsolocatedinthisdistrict.Nightlife,shoppingandentertainmentalsocenteraroundParqueKennedy,aparkintheheartofMirafloresthatisalwaysbustlingwithpeopleandliveperformances.[91]

LaMolina,SanBorjaandSantiagodeSurco,hometotheAmericanEmbassyandtheexclusiveClubPoloLima,aretheotherthreewealthydistrictsofLima.



ThemostdenselypopulateddistrictsofLimalieinthenorthernandsouthernendsofthecity(Spanish:ConoNorteandConoSur,respectively),andtheyaremostlycomposedofAndeanimmigrantswhoarrivedduringthemidandlatetwentiethcenturylookingforbetterlivingstandardsandeconomicopportunities,orasrefugeesofthecountry'sinternalconflictwiththeShiningPathduringthelate1980sandearly1990s.InthecaseofConoNorte(nowcalledLimaNorte),shoppingmallslikeMegaplazaandRoyalPlazahavebeenbuiltintheIndependenciadistrict,ontheborderwiththeLosOlivosdistrict,thelatterbeingthemostresidentialneighborhoodinthenorthernpartofLima.Mostoftheinhabitantsofthisareabelongtothemiddleclassorlowermiddleclass.

Barranco,whichbordersMirafloresbythePacificOcean,isknownasthecity'sbohemiandistrict,homeoroncehomeofPeruvianwritersandintellectualslikeMarioVargasLlosa,ChabucaGrandaandAlfredoBryceEchenique.Thisdistricthasacclaimedrestaurants,musicvenuescalled"peas"featuringthetraditionalfolkmusicofcoastalPeru(inSpanish,"msicacriolla"),andbeautifulVictorianstylechalets.ItalongwithMirafloresservesasthehometotheforeignnightlifescene.

Education

LimaishometotheoldesthigherlearninginstitutionintheNewWorld,SanMarcosUniversityfoundedin1551.Hometouniversities,institutions,andschools,Limahasthehighestconcentrationofinstitutionsofhigherlearninginthecontinent.TheNationalUniversityofSanMarcos,foundedonMay12,1551duringSpanishcolonialregime,istheoldestcontinuouslyfunctioninguniversityintheAmericas.[92]

UniversidadNacionaldeIngeniera(UNI)wasfoundedin1876byPolishengineerEduardodeHabichandisthemostimportantengineeringschoolinthecountry.Otherpublicuniversitiesalsoplayrolesinteachingandresearch,suchastheUniversidadNacionalFedericoVillarreal(thesecondlargestinthecountry),theUniversidadNacionalAgrariaLaMolinawhereexpresidentAlbertoFujimorioncetaught,andtheNationalUniversityofCallao.

ThePontificalCatholicUniversityofPeru,establishedin1917,istheoldestprivateuniversity.OtherprivateinstitutionsthatarelocatedinthecityareUniversidaddelPacifico,UniversidadESAN,UniversidaddeLima,UniversidaddeSanMartndePorres,UniversidadPeruanaCayetanoHeredia,UniversidadCientificadelSur,UniversidadSanIgnaciodeLoyola,UniversidadPeruanadeCienciasAplicadas,UniversidadPrivadaSanJuanBautistaandUniversidadRicardoPalma.[93]

ViewoftheCulturalCenteroftheNationalUniversityofSanMarcos,toleftsideislocatedtheUniversityPark,theClockUniversityandillustriousmonumentsofSanMarcostherightsideofthehistoricalCasonadeSanMarcos.

ThecityofLimahasatotalof8,047schoolsofelementaryandhighschool,bothpublicandprivate,whichprovideeducationalservicestomorethanamillionandahalfstudents.Therearemoreprivateschoolsthanpublic(6,242privateand1,805publicschools)andtheaveragesizeoftheprivateschoolsis100forelementaryand130forhighschool.Incontrast,publicschoolsaverage400studentsinelementaryand500inhighschool.[94]



LimaisoneofthecitiesinPeruwiththehighestlevelofeducationalcoverageorenrollmentinhighschoolandearlychildhoodschooling.Thesevaluesrepresenttheamountofchildrenandyouthenrolledinschoolcomparedtothetotalamountofschoolagedchildren.TheenrollmentlevelinhighschoolinLimais86.1%,whilethenationalaverageis80.7%.Inearlychildhood,theenrollmentlevelinLimais84.7%,whilethenationalaverageis74.5%.Theenrollmentinearlychildhoodhasimprovedin12.1%since2005.Inelementaryschool,theenrollmentinLimais90.7%,whilethenationalaverageforthislevelis92.9%.[95]

Besidesenrollment,thedropoutrateisrepresentstheamountofstudentsthatdonotcompletetheschoollevelappropriatetotheirage.Ingeneral,thedropoutrateforLimaislowerthanthenationalaverage,exceptforelementaryschool,whichishigher.InLima,thedropoutrateinelementaryis1.3%and5.7%inhighschool,whilethenationalaverageis1.2%inelementaryand8.3%inhighschool.[95]

InPeru,everyyearstudentsinallschools(publicandprivate)insecondandfourthgradetakeatestcalledEvaluacionCensaldeEstudiantes(ECE).Thetestassessesskillsinreadingcomprehensionandmath.Thetestresultsarepresentedinthreelevels:Belowlevel1meansthatstudentswerenotabletorespondeventhemostsimplequestionsonthetest,level1meansthestudentsdidnotachievetheexpectedlevelinskillsbutthattheycouldrespondthesimplequestionsintheexam,andlevel2meanstheyachievedtheexpectedskillfortheirgradelevel.In2012,inreadingcomprehension48.7%ofstudentsinLimaachievedlevel2,comparedto45.3%in2011.Inmath,only19.3%studentswereabletoachievelevel2,46.4%achievedlevel1,and34.2%achievedlessthanlevel1.EventhoughtheresultsforMathareevenlowerthanforreadingcomprehension,inbothsubjectareasstudentsperformedbetterin2012thanin2011.Comparedtotherestofthecountry,thecityofLimaperformsmuchbetterthanthenationalaverageinbothreadingcomprehensionandmath.[96]

TheeducationalsysteminLimaisorganizedundertheauthorityoftheDireccionRegionaldeEducacion(DRE)deLimaMetropolitana,whichisinturndividedinto7subdirectionsorUGEL(UnidaddeGestionEducativaLocal):UGEL01(SanJuandeMiraflores,VillaMariadelTriunfo,VillaElSalvador,Lurin,Pachacamac,SanBartolo,PuntaNegra,PuntaHermosa,Pucusana,SantaMaria,andChilca),UGEL02(Rimac,LosOlivos,Independencia,Rimac,andSanMartindePorres),UGEL03(Cercado,Lince,Brea,PuebloLibre,SanMiguel,Magdalena,JesusMaria,LaVictoria,andSanIsidro),UGEL04(Comas,Carabayllo,PuentePiedra,SantaRosa,andAncon),UGEL05(SanJuandeLuriganchoandElAgustino),UGEL06(SantaAnita,LuriganchoChosica,Vitarte,LaMolina,Cieneguilla,andChaclacayo),andUGEL07(SanBorja,SanLuis,Surco,Surquillo,Miraflores,Barranco,andChorrillos).[95]

TheUGELeswithhighestresultsontheECE2012areUGEL07and03inbothreadingcomprehensionandmath.UGEL07had60.8%studentsachievinglevel2inreadingcomprehensionand28.6%studentsachievinglevel2inMath.UGEL03had58.5%studentsachievelevel2inreadingcomprehensionand24.9%studentsachievinglevel2inmath.ThelowestachievingUGELsareUGEL01,04and05.[96]

Withregardstohighereducation,23%ofmenhavecompleteduniversityeducationinLima,while20%ofwomenhavedoneso.Additionally,16.2%ofmenhavecompletednonuniversityhighereducation,and17%ofwomenhavedoneso.Theaverageyearsofschoolinginthecityis11.1years(11.4formenand10.9forwomen).[44]

Transport

Mainarticle:TransportinLima

Air

LimaisservedbytheJorgeChvezInternationalAirport,locatedinCallao(LIM).Itisthelargestairportofthecountrywiththelargestamountofdomesticandinternationalairtraffic.ItalsoservesasamajorhubintheLatinAmericanairnetwork.Lima'sJorgeChvezInternationalAirportisthefourthlargestairhubinSouthAmerica.



ThePortofCallao

Additionally,Limapossessesfiveotherairports:theLasPalmasAirForceBase,ColliqueAirport,andrunwaysinSantaMaradelMar,SanBartoloandChilca.[97]

Land

Formoredetailsonthistopic,seeHighwaysinPeru.

LimaisamajorstoponthePanAmericanHighway.Becauseofitslocationonthecountry'scentralcoast,LimaisalsoanimportantjunctioninPeru'shighwaysystem.ThreeofthemajorhighwaysoriginateinLima.

TheNorthernPanamericanHighway,thishighwayextendsmorethan1,330kilometers(830mi)totheborderwithEcuadorconnectingthenortherndistrictsofLimawithmanymajorcitiesalongthenorthernPeruviancoast.TheCentralHighway(Spanish:CarreteraCentral),thishighwayconnectstheeasterndistrictsofLimawithmanycitiesincentralPeru.Thehighwayextends860kilometers(530mi)withitsterminusatthecityofPucallpanearBrazil.TheSouthernPanamericanHighway,thishighwayconnectsthesoutherndistrictsofLimatocitiesonthesoutherncoast.Thehighwayextends1,450kilometers(900mi)totheborderwithChile.

ThecityofLimahasonebigbusterminusstationlocatednexttothemallPlazanorteinthenorthofthecity.Thisbusstationisthepointofdepartureandarrivalofalotofbuseswithnationalandinternationaldestinations.Thereareotherbusstationsforeachcompanyaroundthecity.Inaddition,thereareinformalsbusstationslocatedinthesouth,centerandnorthofthecitythesebusstationsarecheapandconfusing,butmanageableifyouknowyourdestinationandhaveabasiccomprehensionofSpanish.

Maritime

TheproximityofLimatotheportofCallaoallowsCallaotoactasthemetropolitanarea'sforemostport.Callaoconcentratesnearlyallofthemaritimetransportofthemetropolitanarea.Thereis,however,asmallportinLurnwhosetransitmostlyisaccountedforbyoiltankersduetoarefinerybeinglocatednearby.Nonetheless,maritimetransportinsideLima'scitylimitsisrelativelyinsignificantcomparedtothatofCallao,thenation'sleadingportandoneofLatinAmerica'slargest.

Rail

LimaisconnectedtotheCentralAndeanregionbytheFerrocarrilCentralAndinowhichrunsfromLimathroughthedepartmentsofJunn,Huancavelica,Pasco,andHunuco.[98]MajorcitiesalongthislineincludeHuancayo,LaOroya,Huancavelica,andCerrodePasco.AnotherinactivelinerunsfromLimanorthwardstothecityofHuacho.[99]

Public

Eightypercentofthecity'shistoryhavingoccurredduringthepreautomobileera,Lima'sroadnetworkisbasedmostlyonlargedividedavenuesratherthanfreeways.LimahasdevelopedafreewaynetworkofninefreewaystheViaExpresaPaseodelaRepublica,ViaExpresaJavierPrado,ViaExpresaGrau,PanamericanaNorte,PanamericanaSur,CarreteraCentral,ViaExpresaCallao,AutopistaChillonTrapiche,andtheAutopistaRamiroPriale.[100][100]



MetrotrainatVillaElSalvadorstation

Accordingtoasurveydonein2012,themajorityofthepopulationinLimausespublicorcollectivetransportation(75.6%),while12.3%usesanindividualtransportmechanism(suchasowncar,taxiormotorcycle).[95]

Theurbantransportsystemiscomposedofover652transitroutes[55]whichareservedbybuses,microbuses,andcombis.Thesystemisunorganizedandischaracterizedbythelackofformality.Theserviceisrunby464privatecompanieswhicharepoorlyregulatedbythelocalgovernment.FaresaverageonesolorUS$0.40.

Taxisinthecityaremostlyinformaltheyarecheapbutcanbedangerousbecauseofthewaythe"taxistas"drive.Therearenometers,sodriversaretoldthedesireddestinationandthefareisagreeduponbeforethepassengerentersthetaxi.Taxisvaryinsizesfromsmallfourdoorcompactstolargevans.Theyareeverywhere,accountingforalargepartofthecarstock.Inmanycasestheyarejustaprivatecarwithataxistickeronthewindshield.Additionally,thereareseveralcompaniesthatprovidetaxiserviceoncall.[101]

ColectivosrenderexpressserviceonsomemajorroadsoftheLimaMetropolitanArea.Thecolectivossignaltheirspecificdestinationwithasignonthetheirwindshield.Theirroutesarenotgenerallypublicitizedbutareunderstoodbyfrequentusers.Thecostisgenerallyhigherthanpublictransporthowever,theycovergreaterdistancesatgreaterspeedsduetothelackofstops.Thisserviceisinformalandisillegalinthecity.[102]Somepeopleintheperipheryofthecityusethesocalled"mototaxi"forshortdistances.

TheMetropolitanTransportationSystemorElMetropolitanoisnewintegratedsystemforpublictransportationinLimaconsistinginanetworkofbusesthatruninexclusivecorridorsundertheBusRapidTransitsystem(BST).Thegoalofthissystemofbusesistoimprovethequalityoflifeofcitizensbysavingthemtimeintheirdailycommutes,protectingtheenvironment,providingimprovedsecurityandqualityofservice.TheMetropolitanowasexecutedwithfundsfromtheCityofLima(MunicipalidaddeLima)andfinancingfromtheInterAmericanDevelopmentBankandtheWorldBank.IncontrasttoothertransitsystemsinBogota,CuritibaorMexicoCity,theMetropolitanaisthefirstBRTsystemtooperatefueledwithnaturalgas,seekingtocontributetoreducethecontaminationcausedbytransitinthecityofLima.[103]ThissystemlinkstheprincipalpointsoftheLimaMetropolitanArea.Thefirstphaseofthisprojecthas33kilometres(21mi)oflinefromthenorthofthecitytoChorrillosinthesouthofthecity.ItbegancommercialoperationsonJuly28,2010.Since2014,LimaCounciloperatesthe"SistemaIntegradodeTransporteUrbano"(Urbanintegratedtransportsystem),whichcomprisesbrandnewbusesalloverAvenidaArequipa.[104]Bytheendof2012,theMetropolitanosystemcountedwith244busesinitscentralroutesand179busesinitsfeedingroutes.Thatis,atotalfloatof423busesinoperation.Inoneweekday437,148peopleusethesystem.Theamountofusershasincreasedfrom2011in28.2%forweekdays,29.1%forSaturdays,and33.3%forSundays.[95]

TheLimaMetrohastwentysixpassengerstations,locatedatanaveragedistanceof1.2km(0.7miles).ItstartsitspathintheIndustrialParkofVillaElSalvador,southofthecity,continuingontoAv.PachactecinVillaMaradelTriunfoandthentoAv.LosHroesinSanJuandeMiraflores.Afterwards,itcontinuesthroughAv.TomsMarsanoinSurcotoreachOv.LosCabitos,toAv.AviacinandthencrosstheriverRimactofinish,afteralmost35km(22mi),intheeastofthecapitalinSanJuandeLuriganchoThesystemcountswithfivetrains,eachwithsixwagons.Eachwagonhasthecapacitytotransport233people.ThemetrosystembeganoperatinginDecember2012andtransported78,224peopleonaverageonadailybasis.[95]

OtherTransportationIssues



Inaddition,thecityofLimahashighcarandbuscongestionortrafficonadailybasis,especiallyonpeakhours.TheamountofvehiclesintheregionofLimabytheendof2012wasof1million397thousand(109,122morethanin2011).Thismaybecausedbythelargeamountofcarsinthecity:TheregionofLimacountswith65.3%ofthetotalamountofcarsinthecountry.[95]

TheMinistryofEconomyandFinance(MEF)implementedaprogramwitheconomicincentivesformunicipalitiestoimplementbicycleroutesintheirdistricts.Therecreationalbikelanescanbefoundin39districtsinLima.TheProyectoEspecialMetropolitanodeTransporteNoMotorizado(http://www.munlima.gob.pe/programas/transporte/ciclolima)(PEMTNM)estimatesthatmorethanamillionandahalfofpeopleinLimausedtherecreationalbikelanesin2012.Thebikelanesadded71km(44mi)tothecityforthisparticularuse.Theyalsoestimatethattheuseofthebikelaneshaspreventedtheemissionof526tonsofcarbondioxidein2012.[95]

OnedistrictinLima,SanBorja,isthefirstonetoimplementabikeshareprograminLimacalledSanBorjaenBici(http://www.munisanborja.gob.pe/bicisanborja/).Itcountswith200bicyclesandsixstationsacrossthedistrict(twoofthemconnectingwiththeMetroofLima).ByDecember2012,theprogramhad2,776peoplesubscribedtotheservice.[105]

Urbanchallenges

Environment

Air

Environmentally,thecityofLimasuffersmostlyfromairpollution.Thesedimentarydusthascontaminantsolidparticlesthataredepositedasdustindifferentsurfacesorfloatthroughtheair.Thedustwithfineparticlesisthemostdangerousgiventhattheyareabletopenetratetherespiratorysystem.TherecommendedconcentrationoftheseparticlesbytheWorldHealthOrganizationis5tons/km2/month,althoughinFebruary2014,Limarecordedanaverageof15.2tons/km2.TwodistrictsinLimawiththehighestconcentrationofsedimentarydustareElAgustino(46.1tons/km2)andIndependencia(25.5tons/km2)inFebruary2014.[95][106]

Water

Thequalityofwaterisalsoanotherenvironmentalindicator.Thepermissiblelimitofleadinthewatersupplyis0.05milligramsperliter,accordingtotheNormITINTEC.InJanuary2014,theconcentrationofmineralsinwatertreatmentfacilitiesofSEDAPALwas0.051Iron,0.0050Lead,0.0012Cadmium,and0.0810Aluminum.Thesevaluesshowanincreaseof15.9%and33.3%inIronandCadmiumwithrespecttoJanuary2013andadecreaseof16.7%and12.4%inLeadandAluminum.Thevaluesarewithinthehealthylimits.[106]

SolidWaste

TheamountofsolidwasteproducedpercapitainthecityofLimaisabout0.7kg(2lb)perday.In2012,eachcitizeninthecityproduced273.36kg(603lb)ofsolidwaste.Thedistrictmunicipalitiesonlycollectabout67%ofthesolidwastetheygenerate.Therestmayreachinformallandfills,rivers,ortotheocean.Further,only3municipalitiesinthecityrecycle20%oftheirwaste.[44]

Accesstobasicservices

InthecityofLima,93%ofhouseholdshaveaccesstowatersupplyintheirhomes.Inaddition,92%ofhomescountwithsewagesystems.Withregardstoelectricity,99.6%ofhomescountwiththisservice.Althoughmostofthehouseholdscountwithwaterandsewagesystems,somecountwiththeservicesforafewhoursadayonly.[95]



Security

TheperceptionofsecurityvariesmuchinthecityofLimadependingonthedistrict.Forexample,SanIsidroisthedistrictwiththelowestperceptionofinsecurity(21.4%),whileRimacisthedistrictwiththehighestperceptionofinsecuritywith85%,accordingtoasurveyofvictimizationin2012elaboratedbytheNGOCiudadNuestra.ThefivedistrictswiththelowestperceptionofinsecurityareSanIsidro,SanBorja,Miraflores,LaMolina,andJesusMaria.ThedistrictswiththehighestperceptionofinsecurityareRimac,SanJuandeMiraflores,LaVictoria,ComasandAte.[107]

Overall,40%ofthepopulationinLimaabove15yearsoldhasbeenvictimofacrime.Theyoungerpopulation(ages15to29yearsold)istheagegroupwiththehighestvictimizationrate(47.9%).[44]Inaddition,in2012,citizensmostlyreportedtobeingvictimsoftheft(47.9%),theftinhomesorestablishments(19.4%),robberyorattack(14.9%),gangaggression(5.7%),amongothersinlesserfrequency.ThedistrictswiththehighestlevelofvictimizationareRimac,ElAgustino,VillaElSalvador,SanJuandeLuriganchoandLosOlivos.Ontheotherhand,thesafestdistrictsbylevelofvictimizationareLurin,LuriganchoChosica,SanBorja,Magdalena,andSurquillo.Interestingly,thesedistrictsdontnecessarilycorrespondtothedistrictswithhighestorlowestperceptionofinsecurityinthecity.[107]

WhilethePoliceisnationallycontrolledandfunded,eachdistrictinLimahasacommunitypolicingstructurecalledSerenazgo.ThequantityofofficialsandresourcesthatgotothelocalSerenazgosvarybydistrict.TheratioofcitizensperSerenazgoofficialineachdistrictvariesgreatly.Forexample,inVillaMariadelTriunfothereare5,785citizensperofficial.TwentytwodistrictsinLimahavearatioabove1000citizensperSerenazgoofficial.Ontheotherhand,14districtshaveratiosbelow200citizensperofficial,includingMirafloreswith119andSanIsidrowith57.[44]

ThesatisfactionwiththeSerenazgosalsovariesgreatlybydistrict.ThehighestsatisfactionratescanbefoundinSanIsidro(88.3%),Miraflores(81.6%),SanBorja(77%),andSurco(75%).ThelowestsatisfactionratescanbefoundinVillaMariadelTriunfo(11%),SanJuandeMiraflores(14.8%),Rimac(16.3%),andLaVictoria(20%).[107]

Internationalrelations

Seealso:ListoftwintownsandsistercitiesinSouthAmerica

TwintownsSistercities

Limaistwinnedwith:[108]



Arequipa,PeruCusco,PeruPiura,PeruTrujillo,PeruLosAngeles,United

StatesAustin,UnitedStates,

since1981Cleveland,United

States[109]Miami,UnitedStatesStamford,UnitedStatesOruro,BoliviaAgkhanDhaka,

Bangladesh

Bordeaux,France.since1957[110][111]

Beijing,China,sinceNovember1983[112]

Caracas,VenezuelaManila,Philippines[113]

Madrid,Spain[114]MexicoCity,MexicoSoPaulo,Brazil[115][116][117]Tegucigalpa,HondurasAkhisar,TurkeyKaraoban,Turkey

BuenosAires,Argentina

Guadalajara,Mexico[118]

Toronto,CanadaBogot,ColombiaCairo,EgyptCardiff,WalesPescara,ItalyKiev,UkraineBraslia,Brazil

Seealso

LargestcitiesintheAmericasListofdistrictsofLimaListofmetropolitanareasofPeruListofpeoplefromLimaListofsitesofinterestintheLimaMetropolitanarea

References

Notes

1. "PeruAltitude"(http://www.machupicchuinca.com/perualtitude.html).Retrieved20140728.2. "INEI:Limacuentacon9millones752milhabitantes"(http://www.larepublica.pe/17012015/ineilimatiene9

millones752milhabitantes).larepublica.pe.3. "Limaq"(http://aymara.org/biblio/lima_etimologia.pdf)(PDF).Retrieved20091010.4. http://www.funtrivia.com/en/subtopics/PerTheIncasCountry226473.html5. Heralatin.t35.com(ed.)."CiudaddeLima"

(https://web.archive.org/20111107221539/http://heralatin.t35.com/peru/lima.html).Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://heralatin.t35.com/peru/lima.html)onNovember7,2011.RetrievedFebruary11,2015.

6. Per.21,ed.(2008)."Limatienedoshimnosquenadiehaescuchado"(http://peru21.pe/noticia/75506/limatienedoshimnosquenadiehaescuchado).RetrievedFebruary11,2015.

7. Conleeetal.,"LatePrehispanicsociopoliticalcomplexity",p.218.8. Hemming,Theconquest,p.28.9. Klarn,Peru,p.39.

10. Hemming,Theconquest,p.203206.11. Klarn,Peru,p.87.12. Andrien,Crisisanddecline,pp.1113.13. Higgings,Lima,p.45.14. Andrien,Crisisanddecline,p.26.15. Andrien,Crisisanddecline,p.28.16. Walker,"Theupperclasses",pp.5355.17. Ramn,"Thescript",pp.173174.18. Anna,Falloftheroyalgovernment,pp.45.19. Anna,Falloftheroyalgovernment,pp.2324.20. Anna,Falloftheroyalgovernment,pp.176177.



20. Anna,Falloftheroyalgovernment,pp.176177.21. Anna,Falloftheroyalgovernment,pp.178180.22. Klarn,Peru,p.169.23. Klarn,Peru,p.170.24. Higgings,Lima,p.107.25. Klarn,Peru,p.192.26. Ramn,"Thescript",pp.180182.27. "20thCenturyEarthquakes:RecordsaboutHistoricalEarthquakesinPeru"(http://www.limaeasy.com/earthquakes

inperu/historicalearthquakes/20thcenturyearthquakes).LimaEasy:TheLimaGuide.Retrieved4March2014.28. "300DieinLimaEarthquake"(http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/47194862).TheAdvertiser(Adelaide,

Australia).Trove:Digitizednewspapersandmore.Retrieved4March2014.29. (Spanish)InstitutoNacionaldeEstadsticaeInformtica,LimaMetropolitanaperfilsociodemogrfico

(http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/LIb0002/cap0101.htm).RetrievedonAugust12,200730. Dietz,Povertyandproblemsolving,p.35.31. Dietz,Povertyandproblemsolving,p.36.32. "AverageWeatherForCallao/Lima,Peru"(http://weatherspark.com/averages/33636/CallaoLimaPeru).

WeatherSpark.Retrieved29December2014.33. "WorldWeatherInformationServiceLima"(http://worldweather.wmo.int/029/c00108.htm).World

MeteorologicalOrganization.Retrieved15May2012.34. "BBCWeatherLima"(http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/3936456).BBC.Retrieved15May2012.35. CapelMolina,JosJ.(1999)."Lima,unclimadedesiertolitoral"

(http://web.archive.org/web/20100629173938/http://revistas.ucm.es/ghi/02119803/articulos/AGUC9999110025A.PDF)(PDF).AnalesdeGeografadelaUniversidadComplutense(inSpanish)(Madrid:UniversidadComplutensedeMadrid)19:2545.ISSN02119803(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/02119803).RetrievedSeptember17,2013.

36. Painter,James(20070312)."Americas|Peru'salarmingwatertruth"(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6412351.stm).BBCNews.Retrieved20090708.

37. InstitutoNacionaldeEstadsticaeInformtica,PerfilSociodemogrficodelPer(http://www.inei.gob.pe/Anexos/libro.pdf)pp.2930,32,34.

38. UnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs,UrbanAgglomerations2014(http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/wallcharts/WUP_2014%20Urban%20Agglomerations%20Wallchart.pdf).note,perthesource,"Urbanagglomerationsincludedinthechartarethoseof1millioninhabitantsormorein2007.Anagglomerationcontainsthepopulationwithinthecontoursofcontiguousterritoryinhabitedaturbanlevelsofresidentialdensitywithoutregardtoadministrativeboundaries."

39. Baily,SamuelLMguez,EduardoJos(2003).LatinAmericaSince1930(http://books.google.com/?id=NZQxkfvMJFgC&dq=immigration+to+peru+italians&printsec=frontcover).GoogleBooks.ISBN9780842028318.Retrieved20100417.

40. "TheInstituteofInternationalEducation(IIE)"(http://web.archive.org/web/20080609234624/http://www.iiepassport.org/lima.html).IIEPassport.org.Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.iiepassport.org/lima.html)onJune9,2008.Retrieved20100417.

41. "::OverseasCompatriotAffairsCommission,R.O.C.::"(http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B).Ocac.gov.tw.20040824.Retrieved20091010.

42. HistoryofLima(http://www.lima.info/history.htm).LimaInfo.43. ColonialLimaaccordingtoJorgeJuanandAntoniodeUlloa(http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?

op=viewarticle&artid=113).FromJorgeJuanandAntoniodeUlloa,AVoyagetoSouthAmerica(1748).44. http://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1168/libro.pdf45. http://www.apeim.com.pe/wpcontent/themes/apeim/docs/nse/APEIMNSE20032004LIMA.pdf46. Infoplease.Lima(http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0829787.html).RetrievedonDecember8,2008.47. AttractionGuide.LimaAttractions(http://attractionguide.com/lima/).RetrievedonDecember8,2008.48. "StudyAbroadPeru"(http://www.studyabroaddomain.com/Peru.aspx).StudyAbroadDomain.Retrieved

20090708.49. Bethell,Leslie(1991).LatinAmericaSince1930(http://books.google.com/?

id=cbhOISlOv3MC&pg=PA389&lpg=PA389&dq=two+thirds+industry+lima).GoogleBooks.ISBN9780521266529.Retrieved20100417.

50. "PortCommerce"(http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/commerce/PER_Port_of_Callao_1477.php).PortofCallao.WorldPortSource.Retrieved13January2013.

51. pg.24(http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=917346)52. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworldfactbook/rankorder/2003rank.htmlCIAFactbook53. "BolsadeValoresdeLima"

(http://web.archive.org/web/20070808150533/http://www.bvl.com.pe/english/estadist/dat_infostat_en.pdf)(PDF).Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.bvl.com.pe/english/estadist/dat_infostat_en.pdf)(PDF)onAugust8,2007.



Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.bvl.com.pe/english/estadist/dat_infostat_en.pdf)(PDF)onAugust8,2007.Retrieved20100417.

54. "BolsadeValoresdeLima"(http://web.archive.org/web/20080714134300/http://www.bvl.com.pe/publi_infmensuales.html).BolsadeValoresdeLima.Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.bvl.com.pe/publi_infmensuales.html)onJuly14,2008.Retrieved20090708.

55. "RepublicOfPeru"(http://www.proinversion.gob.pe/RepositorioAPS/1/0/arc/TEASER_TREN_ELECTRICO/Teaser_Tren_Elec_Ing_21_febrero2008.pdf)(PDF).Retrieved20090708.

56. "CompaasdeSegurosPeru"(http://www.ohperu.com/empresas/seguros.htm).OhPer.Retrieved20090708.57. (Spanish)JudicialPowerofPeru.SuperiorCourtofLima(http://www.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuperior/default.asp?

sede=20).Retrieved3December2008.58. (Spanish)JudicialPowerofPeru.SuperiorCourtofNorthLima(http://www.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuperior/default.asp?

sede=11).Retrieved3December2008.59. "BaroqueArchitecture"(http://www.buzzle.com/articles/baroquearchitecture.html).Buzzle.com.Retrieved

20090708.60. [1](http://www.caminanteschool.org/lima.php)Archived

(https://web.archive.org/web/20100131050723/http://www.caminanteschool.org/lima.php)January31,2010attheWaybackMachine

61. StorybyCristyaneMarusiak/PhotosbyJooCanziani."Lima,PeruTraveldwell.com"(http://web.archive.org/web/20080407152742/http://www.dwell.com/peopleplaces/travel/15074421.html).Web.archive.org.Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.dwell.com/peopleplaces/travel/15074421.html)on20080407.Retrieved20091010.

62. "ACAPTheAmericanandCanadianAssociationofPeru"(https://web.archive.org/20081229131203/http://www.acapperu.org:80/newsletter/200509/september2005_13a.htm).Acapperu.org.20051201.Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.acapperu.org/newsletter/200509/september2005_13a.htm)onDecember29,2008.Retrieved20090708.

63. Bethell,Leslie(1998).ACulturalHistoryofLatinAmericaandSpain(http://books.google.com/?id=fzFSuQuBx4C&pg=PA382&lpg=PA382&dq=brutalism+in+lima).Books.google.com.ISBN9780521626262.Retrieved20100417.

64. "HaydeeSangalliSchaerer::BienesRaices"(http://www.miramarperu.com/).MiraMarPeru.Retrieved20090708.

65. "Periodo18211872ElPalacioyParquedelaExposicin"(http://www.arqandina.com/pages/p1/f107.htm).Arqandina.com.Retrieved20090708.

66. "LaRepublica.pe|JornadadeProtestas/ltimoadisaMichaelJackson/RmuloLen"(https://web.archive.org/20090523080251/http://www.larepublica.com.pe:80/content/view/130942).Larepublica.com.pe.Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.larepublica.com.pe/content/view/130942/)onMay23,2009.Retrieved20090708.

67. "Lima,PeruGoogleMaps"(http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=Lima%2C%20Peru&um=1&ie=UTF8&sa=N&tab=wl).Maps.google.com.19700101.Retrieved20090708.

68. "Lima(Peru)::ThecitylayoutBritannicaOnlineEncyclopedia"(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/341104/Lima/32251/Thecitylayout).Britannica.com.Retrieved20090708.

69. Marmon,Johanna(1December2003)."Colonialmasterpiece:manywhovisitPerucomeforthejourneytoancientMacchuPicchu.ButtheformercolonialandcurrentdaycapitalcityofLimaisanarchitecturalandgastronomicwonderland"(http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1111620596.html).SouthFloridaCEO.Retrieved13January2013.

70. WebDesignbyAvtecMedia."PeruvianCuisine~NewAndean~NovoandinaMixturaRestaurant::TheNewAndeanCuisine::Kirkland,Washington:LatinSpanishPeruvianRestaurants"(http://www.mixtura.biz/peruviancuisine/index.htm).Mixtura.biz.Retrieved20090708.

71. "TheatresinLima,PeruLimaEasy(c)"(http://www.limaeasy.com/culture/theaters_lima.php).LimaEasy.20090627.Retrieved20090708.

72. "Articles:ColonialLimaaccordingtoJorgeJuanandAntoniodeUlloa"(http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=113).HistoricalTextArchive.Retrieved20090708.

73. Kokotovic,Misha(2007).TheColonialDivideinPeruvianNarrative(http://books.google.com/?id=jayN0hV5DDkC&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=migration+andes+lima).Books.google.com.ISBN9781845191849.Retrieved20100417.

74. "InformationaboutPeru"(http://www.go2peru.com/webapp/ilatintravel/articulo.jsp?cod=1998845).Go2peru.com.Retrieved20090708.

75. "LimaPeru"(http://www.go2peru.com/lima_travel_guide.htm).Go2peru.com.Retrieved20090708.



75. "LimaPeru"(http://www.go2peru.com/lima_travel_guide.htm).Go2peru.com.Retrieved20090708.76. "WorldHeritageCentreWorldHeritageList"(http://whc.unesco.org/en/list).Whc.unesco.org.Retrieved

20090708.77. "LIMAChurchesintheHistoricalCentreofLimaPer"

(http://www.enjoyperu.com/peru_travel_tours_information/peru_travel_destinations/peru_lima/limaperuchurcheslima.html).Enjoyperu.com.Retrieved20090708.

78. "LimaPeru"(https://web.archive.org/20090409060022/http://virtualperu.net:80/cities_lima.html).VirtualPeru.Net.Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.virtualperu.net/cities_lima.html)onApril9,2009.Retrieved20090708.

79. "in"(https://web.archive.org/20090107133610/http://www.inlan.com:80/en/0702/lima_1.html).Inlan.com.Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.inlan.com/en/0702/lima_1.html)onJanuary7,2009.Retrieved20090708.

80. "HowStuffWorks"GeographyofLima""(http://geography.howstuffworks.com/southamerica/geographyoflima.htm).HowStuffWorks.Retrieved20090708.

81. "Peru'srevolutionintastes:innovativechefsinLimaaredishingupafusionofAndeanandEuropeancuisineswithseasoningfromaroundtheworld.(01MAY06)Americas(EnglishEdition)"(http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_028615424982_ITM).Accessmylibrary.com.20060501.Retrieved20090708.

82. "LivingPeru"(http://filer.livinginperu.com/101reasons.pdf)(PDF).Retrieved20091010.83. "GastronomaenLima"(http://www.go2peru.com/spa/guia_viajes/lima/cocina_lima.htm).go2peru.com.84. "150TheWorlds50BestRestaurants"(http://www.theworlds50best.com/list/150winners).

theworlds50best.com.85. "LatinAmerica's50BestRestaurants150"(http://www.theworlds50best.com/latinamerica/en/thelist.html#t150).

theworlds50best.com.86. "APEGASociedadPeruanadeGastronomaQuesApega?"(http://www.apega.pe/apega/queesapega

S1/C1.html).apega.pe.87. http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/09/17/349038162/misturafoodfestgivesperuviancuisineachanceto

shine88. AuntPoisonS.A.C."Mistura.pe"(http://mistura.pe/mistura2014/).mistura.pe.89. DuncanMackay."Limaawarded2019PanAmericanandParapanGames"(http://www.insidethegames.biz/major

games/panamericangames/2019/1016437limaawarded2019panamericanandparapangames).insidethegames.bizOlympic,ParalympicandCommonwealthGamesNews.

90. "LimaMetropolitana:CaractersticasdelaPequeaEmpresayMicroEmpresaporConosyDistritos,19931996"(http://www1.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0163/indice.htm)..inei.gob.pe.Retrieved20090708.

91. "ParqueKennedyMirafloresTopRatedPeruCityParks"(http://www.vivatravelguides.com/southamerica/peru/lima/miraflores/mirafloresactivities/parquekennedy/).Vivatravelguides.com.Retrieved20110916.

92. "Historia"(http://www.unmsm.edu.pe/?c=Home2&url=iniciohistoria)(inSpanish).UniversidadNacionalMayordeSanMarcos.Retrieved13January2013.

93. Lima(Peru)MSNEncarta(http://www.webcitation.org/5kwsfZWQo).Encarta.msn.com.Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562138/Lima_(Peru).html)on20091031.Retrieved20090708.

94. "Limatienemsde6milcolegiosprivadosycercade2milcentrospblicossegnMapcityLaRepublica.pe"(http://www.larepublica.pe/21072014/limatienemasde6milcolegiosprivadosycercade2milcentrospublicossegunmapcity).LaRepublica.pe.

95. http://www.limacomovamos.org/cm/wpcontent/uploads/2013/12/InformeEvaluandoLima2012.pdf96. "EvaluacinCensaldeEstudiantes2012(ECE2012)"(http://umc.minedu.gob.pe/?p=1405).minedu.gob.pe.97. "GreatCircleMapper"(http://gc.kls2.com/).Gc.kls2.com.Retrieved20090708.98. "FerrocarrilCentralAndinoS.A."(http://www.ferrocarrilcentral.com.pe/index_.php).Ferrocarrilcentral.com.pe.

Retrieved20090708.99. "BandurriaElsitioFerrocarrilLimaHuacho"(http://www.huacho.info/bandurria/ferrocarril.html).Huacho.info.

Retrieved20090708.100. "Periodo19451965GaleradeFotosyPlanos"(http://www.arqandina.com/pages/p4/f413.htm).Arqandina.com.

Retrieved20090708.101. "Lima:PlanningaTrip:GettingAround"(http://www.frommers.com/destinations/lima/2868020156.html).

Frommers.com.20080728.Retrieved20090708.102. "Gettingaround:Taxis,mototaxisandcolectivos"(http://www.roughguides.com/travel/southamerica/peru/getting

around/taxismototaxisandcolectivos.aspx).RoughGuides.Retrieved13January2013.103. http://www.metropolitano.com.pe)104. http://www.munlima.gob.pe/corredorazul105. ":::.SanBorjaenBici.:::"(http://www.munisanborja.gob.pe/bicisanborja/).munisanborja.gob.pe.106. http://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/boletines/estadisticasambientalesfebrero2014.pdf



Furtherreading

106. http://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/boletines/estadisticasambientalesfebrero2014.pdf107. "CiudadNuestraSegundaEncuestaNacionalUrbanadeVictimizacin2012Per"

(http://www.ciudadnuestra.org/segunda_encuesta_nacional_urbana_de_victimizacion_2012___peru.html).ciudadnuestra.org.

108. SisterCitiesInternational,OnlineDirectory:Peru,Americas(http://www.sistercities.org/icrc/directory/Americas/Peru).RetrievedJuly14,2007.Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20080829164141/http://www.sistercities.org/icrc/directory/Americas/Peru)August29,2008attheWaybackMachine

109. "SisterCitiesInternational(SCI)"(http://www.sistercities.org/interactivemap/Cleveland,%20Ohio).Sistercities.org.Retrieved20130421.

110. "BordeauxRayonnementeuropenetmondial"(http://web.archive.org/web/20130207154903/http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international).MairiedeBordeaux(inFrench).Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international)on20130207.Retrieved20130729.

111. "BordeauxAtlasfranaisdelacooprationdcentraliseetdesautresactionsextrieures"(http://web.archive.org/web/20130207152951/http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bddrechercheresultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux&x=36&y=14).DlgationpourlActionExtrieuredesCollectivitsTerritoriales(MinistredesAffairestrangres)(inFrench).Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bddrechercheresultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux&x=36&y=14)on20130207.Retrieved20130729.

112. "SisterCities"(http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/).BeijingMunicipalGovernment.Retrieved20090623.

113. "SisterCitiesofManila"(http://www.manila.gov.ph/localgovt.htm#sistercities).20082009CityGovernmentofManila(http://www.manila.gov.ph/).Retrieved20090702.

114. "MapaMundidelasciudadeshermanadas"(http://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.dbd5147a4ba1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=4e84399a03003110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=4e98823d3a37a010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=especial1&idContenido=1da69a4192b5b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD).AyuntamientodeMadrid.Retrieved20091010.

115. Prefeitura.SpDescentralizedCooperation(http://www2.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001)Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20081224222805/http://www2.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001)December24,2008attheWaybackMachine

116. "InternationalRelationsSoPauloCityHallOfficialSisterCities"(http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/cidadesirmas/index.php?p=1066).Prefeitura.sp.gov.br.Retrieved20100417.

117. LeiMunicipaldeSoPaulo14471de2007(http://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Lei_Municipal_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_14471_de_2007)WikiSource(Portuguese)

118. "SisterCities,PublicRelations"(http://web.archive.org/web/20120302011742/http://www.guadalajara.gob.mx/dependencias/relacionespublicas/versioningles/sistercities.html).Guadalajaramunicipalgovernment.Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.guadalajara.gob.mx/dependencias/relacionespublicas/versioningles/sistercities.html)onMarch2,2012.RetrievedMarch12,2013.

General

Notaetimolgica:EltopnimoLima,RodolfoCerrnPalomino,PontificiaUniversidadCatlicadelPerLimaMonumentoHistrico,MargaritaCubillasSoriano,Lima,1996

History

Andrien,Kenneth.Crisisanddecline:theViceroyaltyofPeruintheseventeenthcentury.Albuquerque:UniversityofNewMexicoPress,1985.ISBN0826307914Anna,Timothy.ThefalloftheroyalgovernmentinPeru.Lincoln:UniversityofNebraskaPress,1979.ISBN0803210043Conlee,Christina,JalhDulanto,CarolMackayandCharlesStanish."LatePrehispanicsociopoliticalcomplexity".InHelaineSilverman(ed.),Andeanarchaeology.Malden:Blackwell,2004,pp.209236.ISBN0631234004



WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoLima.

WikivoyagehasatravelguideforLima.

Externallinks

(Spanish)MunicipalityofLima(http://www.munlima.gob.pe/)MSNMap

(http://maps.msn.com/%28nu2hj5e25fsvjifnt4ihwuyc%29/map.aspx?lats1=12.043333&lons1=77.028333&alts1=14&regn1=2)1.40gigapixelimageofLima(http://www.gigapan.org/gigapans/60314/)

LimatravelguidefromWikivoyage

Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lima&oldid=681953660"

Categories: Lima CapitalsinSouthAmerica CitiesinPeru LimaProvince PopulatedcoastalplacesinPeruPopulatedplacesestablishedin1535

Thispagewaslastmodifiedon20September2015,at16:12.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.WikipediaisaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

HelaineSilverman(ed.),Andeanarchaeology.Malden:Blackwell,2004,pp.209236.ISBN0631234004Dietz,Henry.Povertyandproblemsolvingundermilitaryrule:theurbanpoorinLima,Peru.Austin:UniversityofTexasPress,1980.ISBN029276460XHemming,John.TheconquestoftheIncas.London:Macmillan,1993.ISBN0333517946Higgins,James.Lima.Aculturalhistory.NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,2005.ISBN0195178912Higgins,James(editor).TheEmancipationofPeru:BritishEyewitnessAccounts,2014.Onlineathttps://sites.google.com/site/jhemanperu(Spanish)InstitutoNacionaldeEstadsticaeInformtica.LimaMetropolitanaperfilsociodemogrfico(http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/LIb0002/indice.htm).Lima:INEI,1996.Klarn,Peter.Peru:societyandnationhoodintheAndes.NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,2000.ISBN0195069285Ramn,Gabriel."Thescriptofurbansurgery:Lima,18501940".InArturoAlmandoz(ed.),PlanningLatinAmerica'scapitalcities,18501950.NewYork:Routledge,2002,pp.170192.ISBN0415272653Walker,Charles."Theupperclassesandtheirupperstories:architectureandtheaftermathoftheLimaearthquakeof1746".HispanicAmericanHistoricalReview83(1):5382(February2003).

Demographics

(Spanish)InstitutoNacionaldeEstadsticaeInformtica,PerfilSociodemogrficodelPer(http://www.inei.gob.pe/Anexos/libro.pdf).Lima:INEI,2008.UnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs,UrbanAgglomerations2007(http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2007/2007_urban_agglomerations_chart.pdf).NewYork(June2008).

lima - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Documents